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FIND(1)			     BSD Reference Manual		       FIND(1)

NAME
     find - walk a file hierarchy

SYNOPSIS
     find [-dHhLXx] [-f path] path ... [expression]

DESCRIPTION
     find recursively descends the directory tree for each path listed,
     evaluating an expression (composed of the "primaries" and "operands"
     listed below) in terms of each file in the tree. In the absence of an ex-
     pression, -print is assumed.

     The options are as follows:

     -d	     Causes find to visit directories in post-order i.e. all entries
	     in a directory will be acted on before the directory itself. By
	     default, find visits directories in pre-order i.e. before their
	     contents.

     -f path
	     Specifies a file hierarchy for find to traverse. File hierarchies
	     may also be specified as the operands immediately following the
	     options.

     -H	     Causes the file information and file type (see stat(2)) returned
	     for each symbolic link encountered on the command line to be
	     those of the file referenced by the link, not the link itself. If
	     the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type
	     will be for the link itself. File information of all symbolic
	     links not on the command line is that of the link itself.

     -h	     An alias for the -L option. This option exists for backwards com-
	     patibility.

     -L	     Causes the file information and file type (see stat(2)) returned
	     for each symbolic link to be those of the file referenced by the
	     link, not the link itself. If the referenced file does not exist,
	     the file information and type will be for the link itself.

     -X	     Permit find to be safely used in conjunction with xargs(1). If a
	     file name contains any of the delimiting characters used by
	     xargs, a diagnostic message is displayed on standard error, and
	     the file is skipped. The delimiting characters include single
	     (''') and double ('"') quotes, backslash ('\'), space, tab, and
	     newline ('\n') characters. Alternatively, the -print0 primary may
	     be used in conjunction with the -0 option to xargs(1), allowing
	     all file names to be processed safely.

     -x	     Prevents find from descending into directories that have a device
	     number different than that of the file from which the descent be-
	     gan.

PRIMARIES
     -amin n
	     True if the difference between the file last access time and the
	     time find was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is n
	     minutes.

     -anewer file
	     True if the current file has a more recent last access time than
	     file.

     -atime n
	     True if the difference between the file last access time and the
	     time find was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour
	     period, is n 24-hour periods.

     -cmin n
	     True if the difference between the time of last change of file
	     status information and the time find was started, rounded up to
	     the next full minute, is n minutes.

     -cnewer file
	     True if the current file has a more recent last change time than
	     file.

     -ctime n
	     True if the difference between the time of last change of file
	     status information and the time find was started, rounded up to
	     the next full 24-hour period, is n 24-hour periods.

     -empty  True if the current file or directory is empty.

     -exec utility [argument ...];
	     True if the program named utility returns a zero value as its
	     exit status. Optional arguments may be passed to the utility. The
	     expression must be terminated by a semicolon (';'). If the string
	     "{}" appears anywhere in the utility name or the arguments it is
	     replaced by the pathname of the current file. utility will be ex-
	     ecuted from the directory from which find was executed.

     -execdir utility [argument ...];
	     Identical to the -exec primary with the exception that utility
	     will be executed from the directory that holds the current file.
	     The filename substituted for the string "{}" is not qualified.

     -flags [-]flags
	     The flags are comma-separated symbolic file flags (see chflags(1)
	     for a list of valid flag names). If the flags are preceded by a
	     dash ('-'), this primary evaluates to true if the file in ques-
	     tion has at least one of the file flags specified by flags. If
	     the flags are not preceded by a dash, this primary evaluates to
	     true if the flags specified exactly match those of the file.

     -follow
	     Follow symbolic links.

     -fstype type
	     True if the file is contained in a file system of type type. Two
	     special file system types are recognized: "local" and "rdonly".
	     These do not describe actual file system types; the former
	     matches any file system physically mounted on the system where
	     find is being executed whereas the latter matches any file system
	     which is mounted read-only.

     -group gname
	     True if the file belongs to the group gname. If gname is numeric
	     and there is no such group name, then gname is treated as a group
	     ID.

     -iname pattern
	     True if the last component of the pathname being examined matches
	     pattern. Case insensitive.

     -inum n
	     True if the file has inode number n.

     -links n
	     True if the file has n links.

     -ls     This primary always evaluates to true. The following information
	     for the current file is written to standard output: its inode
	     number, size in 512-byte blocks, file permissions, number of hard
	     links, owner, group, size in bytes, last modification time, and
	     pathname. If the file is a block or character special file, the
	     major and minor numbers will be displayed instead of the size in
	     bytes. If the file is a symbolic link, the pathname of the
	     linked-to file will be displayed preceded by "->". The format is
	     identical to that produced by "ls -dgils".

     -maxdepth n
	     True if the current search depth is less than or equal to what is
	     specified in n.

     -mindepth n
	     True if the current search depth is at least what is specified in
	     n.

     -mmin n
	     True if the difference between the file last modification time
	     and the time find was started, rounded up to the next full
	     minute, is n minutes.

     -mtime n
	     True if the difference between the file last modification time
	     and the time find was started, rounded up to the next full 24-
	     hour period, is n 24-hour periods.

     -name pattern
	     True if the last component of the pathname being examined matches
	     pattern. Special shell pattern matching characters ('[', ']',
	     '*', and '?') may be used as part of pattern. These characters
	     may be matched explicitly by escaping them with a backslash
	     ('\').

     -newer file
	     True if the current file has a more recent last modification time
	     than file.

     -nogroup
	     True if the file belongs to an unknown group.

     -nouser
	     True if the file belongs to an unknown user.

     -ok utility [argument ...];
	     Identical to the -exec primary with the exception that find re-
	     quests user affirmation for the execution of utility by printing
	     a message to the terminal and reading a response. If the response
	     is other than 'y' the command is not executed and the value of
	     the ok expression is false.

     -path pattern
	     True if the pathname being examined matches pattern. Special
	     shell pattern matching characters ('[', ']', '*', and '?') may be
	     used as part of pattern. These characters may be matched expli-
	     citly by escaping them with a backslash ('\'). Slashes ('/') are
	     treated as normal characters and do not have to be matched expli-
	     citly.

     -perm [-]mode
	     The mode may be either symbolic (see chmod(1)) or an octal
	     number. If the mode is symbolic, a starting value of zero is as-
	     sumed and the mode sets or clears permissions without regard to
	     the process's file mode creation mask. If the mode is octal, only
	     bits 07777 (S_ISUID | S_ISGID | S_ISTXT | S_IRWXU | S_IRWXG |
	     S_IRWXO) of the file's mode bits participate in the comparison.
	     If the mode is preceded by a dash ('-'), this primary evaluates
	     to true if at least all of the bits in the mode are set in the
	     file's mode bits. If the mode is not preceded by a dash, this
	     primary evaluates to true if the bits in the mode exactly match
	     the file's mode bits. Note, the first character of a symbolic
	     mode may not be a dash.

     -print  This primary always evaluates to true. It prints the pathname of
	     the current file to standard output, followed by a newline ('\n')
	     character. If neither -exec, -ls, -ok, nor -print0 is specified,
	     the given expression shall be effectively replaced by (given
	     expression) -print.

     -print0
	     This primary always evaluates to true. It prints the pathname of
	     the current file to standard output, followed by a null charac-
	     ter.

     -prune  This primary always evaluates to true. It causes find to not des-
	     cend into the current file. Note, the -prune primary has no ef-
	     fect if the -d option was specified.

     -size n[c]
	     True if the file's size, rounded up, in 512-byte blocks is n. If
	     n is followed by a 'c', then the primary is true if the file's
	     size is n bytes.

     -type t
	     True if the file is of the specified type. Possible file types
	     are as follows:

		   b	 block special
		   c	 character special
		   d	 directory
		   f	 regular file
		   l	 symbolic link
		   p	 FIFO
		   s	 socket

     -user uname
	     True if the file belongs to the user uname. If uname is numeric
	     and there is no such user name, then uname is treated as a user
	     ID.

     All primaries which take a numeric argument allow the number to be pre-
     ceded by a plus sign ('+') or a minus sign ('-'). A preceding plus sign
     means "more than n", a preceding minus sign means "less than n", and nei-
     ther means "exactly n".

OPERATORS
     The primaries may be combined using the following operators. The opera-
     tors are listed in order of decreasing precedence.

     (expression)  This evaluates to true if the parenthesized expression
		   evaluates to true.

     !expression   This is the unary NOT operator. It evaluates to true if the
		   expression is false.

     expression -and expression
     expression expression
		   The -and operator is the logical AND operator. As it is im-
		   plied by the juxtaposition of two expressions it does not
		   have to be specified. The expression evaluates to true if
		   both expressions are true. The second expression is not
		   evaluated if the first expression is false.

     expression -or expression
		   The -or operator is the logical OR operator. The expression
		   evaluates to true if either the first or the second expres-
		   sion is true. The second expression is not evaluated if the
		   first expression is true.

     All operands and primaries must be separate arguments to find. Primaries
     which themselves take arguments expect each argument to be a separate ar-
     gument to find.

EXAMPLES
     Print out a list of all the files whose names do not end in ".c":

	   $ find / \! -name '*.c' -print

     Print out a list of all the files owned by user "wnj" that are newer than
     the file "ttt":

	   $ find / -newer ttt -user wnj -print

     Print out a list of all the files which are not both newer than "ttt" and
     owned by "wnj":

	   $ find / \! \( -newer ttt -user wnj \) -print

     Print out a list of all the files that are either owned by "wnj" or that
     are newer than "ttt":

	   $ find / \( -newer ttt -or -user wnj \) -print

     Print out a list of all core files on local file systems:

	   $ find / \! -fstype local -prune -or -name '*.core' -print

     Find all files in /usr/src ending in a dot and single digit, but skip
     directory /usr/src/gnu:

	   $ find /usr/src -path /usr/src/gnu -prune -or -name \*\.[0-9]

SEE ALSO
     chflags(1), chmod(1), locate(1), whereis(1), which(1), xargs(1), stat(2),
     fts(3), getgrent(3), getpwent(3), strmode(3), symlink(7)

STANDARDS
     The find utility syntax is a superset of the syntax specified by the IEEE
     Std 1003.2 ("POSIX.2") standard.

     The options and primaries -amin, -cmin, -empty, -follow, -fstype, -iname,
     -inum, -links, -ls, -mmin, -maxdepth, -mindepth, -execdir, and -print0
     are extensions to IEEE Std 1003.2 ("POSIX.2"). The -iname option was in-
     spired by GNU find.

     Historically, the -d, -H, and -x options were implemented using the pri-
     maries -depth, -follow, and -xdev. These primaries always evaluated to
     true. As they were really global variables that took effect before the
     traversal began, some legal expressions could have unexpected results. An
     example is the expression "-print -o -depth". As -print always evaluates
     to true, the standard order of evaluation implies that -depth would never
     be evaluated. This is not the case.

     The operator -or was implemented as -o, and the operator -and was imple-
     mented as -a.

     Historic implementations of the -exec and -ok primaries did not replace
     the string "{}" in the utility name or the utility arguments if it had
     preceding or following non-whitespace characters. This version replaces
     it no matter where in the utility name or arguments it appears.

HISTORY
     A find command appeared in Version 1 AT&T UNIX.

BUGS
     The special characters used by find are also special characters to many
     shell programs. In particular, the characters '*', '[', ']', '?', '(',
     ')', '!', '\', and ';' may have to be escaped from the shell.

     As there is no delimiter separating options and file names or file names
     and the expression, it is difficult to specify files named "-xdev" or
     "!". These problems are handled by the -f option and the getopt(3) "--"
     construct.

MirOS BSD #10-current	       December 4, 1999				     5
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