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DIRNAME(1P)		   POSIX Programmer's Manual		   DIRNAME(1P)

PROLOG
       This  manual  page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual.  The Linux
       implementation of this interface may differ (consult the	 corresponding
       Linux  manual page for details of Linux behavior), or the interface may
       not be implemented on Linux.

NAME
       dirname — return the directory portion of a pathname

SYNOPSIS
       dirname string

DESCRIPTION
       The string operand shall be treated as a pathname, as  defined  in  the
       Base  Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008, Section 3.267, Pathname.  The
       string string shall be converted to the name of the directory  contain‐
       ing  the	 filename  corresponding  to  the  last	 pathname component in
       string, performing actions equivalent to the following steps in order:

	1. If string is //, skip steps 2 to 5.

	2. If string consists entirely of <slash> characters, string shall  be
	   set to a single <slash> character. In this case, skip steps 3 to 8.

	3. If  there are any trailing <slash> characters in string, they shall
	   be removed.

	4. If there are no <slash>  characters	remaining  in  string,	string
	   shall  be  set  to  a single <period> character. In this case, skip
	   steps 5 to 8.

	5. If there are any trailing non-<slash> characters  in	 string,  they
	   shall be removed.

	6. If the remaining string is //, it is implementation-defined whether
	   steps 7 and 8 are skipped or processed.

	7. If there are any trailing <slash> characters in string, they	 shall
	   be removed.

	8. If  the  remaining string is empty, string shall be set to a single
	   <slash> character.

       The resulting string shall be written to standard output.

OPTIONS
       None.

OPERANDS
       The following operand shall be supported:

       string	 A string.

STDIN
       Not used.

INPUT FILES
       None.

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
       The following environment  variables  shall  affect  the	 execution  of
       dirname:

       LANG	 Provide  a  default  value for the internationalization vari‐
		 ables that are unset or null. (See the Base Definitions  vol‐
		 ume  of POSIX.1‐2008, Section 8.2, Internationalization Vari‐
		 ables for the precedence  of  internationalization  variables
		 used to determine the values of locale categories.)

       LC_ALL	 If  set  to  a non-empty string value, override the values of
		 all the other internationalization variables.

       LC_CTYPE	 Determine the locale for the interpretation of	 sequences  of
		 bytes of text data as characters (for example, single-byte as
		 opposed to multi-byte characters in arguments).

       LC_MESSAGES
		 Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format
		 and  contents	of  diagnostic	messages  written  to standard
		 error.

       NLSPATH	 Determine the location of message catalogs for the processing
		 of LC_MESSAGES.

ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
       Default.

STDOUT
       The  dirname  utility  shall write a line to the standard output in the
       following format:

	   "%s\n", <resulting string>

STDERR
       The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.

OUTPUT FILES
       None.

EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
       None.

EXIT STATUS
       The following exit values shall be returned:

	0    Successful completion.

       >0    An error occurred.

CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
       Default.

       The following sections are informative.

APPLICATION USAGE
       The definition of pathname  specifies  implementation-defined  behavior
       for pathnames starting with two <slash> characters. Therefore, applica‐
       tions shall not arbitrarily add <slash> characters to the beginning  of
       a  pathname unless they can ensure that there are more or less than two
       or are prepared to deal with the implementation-defined consequences.

EXAMPLES
			  ┌─────────────────┬─────────────┐
			  │    Command	    │	Results	  │
			  ├─────────────────┼─────────────┤
			  │dirname /	    │ /		  │
			  │dirname //	    │ / or //	  │
			  │dirname /a/b/    │ /a	  │
			  │dirname //a//b// │ //a	  │
			  │dirname	    │ Unspecified │
			  │dirname a	    │ . ($? = 0)  │
			  │dirname ""	    │ . ($? = 0)  │
			  │dirname /a	    │ /		  │
			  │dirname /a/b	    │ /a	  │
			  │dirname a/b	    │ a		  │
			  └─────────────────┴─────────────┘
       See also the examples for the basename utility.

RATIONALE
       The dirname utility originated in System III. It	 has  evolved  through
       the System V releases to a version that matches the requirements speci‐
       fied in this description in System V Release 3.	4.3  BSD  and  earlier
       versions did not include dirname.

       The  behaviors  of  basename and dirname in this volume of POSIX.1‐2008
       have been coordinated so that when string is a valid pathname:

	   $(basename -- "string")

       would be a valid filename for the file in the directory:

	   $(dirname -- "string")

       This would not work for the versions of these utilities in  early  pro‐
       posals  due  to	the  way processing of trailing <slash> characters was
       specified. Consideration was given to leaving processing unspecified if
       there  were  trailing  <slash> characters, but this cannot be done; the
       Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008, Section 3.267, Pathname allows
       trailing <slash> characters. The basename and dirname utilities have to
       specify consistent handling for all valid pathnames.

FUTURE DIRECTIONS
       None.

SEE ALSO
       Section 2.5, Parameters and Variables, basename

       The Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008, Section  3.267,  Pathname,
       Chapter 8, Environment Variables

COPYRIGHT
       Portions	 of  this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
       from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2013 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
       --  Portable  Operating	System	Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
       Specifications Issue 7, Copyright (C) 2013 by the Institute of Electri‐
       cal  and	 Electronics  Engineers,  Inc  and  The	 Open Group.  (This is
       POSIX.1-2008 with the 2013 Technical Corrigendum	 1  applied.)  In  the
       event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
       The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group  Standard
       is  the	referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online
       at http://www.unix.org/online.html .

       Any typographical or formatting errors that appear  in  this  page  are
       most likely to have been introduced during the conversion of the source
       files to man page format. To report such errors,	 see  https://www.ker‐
       nel.org/doc/man-pages/reporting_bugs.html .

IEEE/The Open Group		     2013			   DIRNAME(1P)
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