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GREP(1)								       GREP(1)

NAME
       grep, egrep, fgrep - search a file for a pattern

SYNOPSIS
       grep [ option ] ...  expression [ file ] ...

       egrep [ option ] ...  [ expression ] [ file ] ...

       fgrep [ option ] ...  [ strings ] [ file ]

DESCRIPTION
       Commands	 of  the  grep	family	search the input files (standard input
       default) for lines matching a pattern.  Normally, each  line  found  is
       copied  to  the	standard  output.   Grep  patterns are limited regular
       expressions in the style of ed(1); it uses a  compact  nondeterministic
       algorithm.  Egrep patterns are full regular expressions; it uses a fast
       deterministic algorithm that sometimes needs exponential space.	 Fgrep
       patterns	 are  fixed  strings;  it  is fast and compact.	 The following
       options are recognized.

       -v     All lines but those matching are printed.

       -x     (Exact) only lines matched in their entirety are printed	(fgrep
	      only).

       -c     Only a count of matching lines is printed.

       -l     The  names  of  files  with  matching  lines  are	 listed (once)
	      separated by newlines.

       -n     Each line is preceded by its relative line number in the file.

       -b     Each line is preceded by the block number on which it was found.
	      This  is	sometimes  useful  in  locating	 disk block numbers by
	      context.

       -i     The case of letters is ignored in making comparisons — that  is,
	      upper  and lower case are considered identical.  This applies to
	      grep and fgrep only.

       -s     Silent mode.  Nothing is printed (except error messages).	  This
	      is useful for checking the error status.

       -w     The  expression  is  searched for as a word (as if surrounded by
	      `\<' and `\>', see ex(1).)  (grep only)

       -e expression
	      Same as a	 simple	 expression  argument,	but  useful  when  the
	      expression begins with a -.

       -f file
	      The  regular  expression (egrep) or string list (fgrep) is taken
	      from the file.

       In all cases the file name is shown if there is	more  than  one	 input
       file.  Care should be taken when using the characters $ * [ ^ | ( ) and
       \ in the expression as they are also meaningful to the  Shell.	It  is
       safest to enclose the entire expression argument in single quotes ´ ´.

       Fgrep  searches	for  lines that contain one of the (newline-separated)
       strings.

       Egrep  accepts  extended	 regular  expressions.	  In   the   following
       description `character' excludes newline:

	      A	 \  followed  by a single character other than newline matches
	      that character.

	      The character ^ matches the beginning of a line.

	      The character $ matches the end of a line.

	      A .  (period) matches any character.

	      A single character not otherwise endowed	with  special  meaning
	      matches that character.

	      A	 string	 enclosed  in brackets [] matches any single character
	      from the	string.	  Ranges  of  ASCII  character	codes  may  be
	      abbreviated  as  in  `a-z0-9'.   A ] may occur only as the first
	      character of the string.	A literal - must be  placed  where  it
	      can't be mistaken as a range indicator.

	      A	 regular  expression  followed	by  an	* (asterisk) matches a
	      sequence of 0 or more matches  of	 the  regular  expression.   A
	      regular  expression followed by a + (plus) matches a sequence of
	      1	 or  more  matches  of	the  regular  expression.   A  regular
	      expression followed by a ? (question mark) matches a sequence of
	      0 or 1 matches of the regular expression.

	      Two regular expressions concatenated match a match of the	 first
	      followed by a match of the second.

	      Two regular expressions separated by | or newline match either a
	      match for the first or a match for the second.

	      A regular expression enclosed in parentheses matches a match for
	      the regular expression.

       The  order  of precedence of operators at the same parenthesis level is
       [] then *+? then concatenation then | and newline.

       Ideally there should be only one grep,  but  we	don't  know  a	single
       algorithm that spans a wide enough range of space-time tradeoffs.

SEE ALSO
       bm(1), ed(1), sed(1), sh(1)

DIAGNOSTICS
       Exit  status  is	 0  if	any matches are found, 1 if none, 2 for syntax
       errors or inaccessible files.

BUGS
       Lines are limited to 256 characters; longer lines are truncated.

4th Berkeley Distribution	April 29, 1985			       GREP(1)
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