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display(1)					     display(1)

NAME
       display - display an image on any workstation running X

SYNOPSIS
       display [ options ...] file [ [ options ...] file ...]

DESCRIPTION
       Display is a machine architecture independent image pro-
       cessing and display program.  It can display an image on
       any workstation screen running an X server.  Display can
       read and write many of the more popular image formats
       (e.g. JPEG, TIFF, PNM, Photo CD, etc.).	With display, you
       can perform these functions on an image:

	   o load an image from a file
	   o display the next image
	   o display the former image
	   o display a sequence of images as a slide show
	   o write the image to a file
	   o print the image to a Postscript printer
	   o delete the image file
	   o create a Visual Image Directory
	   o select the image to display by its thumbnail rather
       than name
	   o copy a region of the image
	   o paste a region to the image
	   o undo last image transformation
	   o half the image size
	   o double the image size
	   o resize the image
	   o restore the image to its original size
	   o refresh the image
	   o crop the image
	   o cut the image
	   o flop image in the horizontal direction
	   o flip image in the vertical direction
	   o rotate the image 90 degrees clockwise
	   o rotate the image 90 degrees counter-clockwise
	   o rotate the image
	   o shear the image
	   o trim the image edges
	   o invert the colors of the image
	   o vary the color brightness
	   o vary the color saturation
	   o vary the image hue
	   o gamma correct the image
	   o sharpen the image contrast
	   o dull the image contrast
	   o perform histogram equalization on the image
	   o perform histogram normalization on the image
	   o negate the image colors
	   o convert the image to grayscale
	   o set the maximum number of unique colors in the image
	   o reduce the speckles within an image

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display(1)					     display(1)

	   o eliminate peak noise from an image
	   o detect edges within the image
	   o emboss an image
	   o segment the image by color
	   o simulate an oil painting
	   o simulate a charcoal drawing
	   o annotate the image with text
	   o draw on the image
	   o edit an image pixel color
	   o edit the image matte information
	   o composite an image with another
	   o add a border to the image
	   o surround image with an ornamental border
	   o add an image comment
	   o apply image processing techniques to a region of
       interest
	   o display information about the image
	   o show a histogram of the image
	   o display image to background of a window
	   o set user preferences
	   o display information about this program
	   o discard all images and exit program
	   o change the level of magnification
	   o display images specified by a World Wide Web (WWW)
       uniform resource locator (URL)

EXAMPLES
       To scale an image of a cockatoo to exactly 640 pixels in
       width and 480 pixels in height and position the window at
       location (200,200), use:

	    display -geometry 640x480+200+200! cockatoo.miff

       To display an image of a cockatoo without a border cen-
       tered on a backdrop, use:

	    display +borderwidth -backdrop cockatoo.miff

       To tile a slate texture onto the root window, use:

	    display -size 1280x1024 -window root slate.png

       To display a visual image directory of all your JPEG
       images, use:

	    display 'vid:*.jpg'

       To display a MAP image that is 640 pixels in width and 480
       pixels in height with 256 colors, use:

	    display -size 640x480+256 cockatoo.map

       To display an image of a cockatoo specified with a World
       Wide Web (WWW) uniform resource locator (URL), use

ImageMagick		 1 Feb 1995				2

display(1)					     display(1)

	    display ftp://wizards.dupont.com/images/cockatoo.jpg

OPTIONS
       -backdrop
	      display the image centered on a backdrop.

	      This backdrop covers the entire workstation screen
	      and is useful for hiding other X window activity
	      while viewing the image.	The color of the back-
	      drop is specified as the background color.  Refer
	      to X RESOURCES for details.

       -border <width>x<height>
	      surround the image with a border of color.  See
	      X(1) for details about the geometry specification.

	      The color of the border is obtained from the X
	      server and is defined as bordercolor (class border-
	      Color).  See X(1) for details.

       -colormap type
	      the type of colormap: Shared or Private.

	      This option only applies when the default X server
	      visual is PseudoColor or GrayScale.  Refer to
	      -visual for more details. By default, a shared
	      colormap is allocated.  The image shares colors
	      with other X clients.  Some image colors could be
	      approximated, therefore your image may look very
	      different than intended.	Choose Private and the
	      image colors appear exactly as they are defined.
	      However, other clients may go technicolor when the
	      image colormap is installed.

       -colors value
	      preferred number of colors in the image.

	      The actual number of colors in the image may be
	      less than your request, but never more.  Note, this
	      is a color reduction option.  Images with less
	      unique colors than specified with this option will
	      remain unchanged. Refer to quantize(9) for more
	      details.

	      Note, options -dither, -colorspace, and -treedepth
	      affect the color reduction algorithm.

       -colorspace value
	      the type of colorspace: GRAY, OHTA, RGB, Transpar-
	      ent, XYZ, YCbCr, YIQ, YPbPr, or YUV.

	      Color reduction, by default, takes place in the RGB
	      color space.  Empirical evidence suggests that dis-
	      tances in color spaces such as YUV or YIQ

ImageMagick		 1 Feb 1995				3

display(1)					     display(1)

	      correspond to perceptual color differences more
	      closely than do distances in RGB space.  These
	      color spaces may give better results when color
	      reducing an image.  Refer to quantize(9) for more
	      details.

	      The Transparent color space behaves uniquely in
	      that it preserves the matte channel of the image if
	      it exists.

	      The -colors or -monochrome option is required for
	      this option to take effect.

       -comment string
	      annotate an image with a comment.

	      By default, each image is commented with its file
	      name.  Use this option to assign a specific comment
	      to the image.  Optionally you can include the image
	      filename, type, width, height, or scene number by
	      embedding special format characters.  Embed %f for
	      filename, %d for directory, %e for filename exten-
	      tion, %t for top of filename, %m for magick, %w for
	      width, %h for height, %s for scene number, %b for
	      file size, or \n for newline.  For example,

		   -comment "%m:%f %wx%h"

	      produces an image comment of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480
	      for an image titled bird.miff and whose width is
	      512 and height is 480.

	      If the first character of string is @, the image
	      comment is read from a file titled by the remaining
	      characters in the string.

       -compress type
	      the type of image compression: No, RunlengthEn-
	      coded, or Zip.

	      Use this option with -write to specify the the type
	      of image compression.  See miff(5) for details.

	      Specify +compress to store the binary image in an
	      uncompressed format.  The default is the compres-
	      sion type of the specified image file.

       -contrast
	      enhance or reduce the image contrast.

	      This option enhances the intensity differences
	      between the lighter and darker elements of the
	      image.  Use -contrast to enhance the image or +con-
	      trast to reduce the image contrast.

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display(1)					     display(1)

       -crop <width>{%}x<height>{%}{+-}<x offset>{+-}<y offset>
	      preferred size and location of the cropped image.
	      See X(1) for details about the geometry specifica-
	      tion.

	      To specify a percentage width or height instead,
	      append %. For example to crop the image by ten
	      percent on all sides of the image, use -crop 10%.

	      Use cropping to apply image processing options to,
	      or display, a particular area of an image.  Use
	      -crop 0x0 to remove edges that are the background
	      color.   Omit the x and y offset to generate one or
	      more subimages of a uniform size.

	      The equivalent X resource for this option is crop-
	      Geometry (class CropGeometry).  See X RESOURCES for
	      details.

       -delay seconds
	      display the next image after pausing.

	      This option is useful when viewing several images
	      in sequence.  Each image will display and wait the
	      number of seconds specified before the next image
	      is displayed.  The default is to display the image
	      and wait until you choose to display the next image
	      or terminate the program.

       -density <width>x<height>
	      vertical and horizontal resolution in pixels of the
	      image.

	      This option specifies an image density when decod-
	      ing a Postscript or Portable Document page.  The
	      default is the same as the resolution of your X
	      server (see xdpyinfo(1)).

       -despeckle
	      reduce the speckles within an image.

       -display host:display[.screen]
	      specifies the X server to contact; see X(1).

       -dispose method
	      GIF disposal method.

	      Here are the valid methods:

		   0	No disposal specified.
		   1	Do not dispose.
		   2	Restore to background color.
		   3	Restore to previous.

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display(1)					     display(1)

       -dither
	      apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image.

	      The basic strategy of dithering is to trade inten-
	      sity resolution for spatial resolution by averaging
	      the intensities of several neighboring pixels.
	      Images which suffer from severe contouring when
	      reducing colors can be improved with this option.

	      The -colors or -monochrome option is required for
	      this option to take effect.

       -edge factor
	      detect edges with an image.  Specify factor as the
	      percent enhancement (0.0 - 99.9%).

       -enhance
	      apply a digital filter to enhance a noisy image.

       -flip  create a "mirror image" by reflecting the image
	      scanlines in the vertical direction.

       -flop  create a "mirror image" by reflecting the image
	      scanlines in the horizontal direction.

       -frame <width>x<height>+<outer bevel width>+<inner bevel
       width>
	      surround the image with an ornamental border.  See
	      X(1) for details about the geometry specification.

	      The color of the border is specified with the -mat-
	      tecolor command line option.

       -gamma value
	      level of gamma correction.

	      The same color image displayed on two different
	      workstations may look different due to differences
	      in the display monitor.  Use gamma correction to
	      adjust for this color difference. Reasonable val-
	      ues extend from 0.8 to 2.3.

	      You can apply separate gamma values to the red,
	      green, and blue channels of the image with a gamma
	      value list delineated with slashes (i.e.
	      1.7/2.3/1.2).

       -geometry <width>{%}x<height>{%}{+-}<x offset>{+-}<y off-
       set>{!}{<}{>}
	      preferred size and location of the image window.
	      See X(1) for details about the geometry specifica-
	      tion.  By default, the window size is the image
	      size and the location is chosen by you when it is
	      mapped.

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display(1)					     display(1)

	      By default, the width and height are maximum val-
	      ues.  That is, the image is expanded or contracted
	      to fit the width and height value while maintaining
	      the aspect ratio of the image.  Append an exclama-
	      tion point to the geometry to force the image size
	      to exactly the size you specify.	For example, if
	      you specify 640x480! the image width is set to 640
	      pixels and height to 480. If only one factor is
	      specified, both the width and height assume the
	      value.

	      To specify a percentage width or height instead,
	      append %. The image size is multiplied by the
	      width and height percentages to obtain the final
	      image dimensions. To increase the size of an
	      image, use a value greater than 100 (e.g. 125%).
	      To decrease an image's size, use a percentage less
	      than 100.

	      Use > to change the dimensions of the image only if
	      its size exceeds the geometry specification.  <
	      resizes the image only if its dimensions is less
	      than the geometry specification.	For example, if
	      you specify 640x480> and the image size is 512x512,
	      the image size does not change.  However, if the
	      image is 1024x1024, it is resized to 640x480.

	      When displaying an image on an X server, <x offset>
	      and <y offset> is relative to the root window.

	      The equivalent X resource for this option is geome-
	      try (class Geometry).  See X RESOURCES for details.

       -interlace type
	      the type of interlacing scheme: No, Line, Plane, or
	      Partition.  The default is Plane.

	      This option is used to specify the type of inter-
	      lacing scheme for raw image formats such as RGB or
	      YUV.  No means do not interlace (RGBRGBRGBRGBRG-
	      BRGB...), Line uses scanline interlacing
	      (RRR...GGG...BBB...RRR...GGG...BBB...), and Plane
	      uses plane interlacing
	      (RRRRRR...GGGGGG...BBBBBB...).  Partition is like
	      plane except the different planes are saved to
	      individual files (e.g.  image.R, image.G, and
	      image.B).

	      Use Line, or Plane to create an interlaced GIF or
	      progressive JPEG image.

       -immutable
	      displayed image cannot be modified",

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display(1)					     display(1)

       -label string
	      assign a label to an image.

	      Use this option to assign a specific label to the
	      image.  Optionally you can include the image file-
	      name, type, width, height, or scene number in the
	      label by embedding special format characters.
	      Embed %f for filename, %d for directory, %e for
	      filename extention, %t for top of filename, %m for
	      magick, %w for width, %h for height, %s for scene
	      number, %b for file size in kilobytes, or \n for
	      newline.	For example,

		   -label "%m:%f %wx%h"

	      produces an image label of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480
	      for an image titled bird.miff and whose width is
	      512 and height is 480.

	      If the first character of string is @, the image
	      label is read from a file titled by the remaining
	      characters in the string.

	      When converting to Postscript, use this option to
	      specify a header string to print above the image.

       -map type
	      display image using this Standard Colormap type.

	      Choose from these Standard Colormap types:

		  best
		  default
		  gray
		  red
		  green
		  blue

	      The X server must support the Standard Colormap you
	      choose, otherwise an error occurs.  Use list as the
	      type and display(1) searches the list of colormap
	      types in top-to-bottom order until one is located.
	      See xstdcmap(1) for one way of creating Standard
	      Colormaps.

       -matte store matte channel if the image has one.

       -monochrome
	      transform the image to black and white.

       -negate
	      apply color inversion to image.

	      The red, green, and blue intensities of an image

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display(1)					     display(1)

	      are negated.   Use +negate to only negate the
	      grayscale pixels of the image.

       -page <width>x<height>{+-}<x offset>{+-}<y offset>
	      size and location of the Postscript page.

	      Use this option to specify the dimensions of the
	      Postscript page in pixels per inch or a TEXT page
	      in pixels.  The default for a Postscript page is to
	      center the image on a letter page 612 by 792 pix-
	      els. The margins are 1/2" (i.e.  612x792+42+42).
	      Other common sizes are:

		   Letter      612x 792
		   Tabloid     792x1224
		   Ledger     1224x 792
		   Legal       612x1008
		   Statement   396x 612
		   Executive   540x 720
		   A3	  842x1190
		   A4	  595x 842
		   A5	  420x 595
		   B4	  729x1032
		   B5	  516x 729
		   Folio       612x 936
		   Quarto      610x 780
		   10x14       720x1008

	      For convenience you can specify the page size by
	      media (e.g. A4, Ledger, etc.).

	      To place a Postscript image with a given size on a
	      given location on a page, use -page +HOFFSET+VOFF-
	      SET -geometry WIDTHxHEIGHT (fill in numbers). Note:
	      this is only for generating Postscript, not Encap-
	      sulated Postscript.

	      To position a GIF image, use -page +LEFT+TOP (e.g.
	      -page +100+200).

	      The default page dimensions for a TEXT image is
	      612x792.

       -quality value
	      JPEG quality setting.

	      Quality is 0 (worst) to 100 (best). The default is
	      75.

       -raise <width>x<height>
	      lighten or darken image edges to create a 3-D
	      effect.	See X(1) for details about the geometry
	      specification.

ImageMagick		 1 Feb 1995				9

display(1)					     display(1)

	      Use -raise to create a raised effect, otherwise use
	      +raise.

       -remote string
	      execute a command in an remote display process.

	      The only command recognized at this time is the
	      name of an image file to load.

       -roll {+-}<x offset>{+-}<y offset>
	      roll an image vertically or horizontally. See X(1)
	      for details about the geometry specification.

	      A negative x offset rolls the image left-to-right.
	      A negative y offset rolls the image top-to-bottom.

       -rotate degrees{<}{>}
	      apply Paeth image rotation to the image.

	      Use > to rotate the image only if its width exceeds
	      the height.  < rotates the image only if its width
	      is less than the height.	For example, if you spec-
	      ify -90> and the image size is 480x640, the image
	      is not rotated by the specified angle.  However, if
	      the image is 640x480, it is rotated by -90 degrees.

	      Empty triangles left over from rotating the image
	      are filled with the color defined as bordercolor
	      (class borderColor).

       -sample geometry
	      scale image with pixel sampling.	See -geometry for
	      details about the geometry specification.

       -scene value
	      image scene number.

	      Use this option to specify an image sequence with a
	      single filename.	See the discussion of file below
	      for details.

       -segment value
	      eliminate clusters that are insignificant.

	      The number of pixels in each cluster must exceed
	      the the cluster threshold to be considered valid.

	      See IMAGE SEGMENTATION for details.

       -sharpen factor
	      sharpen an image. Specify factor as the percent
	      enhancement (0.0 - 99.9%).

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display(1)					     display(1)

       -size <width>{%}x<height>{%}+<offset>
	      width and height of the image.

	      Use this option to specify the width and height of
	      raw images whose dimensions are unknown such as
	      GRAY, RGB, or CMYK.  In addition to width and
	      height, use -size to skip any header information in
	      the image or tell the number of colors in a MAP
	      image file, (e.g. -size 640x512+256).

	      For Photo CD images, choose from these sizes:

		    192x128
		    384x256
		    768x512
		   1536x1024
		   3072x2048

	      Finally, use this option to choose a particular
	      resolution layer of a JBIG or JPEG image (e.g.
	      -size 1024x768).

       -texture filename
	      name of texture to tile onto the image background.

       -title string
	      assign a title to the displayed image.

	      Use this option to assign a specific title to the
	      image.  This is assigned to the image window and is
	      typically displayed in the window title bar.
	      Optionally you can include the image filename,
	      type, width, height, or scene number in the label
	      by embedding special format characters.	Embed %f
	      for filename, %d for directory, %e for filename
	      extention, %t for top of filename, %m for magick,
	      %w for width, %h for height, %s for scene number,
	      or %b for file size in kilobytes. For example,

		   -title "%m:%f %wx%h"

	      produces an image title of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480
	      for an image titled bird.miff and whose width is
	      512 and height is 480.

       -treedepth value
	      Normally, this integer value is zero or one.  A
	      zero or one tells display to choose a optimal tree
	      depth for the color reduction algorithm.

	      An optimal depth generally allows the best repre-
	      sentation of the source image with the fastest com-
	      putational speed and the least amount of memory.
	      However, the default depth is inappropriate for

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	      some images.  To assure the best representation,
	      try values between 2 and 8 for this parameter.
	      Refer to quantize(9) for more details.

	      The -colors or -monochrome option is required for
	      this option to take effect.

       -update seconds
	      detect when image file is modified and redisplay.

	      Suppose that while you are displaying an image the
	      file that is currently displayed is over-written.
	      display will automatically detect that the input
	      file has been changed and update the displayed
	      image accordingly.

       -verbose
	      print detailed information about the image.

	      This information is printed: image scene number;
	      image name;  image size; the image class (Direct-
	      Class or PseudoClass);  the total number of unique
	      colors;  and the number of seconds to read and
	      transform the image.  Refer to miff(5) for a
	      description of the image class.

	      If -colors is also specified, the total unique col-
	      ors in the image and color reduction error values
	      are printed.  Refer to quantize(9) for a descrip-
	      tion of these values.

       -visual type
	      display image using this visual type.

	      Choose from these visual classes:

		   StaticGray
		   GrayScale
		   StaticColor
		   PseudoColor
		   TrueColor
		   DirectColor
		   default
		   visual id

	      The X server must support the visual you choose,
	      otherwise an error occurs.  If a visual is not
	      specified, the visual class that can display the
	      most simultaneous colors on the default X server
	      screen is chosen.

       -window id
	      set the background pixmap of this window to the
	      image.

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display(1)					     display(1)

	      id can be a window id or name.  Specify root to
	      select X's root window as the target window.

	      By default the image is tiled onto the background
	      of the target window.   If -backdrop or -geometry
	      are specified, the image is surrounded by the back-
	      ground color.  Refer to X RESOURCES for details.

	      The image will not display on the root window if
	      the image has more unique colors than the target
	      window colormap allows.  Use -colors to reduce the
	      number of colors. -window_group id exit program
	      when this window id is destroyed.

	      id can be a window id or name.

       -write filename
	      write image to a file.

	      If file already exists, you will be prompted as to
	      whether it should be overwritten.

	      By default, the image is written in the format that
	      it was read in as.  To specify a particular image
	      format, prefix file with the image type and a colon
	      (i.e. ps:image) or specify the image type as the
	      filename suffix (i.e. image.ps).	See convert(1)
	      for a list of valid image formats.  Specify file as
	      - for standard output.  If file has the extension
	      .Z or .gz, the file size is compressed using with
	      compress or gzip respectively.  Precede the image
	      file name | to pipe to a system command. If file
	      already exists, you will be prompted as to whether
	      it should be overwritten.

	      Use -compress to specify the type of image compres-
	      sion.

	      The equivalent X resource for this option is write-
	      Filename (class WriteFilename).  See X RESOURCES
	      for details.

       In addition to those listed above, you can specify these
       standard X resources as command line options:  -back-
       ground, -bordercolor, -borderwidth, -font, -foreground,
       -iconGeometry, -iconic, -mattecolor, -name, or -title.
       See X RESOURCES for details.

       Options are processed in command line order.  Any option
       you specify on the command line remains in effect until it
       is explicitly changed by specifying the option again with
       a different effect.  For example to display two images,
       the first with 32 colors, and the second with only 16 col-
       ors, use:

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display(1)					     display(1)

	    display -colors 32 cockatoo.miff -colors 16 macaw.miff

       Change - to + in any option above to reverse its effect.
       For example, specify +matte to store the image without its
       matte channel.

       By default, the image format is determined by its magic
       number. To specify a particular image format, precede the
       filename with an image format name and a colon (i.e.
       ps:image) or specify the image type as the filename suffix
       (i.e. image.ps). See convert(1) for a list of valid image
       formats.

       When you specify X as your image type, the filename has
       special meaning. It specifies an X window by id, name, or
       root.  If no filename is specified, the window is selected
       by clicking the mouse in the desired window.

       Specify file as - for standard input.  If file has the
       extension .Z or .gz, the file is uncompressed with uncom-
       press or gunzip respectively.  Precede the image file name
       | to pipe from a system command.

       Use an optional index enclosed in brackets after a file
       name to specify a desired subimage of a multi-resolution
       image format like Photo CD (e.g. img0001.pcd[4]) or a
       range for MPEG images (e.g. video.mpg[50-75]).  A subimage
       specification can be disjoint (e.g. image.tiff[2,7,4]).
       For raw images, specify a subimage with a geometry (e.g.
       -size 640x512 image.rgb[320x256+50+50]).

       Single images are read with the filename you specify.
       Alternatively, you can display an image sequence with a
       single filename. Define the range of the image sequence
       with -scene.  Each image in the range is read with the
       filename followed by a period (.)  and the scene number.
       You can change this behavior by embedding a printf format
       specification in the file name.	For example,

	    -scene 0-9 image%02d.miff

       displays files image00.miff, image01.miff, through
       image09.miff.

BUTTONS
       The effects of each button press is described below.
       Three buttons are required.  If you have a two button
       mouse, button 1 and 3 are returned.  Press ALT and button
       3 to simulate button 2.

       1      Press this button to map or unmap the Command wid-
	      get.  See the next section for more information
	      about the Command widget.

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       2      Press and drag to define a region of the image to
	      magnify.

       3      Press and drag to choose from a select set of dis-
	      play(1) commands. This button behaves differently
	      if the image being displayed is a visual image
	      directory.  Here, choose a particular tile of the
	      directory and press this button and drag to select
	      a command from a pop-up menu.  Choose from these
	      menu items:

		  Open
		  Next
		  Former
		  Delete
		  Update

	      If you choose Open, the image represented by the
	      tile is displayed.  To return to the visual image
	      directory, choose Next from the Command widget
	      (refer to COMMAND WIDGET).  Next and Former moves
	      to the next or former image respectively. Choose
	      Delete to delete a particular image tile. Finally,
	      choose Update to synchronize all the image tiles
	      with their respective images.  See montage(1) and
	      miff(5) for more details.

COMMAND WIDGET
       The Command widget lists a number of sub-menus and com-
       mands.  They are

	   File
	     Open...
	     Next
	     Former
	     Select...
	     Save...
	     Print...
	     Delete...
	     Canvas...
	     Visual Directory...
	     Quit
	   Edit
	     Undo
	     Redo
	     Cut
	     Copy
	     Paste
	   View
	     Half Size
	     Original Size
	     Double Size
	     Resize...
	     Apply

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display(1)					     display(1)

	     Refresh
	     Restore
	   Transform
	     Crop
	     Chop
	     Flop
	     Flip
	     Rotate Right
	     Rotate Left
	     Rotate...
	     Shear...
	     Roll...
	     Trim Edges
	   Enhance
	     Hue...
	     Saturation...
	     Brightness...
	     Gamma...
	     Spiff...
	     Dull
	     Equalize
	     Normalize
	     Negate
	     Grayscale
	     Map...
	     Quantize...
	   Effects
	     Despeckle
	     Reduce Noise
	     Add Noise
	     Sharpen...
	     Blur...
	     Threshold...
	     Edge Detect...
	     Emboss...
	     Spread...
	     Solarize...
	     Shade...
	     Raise...
	     Segment...
	   F/X
	     Swirl...
	     Implode...
	     Wave...
	     Oil Painting...
	     Charcoal Drawing...
	   Image Edit
	     Annotate...
	     Draw...
	     Color...
	     Matte...
	     Composite...
	     Add Border...
	     Add Frame...

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	     Comment...
	     Launch...
	     Region of Interest...
	   Miscellany
	     Image Info
	     Zoom Image
	     Show Preview...
	     Show Histogram
	     Show Matte
	     Background...
	     Slide Show
	     Preferences...
	   Help
	     Help
	     Browse Documentation
	     About Display

       Menu items with a indented triangle have a sub-menu.  They
       are represented above as the indented items.  To access a
       sub-menu item, move the pointer to the appropriate menu
       and press button 1 and drag.  When you find the desired
       sub-menu item, release the button and the command is exe-
       cuted.  Move the pointer away from the sub-menu if you
       decide not to execute a particular command.

KEYBOARD ACCELERATORS
       Accelerators are one or two key presses that effect a par-
       ticular command. The keyboard accelerators that dis-
       play(1) understands is:

       Ctl+O  Press to load an image from a file.

	      Refer to IMAGE LOADING for more details.

       space  Press to display the next image.

	      If the image is a multi-paged document such as a
	      Postscript document, you can skip ahead several
	      pages by preceeding this command with a number.
	      For example to display the fourth page beyond the
	      current page, press 4space.

       backspace
	      Press to display the former image.

	      If the image is a multi-paged document such as a
	      Postscript document, you can skip behind several
	      pages by preceeding this command with a number.
	      For example to display the fourth page preceeding
	      the current page, press 4n.

       Ctl+S  Press to save the image to a file.

       Ctl+P  Press to print the image to a Postscript printer.

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       Ctl+D  Press to delete an image file.

       Ctl+N  Press to create a blank canvas.

       Ctl+Q  Press to discard all images and exit program.

       Ctl+Z  Press to undo last image transformation.

       Ctl+R  Press to redo last image transformation.

       Ctl+X  Press to cut a region of the image.

	      Refer to IMAGE CUTTING for more details.

       Ctl+C  Press to copy a region of the image.

	      Refer to IMAGE COPYING for more details.

       Ctl+V  Press to paste a region to the image.

	      Refer to IMAGE PASTING for more details.

       <      Press to half the image size.

       -      Press to return to the original image size.

       >      Press to double the image size.

       %      Press to resize the image to a width and height you
	      specify.

       Cmd-A  Press to make any image transformations permanent.

	      By default, any image size transformations are
	      applied to the original image to create the image
	      displayed on the X server.  However, the transfor-
	      mations are not permanent (i.e. the original image
	      does not change size only the X image does).  For
	      example, if you press > the X image will appear to
	      double in size, but the original image will in fact
	      remain the same size.  To force the original image
	      to double in size, press > followed by A.

       @      Press to refresh the image window.

       C      Press to crop the image.

	      Refer to IMAGE CROPPING for more details.

       [      Press to chop the image.

	      Refer to IMAGE CHOPPING for more details.

       H      Press to flop image in the horizontal direction.

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       V      Press to flip image in the vertical direction.

       /      Press to rotate the image 90 degrees clockwise.

	      Press to rotate the image 90 degrees counter-clock-
	      wise.

       *      Press to rotate the image the number of degrees you
	      specify.

	      Refer to IMAGE ROTATION for more details.

       s      Press to shear the image the number of degrees you
	      specify.

       r      Press to roll the image.

       t      Press to trim the image edges.

       Shft-H Press to vary the color hue.

       Shft-S Press to vary the color saturation.

       Shft-L Press to vary the image brightness.

       Shft-G Press to gamma correct the image.

       Shft-C Press to spiff up the image contrast.

       Shft-Z Press to dull the image contrast.

       =      Press to perform histogram equalization on the
	      image.

       Shft-N Press to perform histogram normalization on the
	      image.

       ~      Press to negate the colors of the image.

       .      Press to convert the image colors to gray.

       #      Press to set the maximum number of unique colors in
	      the image.

       F2     Press to reduce the speckles in an image.

       F3     Press to eliminate peak noise from an image.

       F4     Press to add noise to an image.

       F5     Press to sharpen an image.

       F6     Press to blur image an image.

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       F7     Press to threshold the image.

       F8     Press to detect edges within an image.

       F9     Press to emboss an image.

       F10    Press to displace pixels by a random amount.

       F11    Press to negate all pixels above the threshold
	      level.

       F12    Press to shade the image using a distant light
	      source.

       F13    Press to lighten or darken image edges to create a
	      3-D effect.

       F14    Press to segment the image by color.

       Meta-S Press to swirl image pixels about the center.

       Meta-I Press to implode image pixels about the center.

       Meta-W Press to alter an image along a sine wave.

       Meta-P Press to simulate an oil painting.

       Meta-C Press to simulate a charcoal drawing.

       Alt-A  Press to annotate the image with text.

	      Refer to IMAGE ANNOTATION for more details.

       Alt-D  Press to draw a line on the image.

	      Refer to IMAGE DRAWING for more details.

       Alt-P  Press to edit an image pixel color.

	      Refer to COLOR EDITING for more details.

       Alt-M  Press to edit the image matte information.

	      Refer to MATTE EDITING for more details.

       Alt-V  Press to composite the image with another.

	      Refer to IMAGE COMPOSITING for more details.

       Alt-B  Press to add a border to the image.

       Alt-F  Press to add a ornamental frame to the image.

       Shft-! Press to add an image comment.

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       Ctl-A  Press to apply an image processing technique to a
	      region of interest.

	      Refer to REGION OF INTEREST for more details.

       Shft-? Press to display information about the image.

       Shft-+ Press to map the zoom image window.

       Shft-P Press to preview an image enhancement, effect, or
	      f/x.

       F1     Press to display helpful information about dis-
	      play(1).

       Find   Press to browse documentation about ImageMagick.

       1-9    Press to change the level of magnification.

	      Use the arrow keys to move the image one pixel up,
	      down, left, or right within the magnify window.  Be
	      sure to first map the magnify window by pressing
	      button 2.

	      Press ALT and one of the arrow keys to trim off one
	      pixel from any side of the image.

X RESOURCES
       Display options can appear on the command line or in your
       X resource file. Options on the command line supersede
       values specified in your X resource file.  See X(1) for
       more information on X resources.

       Most display options have a corresponding X resource.  In
       addition, display uses the following X resources:

       background (class Background)
	      Specifies the preferred color to use for the image
	      window background.  The default is #ccc.

       borderColor (class BorderColor)
	      Specifies the preferred color to use for the image
	      window border.  The default is #ccc.

       borderWidth (class BorderWidth)
	      Specifies the width in pixels of the image window
	      border.  The default is 2.

       browseCommand (class browseCommand)
	      Specifies the name of the preferred browser when
	      displaying ImageMagick documentation.  The default
	      is netscape %s.

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       confirmExit (class ConfirmExit)
	      Display pops up a dialog box to confirm exiting the
	      program when exiting the program. Set this
	      resource to False to exit without a confirmation.

       displayGamma (class DisplayGamma)
	      Specifies the gamma of your X server.

	      You can apply separate gamma values to the red,
	      green, and blue channels of the image with a gamma
	      value list delineated with slashes (i.e.
	      1.7/2.3/1.2).

	      The default is 2.2.

       displayWarnings (class DisplayWarnings)
	      Display pops up a dialog box whenever a warning
	      message occurs.  Set this resource to False to
	      ignore warning messages.

       editorCommand (class editorCommand)
	      Specifies the name of the preferred editor when
	      editing image comments.  The default is xterm
	      -title "Edit Image Comment" -e vi %s.

       font (class FontList)
	      Specifies the name of the preferred font to use in
	      normal formatted text.  The default is 14 point
	      Helvetica.

       font[1-9] (class Font[1-9])
	      Specifies the name of the preferred font to use
	      when annotating the image window with text.  The
	      default fonts are fixed, variable, 5x8, 6x10,
	      7x13bold, 8x13bold, 9x15bold, 10x20, and 12x24.
	      Refer to IMAGE ANNOTATION for more details.

       foreground (class Foreground)
	      Specifies the preferred color to use for text
	      within the image window.	The default is black.

       gammaCorrect (class gammaCorrect)
	      This resource, if true, will lighten or darken an
	      image of known gamma to match the gamma of the dis-
	      play (see resource displayGamma). The default is
	      True.

       geometry (class Geometry)
	      Specifies the preferred size and position of the
	      image window.  It is not necessarily obeyed by all
	      window managers.

       iconGeometry (class IconGeometry)
	      Specifies the preferred size and position of the

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	      application when iconified.  It is not necessarily
	      obeyed by all window managers.

       iconic (class Iconic)
	      This resource indicates that you would prefer that
	      the application's windows initially not be visible
	      as if the windows had be immediately iconified by
	      you.  Window managers may choose not to honor the
	      application's request.

       magnify (class Magnify)
	      specifies an integral factor by which the image
	      should be enlarged.  The default is 3.

	      This value only affects the magnification window
	      which is invoked with button number 3 after the
	      image is displayed.  Refer to BUTTONS for more
	      details.

       matteColor (class MatteColor)
	      Specify the color of windows.  It is used for the
	      backgrounds of windows, menus, and notices.  A 3D
	      effect  is achieved  by using highlight and shadow
	      colors derived from this color.  Default value:
	      #ccc.

       name (class Name)
	      This resource specifies the name under which
	      resources for the application should be found.
	      This resource is useful in shell aliases to distin-
	      guish between invocations of an application, with-
	      out resorting to creating links to alter the exe-
	      cutable file name.  The default is the application
	      name.

       pen[1-9] (class Pen[1-9])
	      Specifies the color of the preferred font to use
	      when annotating the image window with text.  The
	      default colors are black, blue, green, cyan, gray,
	      red, magenta, yellow, and white.	Refer to IMAGE
	      ANNOTATION for more details.

       printCommand (class PrintCommand)
	      This command is executed whenever Print is issued
	      (see BUTTONS.  In general, it is the command to
	      print Postscript to your printer. Default value:
	      lpr -r %s.

       sharedMemory (class SharedMemory)
	      This resource specifies whether display should
	      attempt use shared memory for pixmaps.  ImageMagick
	      must be compiled with shared memory support, and
	      the display must support the MIT-SHM extension.
	      Otherwise, this resource is ignored.  The default

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	      is True.

       textFont (class textFont)
	      Specifies the name of the preferred font to use in
	      fixed (typewriter style) formatted text.	The
	      default is 14 point Courier.

       title (class Title)
	      This resource specifies the title to be used for
	      the image window. This information is sometimes
	      used by a window manager to provide a header iden-
	      tifying the window.  The default is the image file
	      name.

       undoCache (class UndoCache)
	      Specifies, in mega-bytes, the amount of memory in
	      the undo edit cache.  Each time you modify the
	      image it is saved in the undo edit cache as long as
	      memory is available.  You can subsequently undo one
	      or more of these transformations. The default is
	      16 mega-bytes.

       usePixmap (class UsePixmap)
	      Images are maintained as a XImage by default.  Set
	      this resource to True to utilize a server Pixmap
	      instead.	This option is useful if your image
	      exceeds the dimensions of your server screen and
	      you intend to pan the image.  Panning is much
	      faster with Pixmaps than with a XImage.  Pixmaps
	      are considered a precious resource, use them with
	      discretion.

	      To set the geometry of the Magnify or Pan or win-
	      dow, use the geometry resource.  For example, to
	      set the Pan window geometry to 256x256, use:

		   display.pan.geometry: 256x256

IMAGE LOADING
       To select an image to display, choose Open of the File
       sub-menu from the Command widget.  A file browser is dis-
       played.	To choose a particular image file, move the
       pointer to the filename and press any button.  The file-
       name is copied to the text window.  Next, press Open or
       press the RETURN key.  Alternatively, you can type the
       image file name directly into the text window.  To descend
       directories, choose a directory name and press the button
       twice quickly.  A scrollbar allows a large list of file-
       names to be moved through the viewing area if it exceeds
       the size of the list area.

       You can trim the list of file names by using shell glob-
       bing characters. For example, type *.jpg to list only

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       files that end with .jpg.

       To select your image from the X server screen instead of
       from a file, Choose Grab of the Open widget.

VISUAL IMAGE DIRECTORY
       To create a Visual Image Directory, choose Visual Direc-
       tory of the File sub-menu from the Command widget.  A file
       browser is displayed.  To create a Visual Image Directory
       from all the images in the current directory, press Direc-
       tory or press the RETURN key.  Alternatively, you can
       select a set of image names by using shell globbing char-
       acters.	For example, type *.jpg to include only files
       that end with .jpg.  To descend directories, choose a
       directory name and press the button twice quickly.  A
       scrollbar allows a large list of filenames to be moved
       through the viewing area if it exceeds the size of the
       list area.

       After you select a set of files, they are turned into
       thumbnails and tiled onto a single image.  Now move the
       pointer to a particular thumbnail and press button 3 and
       drag.  Finally, select Open.  The image represented by the
       thumbnail is displayed at its full size. Choose Next from
       the File sub-menu of the Command widget to return to the
       Visual Image Directory.

IMAGE CUTTING
       Note that cut information for image window is not retained
       for colormapped X server visuals (e.g. StaticColor, Stat-
       icColor, GrayScale, PseudoColor).  Correct cutting behav-
       ior may require a TrueColor or DirectColor visual or a
       Standard Colormap.

       To begin, press choose Cut of the Edit sub-menu from the
       Command widget (see COMMAND WIDGET).  Alternatively, press
       F3 in the image window (see KEYBOARD ACCELERATORS).

       A small window appears showing the location of the cursor
       in the image window.  You are now in cut mode.  In cut
       mode, the Command widget has these options:

	   Help
	   Dismiss

       To define a cut region, press button 1 and drag. The cut
       region is defined by a highlighted rectangle that expands
       or contracts as it follows the pointer.	Once you are sat-
       isfied with the cut region, release the button.	You are
       now in rectify mode.  In rectify mode, the Command widget
       has these options:

	   Cut
	   Help

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display(1)					     display(1)

	   Dismiss

       You can make adjustments by moving the pointer to one of
       the cut rectangle corners, pressing a button, and drag-
       ging.  Finally, press Cut to commit your copy region.  To
       exit without cutting the image, press Dismiss.

IMAGE COPYING
       To begin, press choose Copy of the Edit sub-menu from the
       Command widget (see COMMAND WIDGET).  Alternatively, press
       F4 in the image window (see KEYBOARD ACCELERATORS).

       A small window appears showing the location of the cursor
       in the image window.  You are now in copy mode.	In copy
       mode, the Command widget has these options:

	   Help
	   Dismiss

       To define a copy region, press button 1 and drag.  The
       copy region is defined by a highlighted rectangle that
       expands or contracts as it follows the pointer.	Once you
       are satisfied with the copy region, release the button.
       You are now in rectify mode.  In rectify mode, the Command
       widget has these options:

	   Copy
	   Help
	   Dismiss

       You can make adjustments by moving the pointer to one of
       the copy rectangle corners, pressing a button, and drag-
       ging.  Finally, press Copy to commit your copy region.  To
       exit without copying the image, press Dismiss.

IMAGE PASTING
       To begin, press choose Paste of the Edit sub-menu from the
       Command widget (see COMMAND WIDGET).  Alternatively, press
       F5 in the image window (see KEYBOARD ACCELERATORS).

       A small window appears showing the location of the cursor
       in the image window. You are now in Paste mode.	To exit
       immediately, press Dismiss.  In Paste mode, the Command
       widget has these options:

	   Operators
	     over
	     in
	     out
	     atop
	     xor
	     plus
	     minus
	     add

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display(1)					     display(1)

	     subtract
	     difference
	     bumpmap
	     replace
	   Help
	   Dismiss

       Choose a composite operation from the Operators sub-menu
       of the Command widget.  How each operator behaves is
       described below. image window is the image currently dis-
       played on your X server and image is the image obtained
       with the File Browser widget.

       over   The result is the union of the two image shapes,
	      with image obscuring image window in the region of
	      overlap.

       in     The result is simply image cut by the shape of
	      image window.  None of the image data of image win-
	      dow is in the result.

       out    The resulting image is image with the shape of
	      image window cut out.

       atop   The result is the same shape as image image window,
	      with image obscuring image window where the image
	      shapes overlap.  Note this differs from over
	      because the portion of image outside image window's
	      shape does not appear in the result.

       xor    The result is the image data from both image and
	      image window that is outside the overlap region.
	      The overlap region is blank.

       plus   The result is just the sum of the image data.  Out-
	      put values are cropped to 255 (no overflow).  This
	      operation is independent of the matte channels.

       minus  The result of image - image window, with underflow
	      cropped to zero.	The matte channel is ignored (set
	      to 255, full coverage).

       add    The result of image + image window, with overflow
	      wrapping around (mod 256).

       subtract
	      The result of image - image window, with underflow
	      wrapping around (mod 256).  The add and subtract
	      operators can be used to perform reversible trans-
	      formations.

       difference
	      The result of abs(image - image window).	This is

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	      useful for comparing two very similar images.

       bumpmap
	      The result of image window  shaded by image.

       replace
	      The resulting image is image window replaced with
	      image.  Here the matte information is ignored.

	      The image compositor requires a matte, or alpha
	      channel in the image for some operations. This
	      extra channel usually defines a mask which repre-
	      sents a sort of a cookie-cutter for the image.
	      This is the case when matte is 255 (full coverage)
	      for pixels inside the shape, zero outside, and
	      between zero and 255 on the boundary.  If image
	      does not have a matte channel, it is initialized
	      with 0 for any pixel matching in color to pixel
	      location (0,0), otherwise 255.  See MATTE EDITING
	      for a method of defining a matte channel.

	      Note that matte information for image window is not
	      retained for colormapped X server visuals (e.g.
	      StaticColor, StaticColor, GrayScale, PseudoColor).
	      Correct compositing behavior may require a True-
	      Color or DirectColor visual or a Standard Colormap.

	      Choosing a composite operator is optional.  The
	      default operator is replace.  However, you must
	      choose a location to composite your image and press
	      button 1. Press and hold the button before releas-
	      ing and an outline of the image will appear to help
	      you identify your location.

	      The actual colors of the pasted image is saved.
	      However, the color that appears in image window may
	      be different.  For example, on a monochrome screen
	      image window will appear black or white even though
	      your pasted image may have many colors.  If the
	      image is saved to a file it is written with the
	      correct colors.  To assure the correct colors are
	      saved in the final image, any PseudoClass image is
	      promoted to DirectClass (see miff(5)).  To force a
	      PseudoClass image to remain PseudoClass, use -col-
	      ors.

IMAGE CROPPING
       To begin, press choose Crop of the Transform sub-menu from
       the Command widget (see COMMAND WIDGET). Alternatively,
       press [ in the image window (see KEYBOARD ACCELERATORS).

       A small window appears showing the location of the cursor
       in the image window.  You are now in crop mode.	In crop
       mode, the Command widget has these options:

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display(1)					     display(1)

	   Help
	   Dismiss

       To define a cropping region, press button 1 and drag.  The
       cropping region is defined by a highlighted rectangle that
       expands or contracts as it follows the pointer.	Once you
       are satisfied with the cropping region, release the but-
       ton.  You are now in rectify mode.  In rectify mode, the
       Command widget has these options:

	   Crop
	   Help
	   Dismiss

       You can make adjustments by moving the pointer to one of
       the cropping rectangle corners, pressing a button, and
       dragging.  Finally, press Crop to commit your cropping
       region.	To exit without cropping the image, press Dis-
       miss.

IMAGE CHOPPING
       An image is chopped interactively.  There is no command
       line argument to chop an image.	To begin, choose Chop of
       the Transform sub-menu from the Command widget (see COM-
       MAND WIDGET).  Alternatively, press ] in the image window
       (see KEYBOARD ACCELERATORS).

       You are now in Chop mode.  To exit immediately, press Dis-
       miss.  In Chop mode, the Command widget has these options:

	   Direction
	     horizontal
	     vertical
	   Help
	   Dismiss

       If the you choose the horizontal direction (this is the
       default), the area of the image between the two horizontal
       endpoints of the chop line is removed.  Otherwise, the
       area of the image between the two vertical endpoints of
       the chop line is removed.

       Select a location within the image window to begin your
       chop, press and hold any button. Next, move the pointer
       to another location in the image.  As you move a line will
       connect the initial location and the pointer.  When you
       release the button, the area within the image to chop is
       determined by which direction you choose from the Command
       widget.

       To cancel the image chopping, move the pointer back to the
       starting point of the line and release the button.

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IMAGE ROTATION
       Press the / key to rotate the image 90 degrees or \ to
       rotate -90 degrees (see KEYBOARD ACCELERATORS).	To inter-
       actively choose the degree of rotation, choose Rotate...
       of the Pixel Transform submenu from the Command Widget
       (see COMMAND WIDGET).  Alternatively, press * in the image
       window (see KEYBOARD ACCELERATORS).

       A small horizontal line is drawn next to the pointer.  You
       are now in rotate mode.	To exit immediately, press Dis-
       miss.  In rotate mode, the Command widget has these
       options:

	   Pixel Color
	     black
	     blue
	     cyan
	     green
	     gray
	     red
	     magenta
	     yellow
	     white
	     Browser...
	   Direction
	     horizontal
	     vertical
	   Crop
	     false
	     true
	   Sharpen
	     false
	     true
	   Help
	   Dismiss

       Choose a background color from the Pixel Color sub-menu.
       Additional background colors can be specified with the
       color browser.  You can change the menu colors by setting
       the X resources pen1 through pen9.  Refer to X RESOURCES
       for more details.

       If you choose the color browser and press Grab, you can
       select the background color by moving the pointer to the
       desired color on the screen and press any button. The
       transparent color updates the image matte channel and is
       useful for image compositing.

       Choose a point in the image window and press this button
       and hold.  Next, move the pointer to another location in
       the image.  As you move a line connects the initial loca-
       tion and the pointer.  When you release the button, the
       degree of image rotation is determined by the slope of the
       line you just drew.  The slope is relative to the

ImageMagick		 1 Feb 1995			 30

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       direction you choose from the Direction sub-menu of the
       Command widget.

       To cancel the image rotation, move the pointer back to the
       starting point of the line and release the button.

IMAGE ANNOTATION
       An image is annotated interactively.  There is no command
       line argument to annotate an image.  To begin, choose
       Annotate of the Image Edit sub-menu from the Command wid-
       get (see COMMAND WIDGET).  Alternatively, press a in the
       image window (see KEYBOARD ACCELERATORS).

       A small window appears showing the location of the cursor
       in the image window.  You are now in annotate mode.  To
       exit immediately, press Dismiss. In annotate mode, the
       Command widget has these options:

	   Font Name
	     fixed
	     variable
	     5x8
	     6x10
	     7x13bold
	     8x13bold
	     9x15bold
	     10x20
	     12x24
	     Browser...
	   Font Color
	     black
	     blue
	     cyan
	     green
	     gray
	     red
	     magenta
	     yellow
	     white
	     transparent
	     Browser...
	   Box Color
	     black
	     blue
	     cyan
	     green
	     gray
	     red
	     magenta
	     yellow
	     white
	     transparent
	     Browser...
	   Rotate Text

ImageMagick		 1 Feb 1995			 31

display(1)					     display(1)

	     -90
	     -45
	     -30
	     0
	     30
	     45
	     90
	     180
	     Dialog...
	   Help
	   Dismiss

       Choose a font name from the Font Name sub-menu.	Addi-
       tional font names can be specified with the font browser.
       You can change the menu names by setting the X resources
       font1 through font9.  Refer to X RESOURCES for more
       details.

       Choose a font color from the Font Color sub-menu.  Addi-
       tional font colors can be specified with the color
       browser. You can change the menu colors by setting the X
       resources pen1 through pen9.  Refer to X RESOURCES for
       more details.

       If you select the color browser and press Grab, you can
       choose the font color by moving the pointer to the desired
       color on the screen and press any button.

       If you choose to rotate the text, choose Rotate Text from
       the menu and select an angle.  Typically you will only
       want to rotate one line of text at a time.  Depending on
       the angle you choose, subsequent lines may end up over-
       writing each other.

       Choosing a font and its color is optional.  The default
       font is fixed and the default color is black.  However,
       you must choose a location to begin entering text and
       press button 1.	An underscore character will appear at
       the location of the pointer.  The cursor changes to a pen-
       cil to indicate you are in text mode.  To exit immedi-
       ately, press Dismiss.

       In text mode, any key presses will display the character
       at the location of the underscore and advance the under-
       score cursor.  Enter your text and once completed press
       Dismiss to finish your image annotation. To correct
       errors press BACK SPACE. To delete an entire line of
       text, press DELETE.  Any text that exceeds the boundaries
       of the image window is automatically continued onto the
       next line.

       The actual color you request for the font is saved in the
       image.  However, the color that appears in your image win-
       dow may be different.  For example, on a monochrome screen

ImageMagick		 1 Feb 1995			 32

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       the text will appear black or white even if you choose the
       color red as the font color.  However, the image saved to
       a file with -write is written with red lettering.  To
       assure the correct color text in the final image, any
       PseudoClass image is promoted to DirectClass (see
       miff(5)).  To force a PseudoClass image to remain Pseudo-
       Class, use -colors.

IMAGE COMPOSITING
       An image composite is created interactively.  There is no
       command line argument to composite an image.  To begin,
       choose Composite of the Image Edit from the Command widget
       (see COMMAND WIDGET).  Alternatively, press x in the image
       window (see KEYBOARD ACCELERATORS).

       First a popup window is displayed requesting you to enter
       an image name.  Press Composite, Grab or type a file name.
       Press Cancel if you choose not to create a composite
       image.  When you choose Grab, move the pointer to the
       desired window and press any button.

       If the Composite image does not have any matte informa-
       tion, you are informed and the file browser is displayed
       again.  Enter the name of a mask image.	The image is typ-
       ically grayscale and the same size as the composite image.
       If the image is not grayscale, it is converted to
       grayscale and the resulting intensities are used as matte
       information.

       A small window appears showing the location of the cursor
       in the image window. You are now in composite mode.  To
       exit immediately, press Dismiss. In composite mode, the
       Command widget has these options:

	   Operators
	     over
	     in
	     out
	     atop
	     xor
	     plus
	     minus
	     add
	     subtract
	     difference
	     bumpmap
	     replace
	   Blend
	   Displace
	   Help
	   Dismiss

       Choose a composite operation from the Operators sub-menu
       of the Command widget.  How each operator behaves is

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       described below. image window is the image currently dis-
       played on your X server and image is the image obtained
       with the File Browser widget.

       over   The result is the union of the two image shapes,
	      with image obscuring image window in the region of
	      overlap.

       in     The result is simply image cut by the shape of
	      image window.  None of the image data of image win-
	      dow is in the result.

       out    The resulting image is image with the shape of
	      image window cut out.

       atop   The result is the same shape as image image window,
	      with image obscuring image window where the image
	      shapes overlap.  Note this differs from over
	      because the portion of image outside image window's
	      shape does not appear in the result.

       xor    The result is the image data from both image and
	      image window that is outside the overlap region.
	      The overlap region is blank.

       plus   The result is just the sum of the image data.  Out-
	      put values are cropped to 255 (no overflow).  This
	      operation is independent of the matte channels.

       minus  The result of image - image window, with underflow
	      cropped to zero.	The matte channel is ignored (set
	      to 255, full coverage).

       add    The result of image + image window, with overflow
	      wrapping around (mod 256).

       subtract
	      The result of image - image window, with underflow
	      wrapping around (mod 256).  The add and subtract
	      operators can be used to perform reversible trans-
	      formations.

       difference
	      The result of abs(image - image window).	This is
	      useful for comparing two very similar images.

       bumpmap
	      The result of image window  shaded by image.

       replace
	      The resulting image is image window replaced with
	      image.  Here the matte information is ignored.

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	      The image compositor requires a matte, or alpha
	      channel in the image for some operations. This
	      extra channel usually defines a mask which repre-
	      sents a sort of a cookie-cutter for the image.
	      This is the case when matte is 255 (full coverage)
	      for pixels inside the shape, zero outside, and
	      between zero and 255 on the boundary.  If image
	      does not have a matte channel, it is initialized
	      with 0 for any pixel matching in color to pixel
	      location (0,0), otherwise 255.  See MATTE EDITING
	      for a method of defining a matte channel.

	      If you choose blend, the composite operator becomes
	      over.  The image matte channel percent transparency
	      is initialized to factor. The image window is ini-
	      tialized to (100-factor). Where factor is the
	      value you specify in the Dialog widget.

	      Displace shifts the image pixels as defined by a
	      displacement map. With this option, image is used
	      as a displacement map.  Black, within the displace-
	      ment map, is a maximum positive displacement.
	      White is a maximum negative displacement and middle
	      gray is neutral.	The displacement is scaled to
	      determine the pixel shift.  By default, the dis-
	      placement applies in both the horizontal and verti-
	      cal directions.  However, if you specify a mask,
	      image is the horizontal X displacement and mask the
	      vertical Y displacement.

	      Note that matte information for image window is not
	      retained for colormapped X server visuals (e.g.
	      StaticColor, StaticColor, GrayScale, PseudoColor).
	      Correct compositing behavior may require a True-
	      Color or DirectColor visual or a Standard Colormap.

	      Choosing a composite operator is optional.  The
	      default operator is replace.  However, you must
	      choose a location to composite your image and press
	      button 1. Press and hold the button before releas-
	      ing and an outline of the image will appear to help
	      you identify your location.

	      The actual colors of the composite image is saved.
	      However, the color that appears in image window may
	      be different.  For example, on a monochrome screen
	      image window will appear black or white even though
	      your composited image may have many colors.  If the
	      image is saved to a file it is written with the
	      correct colors.  To assure the correct colors are
	      saved in the final image, any PseudoClass image is
	      promoted to DirectClass (see miff(5)).  To force a
	      PseudoClass image to remain PseudoClass, use -col-
	      ors.

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COLOR EDITING
       Changing the the color of a set of pixels is performed
       interactively.  There is no command line argument to edit
       a pixel. To begin, choose Color from the Image Edit sub-
       menu of the Command widget (see COMMAND WIDGET). Alterna-
       tively, press c in the image window (see KEYBOARD ACCELER-
       ATORS).

       A small window appears showing the location of the cursor
       in the image window. You are now in color edit mode.  To
       exit immediately, press Dismiss. In color edit mode, the
       Command widget has these options:

	   Pixel Color
	     black
	     blue
	     cyan
	     green
	     gray
	     red
	     magenta
	     yellow
	     white
	     Browser...
	   Method
	     point
	     replace
	     floodfill
	     reset
	   Delta
	     0
	     1
	     2
	     4
	     8
	     16
	     32
	     Browser...
	   Undo
	   Help
	   Dismiss

       Choose a pixel color from the Pixel Color sub-menu.  Addi-
       tional pixel colors can be specified with the color
       browser. You can change the menu colors by setting the X
       resources pen1 through pen9.  Refer to X RESOURCES for
       more details.

       Next, choose a color editing method from the Method sub-
       menu of the Command widget.  The point method recolors any
       pixel selected with the pointer unless the button is
       released.  The replace method recolors any pixel that
       matches the color of the pixel you select with a button
       press.  Floodfill recolors any pixel that matches the

ImageMagick		 1 Feb 1995			 36

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       color of the pixel you select with a button press and is a
       neighbor.  Finally reset changes the entire image to the
       designated color.

       Now press button 1 to select a pixel within the image win-
       dow to change its color. Additional pixels may be recol-
       ored as prescribed by the method you choose.  You can
       recolor additional pixels by increasing the Delta value.
       The Delta value is first added then subtracted from the
       red, green, and blue of the target color.  Any pixels
       within the range is also recolored.

       If the Magnify widget is mapped, it can be helpful in
       positioning your pointer within the image (refer to button
       2).  Alternatively you can select a pixel to recolor from
       within the Magnify widget.  Move the pointer to the Mag-
       nify widget and position the pixel with the cursor control
       keys.  Finally, press a button to recolor the selected
       pixel (or pixels).

       The actual color you request for the pixels is saved in
       the image.  However, the color that appears in your image
       window may be different. For example, on a monochrome
       screen the pixel will appear black or white even if you
       choose the color red as the pixel color. However, the
       image saved to a file with -write is written with red pix-
       els.  To assure the correct color text in the final image,
       any PseudoClass image is promoted to DirectClass (see
       miff(5)).  To force a PseudoClass image to remain Pseudo-
       Class, use -colors.

MATTE EDITING
       Matte information within an image is useful for some oper-
       ations such as image compositing (See IMAGE COMPOSITING).
       This extra channel usually defines a mask which represents
       a sort of a cookie-cutter for the image. This is the case
       when matte is 255 (full coverage) for pixels inside the
       shape, zero outside, and between zero and 255 on the
       boundary.

       Setting the matte information in an image is done interac-
       tively.	There is no command line argument to edit a
       pixel.  To begin, and choose Matte of the Image Edit sub-
       menu from the Command widget (see COMMAND WIDGET).  Alter-
       natively, press m in the image window (see KEYBOARD ACCEL-
       ERATORS).

       A small window appears showing the location of the cursor
       in the image window. You are now in matte edit mode.  To
       exit immediately, press Dismiss. In matte edit mode, the
       Command widget has these options:

	   Method
	     point

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	     replace
	     floodfill
	     reset
	   Delta
	     0
	     1
	     2
	     4
	     8
	     16
	     32
	     Browser...
	   Matte
	   Undo
	   Help
	   Dismiss

       Choose a matte editing method from the Method sub-menu of
       the Command widget.  The point method changes the matte
       value of the any pixel selected with the pointer until the
       button is released.  The replace method changes the matte
       value of any pixel that matches the color of the pixel you
       select with a button press.  Floodfill changes the matte
       value of any pixel that matches the color of the pixel you
       select with a button press and is a neighbor. Finally
       reset changes the entire image to the designated matte
       value.

       Choose Matte Value and a dialog appears requesting a matte
       value.  Enter a value between 0 and 255. This value is
       assigned as the matte value of the selected pixel or pix-
       els.

       Now, press any button to select a pixel within the image
       window to change its matte value.  You can change the
       matte value of additional pixels by increasing the Delta
       value.  The Delta value is first added then subtracted
       from the red, green, and blue of the target color.  Any
       pixels within the range also have their matte value
       updated.

       If the Magnify widget is mapped, it can be helpful in
       positioning your pointer within the image (refer to button
       2).  Alternatively you can select a pixel to change the
       matte value from within the Magnify widget.  Move the
       pointer to the Magnify widget and position the pixel with
       the cursor control keys. Finally, press a button to
       change the matte value of the selected pixel (or pixels).

       Matte information is only valid in a DirectClass image.
       Therefore, any PseudoClass image is promoted to Direct-
       Class (see miff(5)).  Note that matte information for
       PseudoClass is not retained for colormapped X server visu-
       als (e.g.  StaticColor, StaticColor, GrayScale,

ImageMagick		 1 Feb 1995			 38

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       PseudoColor) unless you immediately save your image to a
       file (refer to Write).  Correct matte editing behavior may
       require a TrueColor or DirectColor visual or a Standard
       Colormap.

IMAGE DRAWING
       An image is drawn upon interactively.  There is no command
       line argument to draw on an image.  To begin, choose Draw
       of the Image Edit sub-menu from the Command widget (see
       COMMAND WIDGET). Alternatively, press d in the image win-
       dow (see KEYBOARD ACCELERATORS).

       The cursor changes to a crosshair to indicate you are in
       draw mode.  To exit immediately, press Dismiss.	In draw
       mode, the Command widget has these options:

	   Primitive
	     point
	     line
	     rectangle
	     fill rectangle
	     ellipse
	     fill ellipse
	     polygon
	     fill polygon
	   Color
	     black
	     blue
	     cyan
	     green
	     gray
	     red
	     magenta
	     yellow
	     white
	     transparent
	     Browser...
	   Stipple",
	     Brick",
	     Diagonal",
	     Scales",
	     Vertical",
	     Wavy",
	     Translucent",
	     Opaque",
	     Open...",
	   Width
	     1
	     2
	     4
	     8
	     16
	     Dialog...
	   Undo

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display(1)					     display(1)

	   Help
	   Dismiss

       Choose a drawing primitive from the Primitive sub-menu.

       Next, choose a color from the Color sub-menu.  Additional
       colors can be specified with the color browser.	You can
       change the menu colors by setting the X resources pen1
       through pen9.  Refer to X RESOURCES for more details.

       If you choose the color browser and press Grab, you can
       select the primitive color by moving the pointer to the
       desired color on the screen and press any button.  The
       transparent color updates the image matte channel and is
       useful for image compositing.,

       Choose a stipple, if appropriate, from the Stipple sub-
       menu.  Additional stipples can be specified with the file
       browser. Stipples obtained from the file browser must be
       on disk in the X11 bitmap format.

       Choose a line width from the Width sub-menu.  To choose a
       specific width select the Dialog widget.

       Choose a point in the image window and press button 1 and
       hold.  Next, move the pointer to another location in the
       image.  As you move, a line connects the initial location
       and the pointer. When you release the button, the image
       is updated with the primitive you just drew.  For poly-
       gons, the image is updated when you press and release the
       button without moving the pointer.

       To cancel image drawing, move the pointer back to the
       starting point of the line and release the button.

REGION OF INTEREST
       To begin, press choose Region of Interest of the Transform
       sub-menu from the Command widget (see COMMAND WIDGET).
       Alternatively, press R in the image window (see KEYBOARD
       ACCELERATORS).

       A small window appears showing the location of the cursor
       in the image window.  You are now in region of interest
       mode.  In region of interest mode, the Command widget has
       these options:

	   Help
	   Dismiss

       To define a region of interest, press button 1 and drag.
       The region of interest is defined by a highlighted rectan-
       gle that expands or contracts as it follows the pointer.
       Once you are satisfied with the region of interest,
       release the button.  You are now in apply mode.	In apply

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       mode the Command widget has these options:

	   File
	     Save...
	     Print...
	   Edit
	     Undo
	     Redo
	   Transform
	     Flip
	     Flop
	     Rotate Right
	     Rotate Left
	   Enhance
	     Hue...
	     Saturation...
	     Brightness...
	     Gamma...
	     Spiff
	     Dull
	     Equalize
	     Normalize
	     Negate
	     Grayscale
	     Quantize...
	   Effects
	     Despeckle
	     Reduce Noise
	     Add Noise
	     Sharpen...
	     Blur...
	     Threshold...
	     Edge Detect...
	     Emboss...
	     Spread...
	     Shade...
	     Raise...
	     Segment...
	   F/X
	     Swirl...
	     Implode...
	     Wave...
	     Oil Painting...
	     Charcoal Drawing...
	   Miscellany
	     Image Info
	     Zoom Image
	     Show Preview...
	     Show Histogram
	     Show Matte
	   Help
	   Dismiss

       You can make adjustments to the region of interest by

ImageMagick		 1 Feb 1995			 41

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       moving the pointer to one of the rectangle corners, press-
       ing a button, and dragging.  Finally, choose an image pro-
       cessing technique from the Command widget.  You can choose
       more than one image processing technique to apply to an
       area.  Alternatively, you can move the region of interest
       before applying another image processing technique.  To
       exit, press Dismiss.

IMAGE PANNING
       When an image exceeds the width or height of the X server
       screen, display maps a small panning icon.  The rectangle
       within the panning icon shows the area that is currently
       displayed in the the image window.  To pan about the
       image, press any button and drag the pointer within the
       panning icon.  The pan rectangle moves with the pointer
       and the image window is updated to reflect the location of
       the rectangle within the panning icon.  When you have
       selected the area of the image you wish to view, release
       the button.

       Use the arrow keys to pan the image one pixel up, down,
       left, or right within the image window.

       The panning icon is withdrawn if the image becomes smaller
       than the dimensions of the X server screen.

IMAGE SEGMENTATION
       Use -segment to segment an image by analyzing the his-
       tograms of the color components and identifying units that
       are homogeneous with the fuzzy c-means technique.  The
       scale-space filter analyzes the histograms of the three
       color components of the image and identifies a set of
       classes. The extents of each class is used to coarsely
       segment the image with thresholding.  The color associated
       with each class is determined by the mean color of all
       pixels within the extents of a particular class. Finally,
       any unclassified pixels are assigned to the closest class
       with the fuzzy c-means technique.

       The fuzzy c-Means algorithm can be summarized as follows:

	      o Build a histogram, one for each color component
	      of the image.

	      o For each histogram, successively apply the scale-
	      space filter and build an interval tree of zero
	      crossings in the second derivative at each scale.
	      Analyze this scale-space ``fingerprint'' to deter-
	      mine which peaks or valleys in the histogram are
	      most predominant.

	      o The fingerprint defines intervals on the axis of
	      the histogram.  Each interval contains either a
	      minima or a maxima in the original signal.  If each

ImageMagick		 1 Feb 1995			 42

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	      color component lies within the maxima interval,
	      that pixel is considered ``classified'' and is
	      assigned an unique class number.

	      o Any pixel that fails to be classified in the
	      above thresholding pass is classified using the
	      fuzzy c-Means technique.	It is assigned to one of
	      the classes discovered in the histogram analysis
	      phase.

       The fuzzy c-Means technique attempts to cluster a pixel by
       finding the local minima of the generalized within group
       sum of squared error objective function. A pixel is
       assigned to the closest class of which the fuzzy member-
       ship has a maximum value.

       For additional information see

	      Young Won Lim, Sang Uk Lee, "On The Color Image
	      Segmentation Algorithm Based on the Thresholding
	      and the Fuzzy c-Means Techniques", Pattern Recogni-
	      tion, Volume 23, Number 9, pages 935-952, 1990.

USER PREFERENCES
       Preferences affect the default behavior of display(1).
       The preferences are either true or false and are stored in
       your home directory as .displayrc:

       display image centered on a backdrop
	      This backdrop covers the entire workstation screen
	      and is useful for hiding other X window activity
	      while viewing the image.	The color of the back-
	      drop is specified as the background color.  Refer
	      to X RESOURCES for details.

       confirm on program exit
	      Ask for a confirmation before exiting the dis-
	      play(1) program.

       correct image for display gamma
	      If the image has a known gamma, the gamma is cor-
	      rected to match that of the X server (see the X
	      resource displayGamma).

       apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to image
	      The basic strategy of dithering is to trade inten-
	      sity resolution for spatial resolution by averaging
	      the intensities of several neighboring pixels.
	      Images which suffer from severe contouring when
	      reducing colors can be improved with this perfer-
	      ence.

       use a shared colormap for colormapped X visuals
	      This option only applies when the default X server

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	      visual is PseudoColor or GrayScale.  Refer to
	      -visual for more details. By default, a shared
	      colormap is allocated.  The image shares colors
	      with other X clients.  Some image colors could be
	      approximated, therefore your image may look very
	      different than intended.	Choose Private and the
	      image colors appear exactly as they are defined.
	      However, other clients may go technicolor when the
	      image colormap is installed.

       display images as an X server pixmap
	      Images are maintained as a XImage by default.  Set
	      this resource to True to utilize a server Pixmap
	      instead.	This option is useful if your image
	      exceeds the dimensions of your server screen and
	      you intend to pan the image.  Panning is much
	      faster with Pixmaps than with a XImage.  Pixmaps
	      are considered a precious resource, use them with
	      discretion.

ENVIRONMENT
       display
	      To get the default host, display number, and
	      screen.

SEE ALSO
       animate(1), import(1), montage(1), mogrify(1), mosaic(1),
       convert(1), combine(1), xtp(1)

COPYRIGHT
       Copyright 1997 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company

       Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute, and sell this
       software and its documentation for any purpose is hereby
       granted without fee, provided that the above copyright
       notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright
       notice and this permission notice appear in supporting
       documentation, and that the name of E. I. du Pont de
       Nemours and Company not be used in advertising or public-
       ity pertaining to distribution of the software without
       specific, written prior permission.  E. I. du Pont de
       Nemours and Company makes no representations about the
       suitability of this software for any purpose.  It is pro-
       vided "as is" without express or implied warranty.

       E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company disclaims all war-
       ranties with regard to this software, including all
       implied warranties of merchantability and fitness, in no
       event shall E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company be liable
       for any special, indirect or consequential damages or any
       damages whatsoever resulting from loss of use, data or
       profits, whether in an action of contract, negligence or
       other tortious action, arising out of or in connection
       with the use or performance of this software.

ImageMagick		 1 Feb 1995			 44

display(1)					     display(1)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
       The MIT X Consortium for making network transparent graph-
       ics a reality.

       Peder Langlo, Hewlett Packard, Norway, made hundreds of
       suggestions and bug reports.  Without Peder, ImageMagick
       would not be nearly as useful as it is today.

       Rod Bogart and John W. Peterson, University of Utah.
       Image compositing is loosely based on rlecomp of the Utah
       Raster Toolkit.

       Michael Halle, Spatial Imaging Group at MIT, for the ini-
       tial implementation of Alan Paeth's image rotation algo-
       rithm.

       David Pensak, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, for
       providing a computing environment that made this program
       possible.

       Paul Raveling, USC Information Sciences Institute. The
       spatial subdivision color reduction algorithm is based on
       his Img software.

AUTHORS
       John Cristy, E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company Incorpo-
       rated

ImageMagick		 1 Feb 1995			 45

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