CRASH(8) BSD System Manager's Manual CRASH(8)NAMEcrash - system failure and diagnosis
DESCRIPTION
This section explains what happens when the system crashes and (very
briefly) how to analyze crash dumps.
When the system crashes voluntarily it prints a message of the form
panic: why i gave up the ghost
on the console and enters the kernel debugger, ddb(4).
If you wish to report this panic, you should include the output of the ps
and trace commands. If the 'ddb.log' sysctl has been enabled, anything
output to screen will be appended to the system message buffer, from
where it may be possible to retrieve it through the dmesg(8) command
after a warm reboot. If the debugger command boot dump is entered, or if
the debugger was not compiled into the kernel, or the debugger was dis-
abled with sysctl(8), then the system dumps the contents of physical
memory onto a mass storage peripheral device. The particular device used
is determined by the 'dumps on' directive in the config(8) file used to
build the kernel.
After the dump has been written, the system then invokes the automatic
reboot procedure as described in reboot(8). If auto-reboot is disabled
(in a machine dependent way) the system will simply halt at this point.
Upon rebooting, and unless some unexpected inconsistency is encountered
in the state of the file systems due to hardware or software failure, the
system will copy the previously written dump into /var/crash using
savecore(8), before resuming multi-user operations.
Causes of system failure
The system has a large number of internal consistency checks; if one of
these fails, then it will panic with a very short message indicating
which one failed. In many instances, this will be the name of the routine
which detected the error, or a two-word description of the inconsistency.
A full understanding of most panic messages requires perusal of the
source code for the system.
The most common cause of system failures is hardware failure (e.g., bad
memory) which can reflect itself in different ways. Here are the messages
which are most likely, with some hints as to causes. Left unstated in all
cases is the possibility that a hardware or software error produced the
message in some unexpected way.
no init
This panic message indicates filesystem problems, and reboots are
likely to be futile. Late in the bootstrap procedure, the system
was unable to locate and execute the initialization process,
init(8). The root filesystem is incorrect or has been corrupted,
or the mode or type of /sbin/init forbids execution.
trap type %d, code=%x, pc=%x
A unexpected trap has occurred within the system; the trap types
are machine dependent and can be found listed in
/sys/arch/ARCH/include/trap.h.
The code is the referenced address, and the pc is the program
counter at the time of the fault is printed. Hardware flakiness
will sometimes generate this panic, but if the cause is a kernel
bug, the kernel debugger ddb(4) can be used to locate the in-
struction and subroutine inside the kernel corresponding to the
PC value. If that is insufficient to suggest the nature of the
problem, more detailed examination of the system status at the
time of the trap usually can produce an explanation.
init died
The system initialization process has exited. This is bad news,
as no new users will then be able to log in. Rebooting is the
only fix, so the system just does it right away.
out of mbufs: map full
The network has exhausted its private page map for network
buffers. This usually indicates that buffers are being lost, and
rather than allow the system to slowly degrade, it reboots im-
mediately. The map may be made larger if necessary.
That completes the list of panic types you are likely to see.
Analyzing a dump
When the system crashes it writes (or at least attempts to write) an im-
age of memory, including the kernel image, onto the dump device. On re-
boot, the kernel image and memory image are separated and preserved in
the directory /var/crash.
To analyze the kernel and memory images preserved as bsd.0 and
bsd.0.core, you should run gdb(1), loading in the images with the follow-
ing commands:
# gdb
GNU gdb 6.1
Copyright 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and you are
welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under certain conditions.
Type "show copying" to see the conditions.
There is absolutely no warranty for GDB. Type "show warranty" for details.
This GDB was configured as "i386-unknown-openbsd3.6".
(gdb) file /var/crash/bsd.0
Reading symbols from /var/crash/bsd.0...(no debugging symbols found)...done.
(gdb) target kvm /var/crash/bsd.0.core
After this, you can use the where command to show trace of procedure
calls that led to the crash.
For custom-built kernels, it is helpful if you had previously configured
your kernel to include debugging symbols with 'makeoptions DEBUG=-ggdb'
(see options(4)) (though you will not be able to boot an unstripped ker-
nel since it uses too much memory). In this case, you should use bsd.gdb
instead of bsd.0, thus allowing gdb(1) to show symbolic names for ad-
dresses and line numbers from the source.
Analyzing saved system images is sometimes called post-mortem debugging.
There are a class of analysis tools designed to work on both live systems
and saved images, most of them are linked with the kvm(3) library and
share option flags to specify the kernel and memory image. These tools
typically take the following flags:
-N system
Takes a kernel system image as an argument. This is where the
symbolic information is gotten from, which means the image cannot
be stripped. In some cases, using a bsd.gdb version of the kernel
can assist even more.
-M core
Normally this core is an image produced by savecore(8) but it can
be /dev/mem too, if you are looking at the live system.
The following commands understand these options: fstat(1), netstat(1),
nfsstat(1), ps(1), systat(1), w(1), dmesg(8), iostat(8), kgmon(8),
pstat(8), slstats(8), trpt(8), vmstat(8) and many others. There are ex-
ceptions, however. For instance, ipcs(1) has renamed the -M argument to
be -C instead.
Examples of use:
# ps -N /var/crash/bsd.0 -M /var/crash/bsd.0.core -O paddr
The -O paddr option prints each process' struct proc address, but with
the value of KERNBASE masked off. This is very useful information if you
are analyzing process contexts in gdb(1). You need to add back KERNBASE
though, that value can be found in /usr/include/$ARCH/param.h.
# vmstat -N /var/crash/bsd.0 -M /var/crash/bsd.0.core -m
This analyzes memory allocations at the time of the crash. Perhaps some
resource was starving the system?
CRASH LOCATION DETERMINATION
The following example should make it easier for a novice kernel developer
to find out where the kernel crashed.
First, in ddb(4) find the function that caused the crash. It is either
the function at the top of the traceback or the function under the call
to panic() or uvm_fault().
The point of the crash usually looks something like this
"function+0x4711".
Find the function in the sources, let's say that the function is in
"foo.c".
Go to the kernel build directory, i.e., /sys/arch/ARCH/compile/GENERIC.
Do the following:
# rm foo.o
# make -n foo.o | sed 's,-c,-g -c,' | sh
# objdump -S foo.o | less
Find the function in the output. The function will look something like
this:
0: 17 47 11 42 foo %x, bar, %y
4: foo bar allan %kaka
8: XXXX boink %bloyt
etc.
The first number is the offset. Find the offset that you got in the ddb
trace (in this case it's 4711).
When reporting data collected in this way, include ~20 lines before and
~10 lines after the offset from the objdump output in the crash report,
as well as the output of ddb(4)'s "show registers" command. It's impor-
tant that the output from objdump includes at least two or three lines of
C code.
REPORTING
If you are sure you have found a reproducible software bug in the kernel,
and need help in further diagnosis, or already have a fix, use sendbug(1)
to send the developers a detailed description including the entire ses-
sion from gdb(1).
SEE ALSOgdb(1), sendbug(1), ddb(4), reboot(8), savecore(8)MirOS BSD #10-current February 23, 2000 2
