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EXPAND(P)		   POSIX Programmer's Manual		     EXPAND(P)

PROLOG
       This  manual  page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual.  The Linux
       implementation of this interface may differ (consult the	 corresponding
       Linux  manual page for details of Linux behavior), or the interface may
       not be implemented on Linux.

NAME
       expand - convert tabs to spaces

SYNOPSIS
       expand [-t tablist][file ...]

DESCRIPTION
       The expand utility shall write files or the standard input to the stan‐
       dard  output  with  <tab>s replaced with one or more <space>s needed to
       pad to the next tab stop. Any <backspace>s shall be copied to the  out‐
       put and cause the column position count for tab stop calculations to be
       decremented; the column position count shall not be  decremented	 below
       zero.

OPTIONS
       The  expand  utility  shall  conform  to the Base Definitions volume of
       IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines.

       The following option shall be supported:

       -t  tablist
	      Specify the tab stops. The application  shall  ensure  that  the
	      argument	tablist	 consists  of either a single positive decimal
	      integer or a list of tabstops. If a single number is given, tabs
	      shall  be	 set  that number of column positions apart instead of
	      the default 8.

       If a list of tabstops is given, the application shall  ensure  that  it
       consists	 of a list of two or more positive decimal integers, separated
       by <blank>s or commas, in ascending order. The tabs  shall  be  set  at
       those  specific	column	positions. Each tab stop N shall be an integer
       value greater than zero, and the list is in strictly  ascending	order.
       This is taken to mean that, from the start of a line of output, tabbing
       to position N shall cause the next character output  to	be  in	the  (
       N+1)th column position on that line.

       In  the	event of expand having to process a <tab> at a position beyond
       the last of those specified in a	 multiple  tab-stop  list,  the	 <tab>
       shall be replaced by a single <space> in the output.

OPERANDS
       The following operand shall be supported:

       file   The pathname of a text file to be used as input.

STDIN
       See the INPUT FILES section.

INPUT FILES
       Input files shall be text files.

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
       The  following  environment  variables  shall  affect  the execution of
       expand:

       LANG   Provide a default value for the  internationalization  variables
	      that  are	 unset	or  null.  (See the Base Definitions volume of
	      IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section  8.2,  Internationalization	 Vari‐
	      ables  for the precedence of internationalization variables used
	      to determine the values of locale categories.)

       LC_ALL If set to a non-empty string value, override the values  of  all
	      the other internationalization variables.

       LC_CTYPE
	      Determine	 the  locale  for  the	interpretation of sequences of
	      bytes of text data as characters (for  example,  single-byte  as
	      opposed  to multi-byte characters in arguments and input files),
	      the processing of <tab>s and <space>s, and for the determination
	      of  the width in column positions each character would occupy on
	      an output device.

       LC_MESSAGES
	      Determine the locale that should be used to  affect  the	format
	      and contents of diagnostic messages written to standard error.

       NLSPATH
	      Determine the location of message catalogs for the processing of
	      LC_MESSAGES .

ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
       Default.

STDOUT
       The standard output shall be equivalent to the input files with	<tab>s
       converted into the appropriate number of <space>s.

STDERR
       The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.

OUTPUT FILES
       None.

EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
       None.

EXIT STATUS
       The following exit values shall be returned:

	0     Successful completion

       >0     An error occurred.

CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
       The  expand  utility shall terminate with an error message and non-zero
       exit status upon encountering difficulties accessing one	 of  the  file
       operands.

       The following sections are informative.

APPLICATION USAGE
       None.

EXAMPLES
       None.

RATIONALE
       The expand utility is useful for preprocessing text files (before sort‐
       ing, looking at specific columns, and so on) that contain <tab>s.

       See the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 3.103,
       Column Position.

       The  tablist  option-argument  consists of integers in ascending order.
       Utility Syntax Guideline 8 mandates that expand shall accept the	 inte‐
       gers  (within  the  single  argument)  separated using either commas or
       <blank>s.

FUTURE DIRECTIONS
       None.

SEE ALSO
       tabs , unexpand

COPYRIGHT
       Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in  electronic  form
       from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
       -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX),	The  Open  Group  Base
       Specifications  Issue  6,  Copyright  (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
       Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open  Group.  In  the
       event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
       The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group  Standard
       is  the	referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online
       at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

IEEE/The Open Group		     2003			     EXPAND(P)
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