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FSCK(8)								       FSCK(8)

NAME
       fsck - file system consistency check and interactive repair

SYNOPSIS
       /usr/etc/fsck -p [ filesystem ...  ]
       /usr/etc/fsck [ -P ] [ -b block# ] [ -y ] [ -n ] [ filesystem ] ...

DESCRIPTION
       The  first  form	 of  fsck  preens a standard set of filesystems or the
       specified file systems.	It is normally	used  in  the  script  /etc/rc
       during  automatic reboot.  In this case fsck reads the table /etc/fstab
       to determine which file systems to  check.   It	uses  the  information
       there  to  inspect groups of disks in parallel taking maximum advantage
       of i/o overlap to check	the  file  systems  as	quickly	 as  possible.
       Normally,  the  root  file  system  will	 be  checked  on pass 1, other
       ``root'' (``a'' partition) file systems on pass	2,  other  small  file
       systems	on  separate passes (e.g. the ``d'' file systems on pass 3 and
       the ``e'' file systems on pass 4), and  finally	the  large  user  file
       systems	on  the last pass, e.g. pass 5.	 Only partitions in fstab that
       are mounted ``rw'' or ``rq'' and that have  non-zero  pass  number  are
       checked.

       The  system  takes  care	 that  only  a	restricted  class of innocuous
       inconsistencies	can  happen  unless  hardware  or  software   failures
       intervene.  These are limited to the following:

	      Unreferenced inodes

	      Link counts in inodes too large

	      Missing blocks in the free list

	      Blocks in the free list also in files

	      Counts in the super-block wrong

       These  are  the	only inconsistencies that fsck with the -p option will
       correct; if it encounters  other	 inconsistencies,  it  exits  with  an
       abnormal	 return	 status	 and  an automatic reboot will then fail.  For
       each  corrected	inconsistency  one  or	more  lines  will  be  printed
       identifying  the	 file  system on which the correction will take place,
       and the nature of the correction.  After successfully correcting a file
       system,	fsck  will  print the number of files on that file system, the
       number of used and free blocks, and the percentage of fragmentation.

       If sent a QUIT signal, fsck will finish the file	 system	 checks,  then
       exit with an abnormal return status that causes the automatic reboot to
       fail.  This is useful when you wish to finish the file  system  checks,
       but do not want the machine to come up multiuser.

       Without	 the   -p   option,  fsck  audits  and	interactively  repairs
       inconsistent conditions for  file  systems.   If	 the  file  system  is
       inconsistent  the  operator  is	prompted  for  concurrence before each
       correction  is  attempted.   It	should	be  noted  that	 some  of  the
       corrective  actions  which are not correctable under the -p option will
       result in some loss of data.  The amount and severity of data lost  may
       be  determined from the diagnostic output.  The default action for each
       consistency correction is to wait for the operator to  respond  yes  or
       no.   If the operator does not have write permission on the file system
       fsck will default to a -n action.

       Fsck has more consistency checks than its predecessors  check,  dcheck,
       fcheck, and icheck combined.

       The following flags are interpreted by fsck.

       -P    This flag forces fsck to check the disk even if the clean flag is
	     set on the disk's superblock.

       -b    Use the block specified immediately after the flag as  the	 super
	     block for the file system.	 Block 16 is always an alternate super
	     block.

       -y    Assume a yes response to all questions asked by fsck; this should
	     be	 used with great caution as this is a free license to continue
	     after essentially unlimited trouble has been encountered.

       -n    Assume a no response to all questions asked by fsck; do not  open
	     the file system for writing.

       If no filesystems are given to fsck then a default list of file systems
       is read from the file /etc/fstab.

       Inconsistencies checked are as follows:

       1.    Blocks claimed by more than one inode or the free list.
       2.    Blocks claimed by an inode or the free list outside the range  of
	     the file system.
       3.    Incorrect link counts.
       4.    Size checks:
		   Directory size not of proper format.
       5.    Bad inode format.
       6.    Blocks not accounted for anywhere.
       7.    Directory checks:
		   File pointing to unallocated inode.
		   Inode number out of range.
       8.    Super Block checks:

		   More blocks for inodes than there are in the file system.
       9.    Bad free block list format.
       10.   Total free block and/or free inode count incorrect.

       Orphaned	 files	and directories (allocated but unreferenced) are, with
       the  operator's	concurrence,  reconnected  by  placing	them  in   the
       lost+found  directory.	The name assigned is the inode number.	If the
       lost+found directory does not  exist,  it  is  created.	 If  there  is
       insufficient space its size is increased.

       Checking the raw device is almost always faster.

FILES
       /etc/fstab	    contains default list of file systems to check.

DIAGNOSTICS
       The  diagnostics produced by fsck are fully enumerated and explained in
       Appendix A of ``Fsck - The UNIX File System Check Program'' (SMM:5).

SEE ALSO
       fstab(5), fs(5), newfs(8), mkfs(8), crash(8V), reboot(8)

BUGS
       There should be some way to start a fsck -p at pass n.

4th Berkeley Distribution	 May 21, 1986			       FSCK(8)
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