convert man page on DigitalUNIX

Man page or keyword search:  
man Server   12896 pages
apropos Keyword Search (all sections)
Output format
DigitalUNIX logo
[printable version]

convert(1)							    convert(1)

NAME
       convert	-  converts  an input file using one image format to an output
       file with the same or differing image format.

SYNOPSIS
       convert [ options ... ] file [ file... ] file

DESCRIPTION
       convert converts an input file using one image format to an output file
       with the same or differing image format.

       convert recognizes the following image formats:

       Tag    Description

	      -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

       AVS    AVS X image file.

       BIE+   Joint Bi-level Image experts Group file interchange format.

       BMP+   Microsoft Windows bitmap image file.

       BMP24+ Microsoft Windows 24-bit bitmap image file.

       CGM    Computer Graphics Metafile.

       CMYK   Raw cyan, magenta, yellow, and black bytes.

       DCX+   ZSoft IBM PC multi-page Paintbrush file.

       DIB    Microsoft Windows bitmap image file.

       DICOM  Medical image file.

       EPDF   Encapsulated Portable Document Format.

       EPI    Adobe Encapsulated PostScript Interchange format.

       EPS    Adobe Encapsulated PostScript file.

       EPS2   Adobe Level II Encapsulated PostScript file.

       EPSF   Adobe Encapsulated PostScript file.

       EPSI   Adobe Encapsulated PostScript Interchange format.

       EPT    Adobe Encapsulated PostScript Interchange format with TIFF  pre‐
	      view.

       FAX+   Group 3.

       FIG    TransFig image format.

       FITS   Flexible Image Transport System.

       FPX    FlashPix Format.

       GIF+   CompuServe graphics interchange format; 8-bit color.

       GIF87+ CompuServe  graphics  interchange	 format;  8-bit color (version
	      87a).

       GRAY   Raw gray bytes.

       GRADIENT
	      gradual passing from one shade to another. Specify  the  desired
	      shading as the filename (e.g. gradient:red-blue).

       GRANITE
	      granite texture.

       HDF+   Hierarchical Data Format.

       HISTOGRAM

       HPGL   HP-GL plotter language.

       HTML   Hypertext Markup Language with a client-side image map.

       JBIG+  Joint Bi-level Image experts Group file interchange format.

       JPEG   Joint  Photographic Experts Group JFIF format; compressed 24-bit
	      color.

       ICO    Microsoft icon.

       LABEL  text image.

       MAP    Red, green, and blue colormap bytes followed by the  image  col‐
	      ormap indexes.

       MIFF+  Magick image file format.	 MNG Multiple-image Network Graphics.

       MONO   Bi-level bitmap in least-significant-byte (LSB) first order.

       MPEG+  Motion Picture Experts Group file interchange format.

       MTV+   MTV Raytracing image format.

       NETSCAPE
	      Netscape 216 color cube.

       NULL   NULL image.

       PBM+   Portable bitmap format (black and white).

       PCD    Photo CD.	 The maximum resolution written is 512x768 pixels.

       PCL    Page Control Language.

       PCX    ZSoft IBM PC Paintbrush file.

       PDF+   Portable Document Format.

       PGM+   Portable graymap format (gray scale).

       PICT   Apple Macintosh QuickDraw/PICT file.

       PIX    Alias/Wavefront RLE image format.

       PLASMA plasma  fractal  image.	Specify the base color as the filename
	      (e.g. plasma:gray).   Use fractal	 to  initialize	 to  a	random
	      value (e.g. plasma:fractal).

       PNG    Portable Network Graphics.

       PNM+   Portable anymap.

       PPM+   Portable pixmap format (color).

       PS+    Adobe PostScript file.

       PSD    Adobe Photoshop bitmap file.

       PS2+   Adobe Level II PostScript file.

       P7     Xv's visual schnauzer format.

       RAD    Radiance image format.

       RGB    Raw red, green, and blue bytes.

       RGBA   Raw red, green, blue and matte bytes.

       RLA    Alias/Wavefront image file; read only

       RLE    Utah Run length encoded image file; read only.

       SGI+   Irix RGB image file.

       SHTML  Hypertext Markup Language with a client-side image map.

       SUN+   SUN Rasterfile.

       TEXT   raw text file; read only.

       TGA+   Truevision Targa image file.

       TIFF+  Tagged Image File Format.

       TIFF24+
	      24-bit Tagged Image File Format.

       TILE   tile image with a texture.

       TIM    PSX TIM file.

       TTF    TrueType font file.

       UIL    X-Motif UIL table.

       UYVY   Interleaved YUV.

       VICAR  read only.

       VID    Visual Image Directory.

       VIFF+  Khoros Visualization image file.

       WIN    select image from or display image to your computer screen.

       X      select image from or display image to your X server screen.

       XC     constant	image of X server color.  Specify the desired color as
	      the filename (e.g. xc:yellow).

       XBM    X11 bitmap file.

       XPM    X Windows system pixmap file (color).

       XWD    X Windows system window dump file (color).

       YUV+   CCIR 601 4:1:1 file.

	      Note, a format delineated with + means that  if  more  than  one
	      image  is	 specified,  it	 is combined into a single multi-image
	      file.  Use +adjoin if you want a single image produced for  each
	      frame.

	      Raw  images  are	expected  to  have  one	 byte per pixel unless
	      ImageMagick is compiled in 16-bit mode.  Here, the raw  data  is
	      expected	to  be stored two bytes per pixel in most-significant-
	      byte-first order.

EXAMPLES
       To convert a MIFF image of a cockatoo to a SUN raster image, use:

	    convert cockatoo.miff sun:cockatoo.ras

       To convert a multi-page Postscript document to  individual  FAX	pages,
       use:

	    convert -monochrome document.ps fax:page

       To  convert  a TIFF image to a Postscript A4 page with the image in the
       lower left-hand corner, use:

	    convert -page A4+0+0 image.tiff document.ps

       To convert a raw GRAY image with	 a  128	 byte  header  to  a  portable
       graymap, use:

	    convert -size 768x5.2.228 gray:raw image.pgm

       To convert a Photo CD image to a TIFF image, use:

	    convert -size 1536x1024 img0009.pcd image.tiff
	    convert img0009.pcd[4] image.tiff

       To create a visual image directory of all your JPEG images, use:

	    convert 'vid:*.jpg' directory.miff

       To  annotate  an	 image	with  blue  text  using font 12x24 at position
       (100,100), use:

	    convert -font helvetica -fill blue -draw "text 100,100 Cockatoo" bird.jpg bird.miff

       To tile a 640x480 image with a JPEG texture with bumps use:

	    convert -size 640x480 tile:bumps.jpg tiled.png

       To surround an icon with an ornamental border to	 use  with  Mosaic(1),
       use:

	    convert -mattecolor #ccc -frame 6x6 bird.jpg icon.png

       To create a GIF animation image from a DNA molecule sequence, use:

	    convert -delay 20 dna.* dna.gif

OPTIONS
       -adjoin
	      join images into a single multi-image file.

	      By  default,  all	 images of an image sequence are stored in the
	      same file.  However, some formats (e.g.  JPEG)  do  not  support
	      more  than  one  image  and  are	saved  to separate files.  Use
	      +adjoin to force this behavior.

       -antialias
	      remove pixel aliasing.

       -append
	      append an image sequence.

	      All the input images must have the same width or height.	Images
	      of the same width are stacked top-to-bottom.  Images of the same
	      height are stacked left-to-right.	 Use +append to stack  rectan‐
	      gular images left-to-right.

       -average
	      averages an image sequence.

       -blur <radius>x<sigma>
	      blur  the image with a Gaussian operator of the given radius and
	      standard deviation (sigma).

       -border <width>x<height>
	      surround the image with a border of color.  See X(1) for details
	      about the geometry specification.

       -bordercolor color
	      the border color.

       -box color
	      set  the color of the annotation bounding box.  See -draw or for
	      further details.

	      See X(1) for details about the color specification.

       -cache threshold
	      megabytes of memory available to the pixel cache.

	      Image pixels are stored in memory until 80 megabytes  of	memory
	      have  been  consumed.  Subsequent pixel operations are cached on
	      disk.  Operations to memory are significantly faster but if your
	      computer	does  not  have a sufficient amount of free memory you
	      may want to adjust this threshold value.

       -charcoal radius
	      simulate a charcoal drawing.

       -coalesce
	      merge a sequence of images.

       -colorize value
	      colorize the image with the fill color.

	      Specify the amount of colorization as  a	percentage.   You  can
	      apply  separate  colorization values to the red, green, and blue
	      channels of the image with a colorization value list  delineated
	      with slashes (e.g. 0/0/50).

       -colors value
	      preferred number of colors in the image.

	      The  actual  number of colors in the image may be less than your
	      request, but never  more.	  Note,	 this  is  a  color  reduction
	      option.  Images with less unique colors than specified with this
	      option will have any duplicate or unused colors removed.	 Refer
	      to quantize(9) for more details.

	      Note,  options  -dither,	-colorspace, and -treedepth affect the
	      color reduction algorithm.

       -colorspace value
	      the type of  colorspace:	GRAY,  OHTA,  RGB,  Transparent,  XYZ,
	      YCbCr,  YIQ,  YPbPr, YUV, or CMYK.  Color reduction, by default,
	      takes place in the RGB color space.  Empirical evidence suggests
	      that  distances in color spaces such as YUV or YIQ correspond to
	      perceptual color differences more closely than do	 distances  in
	      RGB  space.   These  color  spaces  may give better results when
	      color reducing an image.	Refer to quantize(9) for more details.

	      The Transparent color space behaves uniquely  in	that  it  pre‐
	      serves the matte channel of the image if it exists.

	      The -colors or -monochrome option is required for this option to
	      take effect.

       -comment string
	      annotate an image with a comment.

	      Use this option to assign a specific comment to the image.   You
	      can  include  the	 image filename, type, width, height, or other
	      image attributes by embedding special format characters:

		  %b   file size
		  %c   comment
		  %d   directory
		  %e   filename extention
		  %f   filename
		  %h   height
		  %i   input filename
		  %l   label
		  %m   magick
		  %n   number of scenes
		  %o   output filename
		  %p   page number
		  %q   quantum depth
		  %s   scene number
		  %t   top of filename
		  %u   unique temporary filename
		  %w   width
		  %x   x resolution
		  %y   y resolution
		  \n   newline
		  \r   carriage return

	      For example,

		   -comment "%m:%f %wx%h"

	      produces an image comment of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image
	      titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and height is 480.

	      If the first character of string is @, the image comment is read
	      from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string.

       -compress type
	      the type of image compression: None, BZip,  Fax,	Group4,	 JPEG,
	      LZW, RunlengthEncoded, or Zip.

	      Specify  +compress  to store the binary image in an uncompressed
	      format.  The default is the compression type  of	the  specified
	      image file.

       -contrast
	      enhance or reduce the image contrast.

	      This  option  enhances  the  intensity  differences  between the
	      lighter and darker elements of  the  image.   Use	 -contrast  to
	      enhance the image or +contrast to reduce the image contrast.

       -crop <width>x<height>{+-}<x offset>{+-}<y offset>{%}
	      preferred	 size and location of the cropped image.  See X(1) for
	      details about the geometry specification.

	      To specify a percentage width or height instead, append %.   For
	      example  to  crop	 the  image by ten percent on all sides of the
	      image, use -crop 10%.

	      Omit the x and y offset to generate one or more subimages	 of  a
	      uniform size.

	      Use  cropping to crop a particular area of an image.   Use -crop
	      0x0 to trim edges that are the background color.	Add an x and y
	      offset to leave a portion of the trimmed edges with the image.

       -cycle amount
	      displace image colormap by amount.

	      Amount  defines  the  number of positions each colormap entry is
	      shifted.

       -deconstruct
	      break down an image sequence into constituent parts.

       -delay <1/100ths of a second>
	      display the next image after pausing.

	      This option is useful for regulating the animation of a sequence
	      of GIF images within Netscape.  1/100ths of a second must expire
	      before the redisplay of the image sequence.  The default	is  no
	      delay between each showing of the image sequence.

	      You  can	specify	 a delay range (e.g. -delay 10-500) which sets
	      the minimum and maximum delay.

       -density <width>x<height>
	      vertical and horizontal resolution in pixels of the image.

	      This option specifies an image density  when  decoding  a	 Post‐
	      script  or Portable Document page.  The default is 72 pixels per
	      inch in the horizontal and vertical direction.  This  option  is
	      used in concert with -page.

       -depth value
	      depth of the image.  This is the number of bits in a pixel.  The
	      only acceptable values are 8 or 16.

       -despeckle
	      reduce the speckles within an image.

       -display host:display[.screen]
	      specifies the X server to contact; see X(1).

       -dispose method
	      GIF disposal method.

	      Here are the valid methods:

		   0	No disposal specified.
		   1	Do not dispose between frames.
		   2	Overwrite frame with background color from header.
		   3	Overwrite with previous frame.

       -dither
	      apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image.

	      The basic strategy of dithering is to trade intensity resolution
	      for  spatial  resolution by averaging the intensities of several
	      neighboring pixels.  Images which suffer from severe  contouring
	      when reducing colors can be improved with this option.

	      The -colors or -monochrome option is required for this option to
	      take effect.

	      Use +dither to render Postscript without text or graphic	alias‐
	      ing.

       -draw string
	      annotate an image with one or more graphic primitives.

	      Use  this	 option	 to annotate an image with one or more graphic
	      primitives.  The primitives include

		   point
		   line
		   rectangle
		   roundRectangle
		   arc
		   ellipse
		   circle
		   polyline
		   polygon
		   bezier
		   path
		   color
		   matte
		   text
		   image

	      Point, line, color, matte, text, and image each require a single
	      coordinate.   Line  requires  a  start and end coordinate, while
	      rectangle expects an upper  left	and  lower  right  coordinate.
	      Circle  has  a  center  coordinate and a coordinate on the outer
	      edge.  Use Arc to circumscribe an arc within a rectangle.	  Arcs
	      require  a start and end point as well as the degree of rotation
	      (e.g. 130,30 200,100 45,90).  Use	 Ellipse  to  draw  a  partial
	      ellipse  centered	 at the given point with the x-axis and y-axis
	      radius and start and end of arc in degrees (e.g. 100,100 100,150
	      0,360).	Finally,  polyline  and	 polygon require three or more
	      coordinates to define its boundaries.  Coordinates are  integers
	      separated by an optional comma.  For example, to define a circle
	      centered at 100,100 that extends to 150,150 use:

		   -draw 'circle 100,100 150,150'

	      Paths represent an outline of an	object	which  is  defined  in
	      terms  of	 moveto	 (set  a  new  current	point), lineto (draw a
	      straight line), curveto (draw a curve using a cubic bezier), arc
	      (elliptical  or  circular	 arc) and closepath (close the current
	      shape by drawing a line to the last moveto)  elements.  Compound
	      paths  (i.e.,  a path with subpaths, each consisting of a single
	      moveto followed by one or more line  or  curve  operations)  are
	      possible to allow effects such as "donut holes" in objects.

	      Use  color  to  change  the  color of a pixel.  Follow the pixel
	      coordinate with a method:

		   point
		   replace
		   floodfill
		   filltoborder
		   reset

	      Consider the target pixel as that specified by your  coordinate.
	      The  point method recolors the target pixel.  The replace method
	      recolors any pixel that matches the color of the	target	pixel.
	      Floodfill	 recolors any pixel that matches the color of the tar‐
	      get pixel and is a neighbor,  whereas filltoborder recolors  any
	      neighbor	pixel  that  is	 not  the border color. Finally, reset
	      recolors all pixels.

	      Use matte to the change the pixel matte  value  to  transparent.
	      Follow  the pixel coordinate with a method (see the color primi‐
	      tive for a description of methods).  The	point  method  changes
	      the matte value of the target pixel.  The replace method changes
	      the matte value of any pixel that matches the color of the  tar‐
	      get  pixel.  Floodfill changes the matte value of any pixel that
	      matches the color of the target pixel and is a neighbor, whereas
	      filltoborder  changes the matte value of any neighbor pixel that
	      is not the border color (-bordercolor).  Finally	reset  changes
	      the matte value of all pixels.

	      Use  text to annotate an image with text.	 Follow the text coor‐
	      dinates with a string.   If  the	string	has  embedded  spaces,
	      enclose  it  in  double  quotes.	Optionally you can include the
	      image filename, type, width, height, or other image attribute by
	      embedding special format characters.  See -comment for details.

	      For example,

		   -draw 'text 100,100 "%m:%f %wx%h"'

	      annotates	 the  image  with  MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image
	      titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and height is  480.   To
	      generate	a  Unicode  character (TrueType fonts only), embed the
	      code as an escaped hex string (e.g. \0x30a3).

	      Use image to composite an image with another image.  Follow  the
	      image primitive with a composite operator, image position, image
	      size, and filename:

		   -draw 'image Over 100,100 225,225 image.jpg'

	      If the first character of string is @, the text is read  from  a
	      file titled by the remaining characters in the string.

	      You  can	set the primitive color, font color, and font bounding
	      box color with -fill, -font, and -box respectively.  Options are
	      processed	 in  command line order so be sure to use -fill before
	      the -draw option.

       -edge <radius>
	      enhance the edges of the image with a convolution filter of  the
	      given radius.

       -emboss <radius>x<sigma>
	      emboss  the  image with a convolution kernel of the given radius
	      and standard deviation (sigma).

       -enhance
	      apply a digital filter to enhance a noisy image.

       -equalize
	      perform histogram equalization to the image.

       -fill color
	      color to use when filling a graphic primitive.   See  -draw  for
	      further details.

       -filter type
	      use this type of filter when resizing an image.

	      Use  this	 option	 to  affect the resizing operation of an image
	      (see -geometry).	Choose from these filters:

		   Point
		   Box
		   Triangle
		   Hermite
		   Hanning
		   Hamming
		   Blackman
		   Gaussian
		   Quadratic
		   Cubic
		   Catrom
		   Mitchell
		   Lanczos
		   Bessel
		   Sinc

	      The default filter is Lanczos.

       -flip  create a "mirror image" by reflecting the image scanlines in the
	      vertical direction.

       -flop  create a "mirror image" by reflecting the image scanlines in the
	      horizontal direction.

       -font name
	      use this font when annotating the image with text.

	      If the font is a fully qualified X server font name, the font is
	      obtained	 from	an   X	 server	  (e.g.	  -*-helvetica-medium-
	      r-*-*-12-*-*-*-*-*-iso8859-*).  To use a TrueType font,  precede
	      the  TrueType  filename with a @ (e.g.  @times.ttf).  Otherwise,
	      specify a Postscript, X11, or TrueType font (e.g. helvetica).

       -frame <width>x<height>+<outer bevel width>+<inner bevel width>
	      surround the image with an  ornamental  border.	See  X(1)  for
	      details about the geometry specification.

	      The  color  of the border is specified with the -mattecolor com‐
	      mand line option.

       -fuzz distance
	      colors within this distance are considered equal.

	      A number of algorithms search for a target  color.   By  default
	      the  color  must be exact.  Use this option to match colors that
	      are close to the target color in RGB space.  For example, if you
	      want  to automatically trim the edges of an image with -crop 0x0
	      but the image was scanned.  The target background color may dif‐
	      fer  by  a small amount.	This option can account for these dif‐
	      ferences.

       -gamma value
	      level of gamma correction.

	      The same color image displayed on two different workstations may
	      look  different  due to differences in the display monitor.  Use
	      gamma correction to adjust for this color	 difference.   Reason‐
	      able values extend from 0.8 to 2.3.

	      You  can apply separate gamma values to the red, green, and blue
	      channels of the image with a gamma value	list  delineated  with
	      slashes (e.g. 1.7/2.3/1.2).

	      Use +gamma to set the image gamma level without actually adjust‐
	      ing the image pixels.  This option is useful if the image is  of
	      a	 known	gamma  but  not	 set  as  an image attribute (e.g. PNG
	      images).

       -gaussian <radius>x<sigma>
	      blur the image with a Gaussian operator of the given radius  and
	      standard deviation (sigma).

       -geometry <width>x<height>{+-}<x offset>{+-}<y offset>{%}{!}{<}{>}
	      preferred size or location of the image when encoding.

	      By  default,  the width and height are maximum values.  That is,
	      the image is expanded or contracted to fit the width and	height
	      value  while  maintaining the aspect ratio of the image.	Append
	      an exclamation point to the geometry to force the image size  to
	      exactly  the  size  you  specify.	  For  example, if you specify
	      640x480! the image width is set to 640 pixels and height to 480.
	      If  only	one  factor  is	 specified,  both the width and height
	      assume the value.

	      To specify a percentage width or height instead, append %.   The
	      image  size is multiplied by the width and height percentages to
	      obtain the final image dimensions.  To increase the size	of  an
	      image, use a value greater than 100 (e.g. 125%).	To decrease an
	      image's size, use a percentage less than 100.

	      Use > to change the dimensions of the image  only	 if  its  size
	      exceeds the geometry specification.  < resizes the image only if
	      its dimensions is less than  the	geometry  specification.   For
	      example,	if you specify 640x480> and the image size is 512x512,
	      the image size does  not	change.	  However,  if	the  image  is
	      1024x1024, it is resized to 640x480.

	      There are 72 pixels per inch in Postscript coordinates.

       -gravity type
	      direction	 text  gravitates to when annotating the image: North‐
	      West, North, NorthEast, West, Center,  East,  SouthWest,	South,
	      SouthEast.   See	X(1)  for details about the gravity specifica‐
	      tion.

	      The direction you choose specifies where to  position  the  text
	      when  annotating	the  image.  For example Center gravity forces
	      the text to be centered within the image.	 By default, the  text
	      gravity is NorthWest.

       -implode factor
	      implode  image  pixels  about the center.	 Specify factor as the
	      percent implosion (0 - 99.9%) or explosion (-99.9 - 0%).

       -intent type
	      use this type of rendering intent when managing the image color.

	      Use this option to affect the color management operation	of  an
	      image (see -profile).  Choose from these intents:

		   Absolute
		   Perceptual
		   Relative
		   Saturation

	      The default rendering intent is undefined.

       -interlace type
	      the type of interlacing scheme: None, Line, Plane, or Partition.
	      The default is None.

	      This option is used to specify the type  of  interlacing	scheme
	      for  raw	image  formats	such  as  RGB or YUV.  No means do not
	      interlace (RGBRGBRGBRGBRGBRGB...), Line uses scanline  interlac‐
	      ing (RRR...GGG...BBB...RRR...GGG...BBB...), and Plane uses plane
	      interlacing (RRRRRR...GGGGGG...BBBBBB...).   Partition  is  like
	      plane  except the different planes are saved to individual files
	      (e.g.  image.R, image.G, and image.B).

	      Use Line, or Plane to create an interlaced  GIF  or  progressive
	      JPEG image.

       -label name
	      assign a label to an image.

	      Use  this	 option	 to  assign  a	specific  label	 to the image.
	      Optionally you can include  the  image  filename,	 type,	width,
	      height, or scene number in the label by embedding special format
	      characters.  See -comment for details.

	      For example,

		   -label "%m:%f %wx%h"

	      produces an image label of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for  an	 image
	      titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and height is 480.

	      If  the  first character of string is @, the image label is read
	      from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string.

	      When converting to Postscript, use  this	option	to  specify  a
	      header  string to print above the image.	Specify the label font
	      with -font.

       -layer type
	      the type of layer: Red, Green, Blue, or Matte.

	      Use this option to extract a particular layer  from  the	image.
	      Matte,  for example, is useful for extracting the opacity values
	      from an image.

       -loop iterations
	      add Netscape loop extension to your GIF animation.

	      A value other than zero forces the animation to repeat itself up
	      to iterations times.

       -map filename
	      choose a particular set of colors from this image.

	      By  default,  color  reduction  chooses an optimal set of colors
	      that best represent the original image.  Alternatively, you  can
	      choose  a	 particular set of colors from an image file with this
	      option.  Use +map to reduce all images provided on  the  command
	      line  to	a single optimal set of colors that best represent all
	      the images.

       -matte store matte channel if the image has  one	 otherwise  create  an
	      opaque one.

       -median radius
	      apply a median filter to the image.

       -modulate value
	      vary the brightness, saturation, and hue of an image.

	      Specify  the percent change in brightness, the color saturation,
	      and the color hue separated by commas.  For example, to increase
	      the color brightness by 20% and decrease the color saturation by
	      10% and leave the hue unchanged, use: -modulate 120,90.

       -monochrome
	      transform the image to black and white.

       -morph morphs an image sequence.

	      Both the image pixels and size are linearly interpolated to give
	      the appearance of a meta-morphosis from one image to the next.

       -mosaic
	      create an mosaic from an image sequence.

       -negate
	      replace  every pixel with its complementary color (white becomes
	      black, yellow becomes blue, etc.).

	      The red, green, and blue intensities of an  image	 are  negated.
	      Use +negate to only negate the grayscale pixels of the image.

       -noise radius
	      add or reduce the noise in an image.

	      The  principal  function	of noise peak elimination filter is to
	      smooth the objects within an image without losing edge  informa‐
	      tion  and	 without  creating  undesired structures.  The central
	      idea of the algorithm is to replace a pixel with its next neigh‐
	      bor in value within a pixel window, if this pixel has been found
	      to be noise.  A pixel is defined as noise if and	only  if  this
	      pixel  is	 a  maximum  or	 minimum within the pixel window.  Use
	      radius to specify the width of the neighborhood.

	      Use +noise followed by a noise type to add noise	to  an	image.
	      Choose from these noise types:

		  Uniform
		  Gaussian
		  Multiplicative
		  Impulse
		  Laplacian
		  Poisson

       -normalize
	      transform image to span the full range of color values.

	      This is a contrast enhancement technique.

       -opaque color
	      change this color to the fill color within the image.  See -fill
	      for more details.

       -page <width>x<height>{+-}<x offset>{+-}<y offset>{%}{!}{<}{>}
	      preferred size and location of an image canvas.

	      Use this option to specify the dimensions of the Postscript page
	      in  dots	per  inch or a TEXT page in pixels.  The choices for a
	      Postscript page are:

		     11x17	   792	1224
		     Ledger	  1224	 792
		     Legal	   612	1008
		     Letter	   612	 792
		     LetterSmall   612	 792
		     ArchE	  2592	3456
		     ArchD	  1728	2592
		     ArchC	  1296	1728
		     ArchB	   864	1296
		     ArchA	   648	 864
		     A0		  2380	3368
		     A1		  1684	2380
		     A2		  1190	1684
		     A3		   842	1190
		     A4		   595	 842
		     A4Small	   595	 842
		     A5		   421	 595
		     A6		   297	 421
		     A7		   210	 297
		     A8		   148	 210
		     A9		   105	 148
		     A10	    74	 105
		     B0		  2836	4008
		     B1		  2004	2836
		     B2		  1418	2004
		     B3		  1002	1418
		     B4		   709	1002
		     B5		   501	 709
		     C0		  2600	3677
		     C1		  1837	2600
		     C2		  1298	1837
		     C3		   918	1298
		     C4		   649	 918
		     C5		   459	 649
		     C6		   323	 459
		     Flsa	   612	 936
		     Flse	   612	 936
		     HalfLetter	   396	 612

	      For convenience you can specify the page	size  by  media	 (e.g.
	      A4, Ledger, etc.).  Otherwise, -page behaves much like -geometry
	      (e.g. -page letter+43+43>).

	      To position a GIF image, use -page {+-}<x offset>{+-}<y  offset>
	      (e.g. -page +100+200).

	      For  a  Postscript  page, the image is sized as in -geometry and
	      positioned relative to the lower left hand corner of the page by
	      {+-}<x  offset>{+-}<y offset>.  Use -page 612x792>, for example,
	      to center the image within the page.  If the image size  exceeds
	      the Postscript page, it is reduced to fit the page.

	      The default page dimensions for a TEXT image is 612x792.

	      This option is used in concert with -density.

       -paint radius
	      simulate an oil painting.

	      Each  pixel is replaced by the most frequent color in a circular
	      neighborhood whose width is specified with radius.

       -pointsize value
	      pointsize of the Postscript, X11, or TrueType font.

       -preview type
	      image preview type.

	      Use this option to affect the  preview  operation	 of  an	 image
	      (e.g.  convert  -preview	Gamma Preview:gamma.gif).  Choose from
	      these previews:

		   Rotate
		   Shear
		   Roll
		   Hue
		   Saturation
		   Brightness
		   Gamma
		   Spiff
		   Dull
		   Grayscale
		   Quantize
		   Despeckle
		   ReduceNoise
		   AddNoise
		   Sharpen
		   Blur
		   Threshold
		   Edge Detect
		   Spread
		   Shade
		   Raise
		   Segment
		   Solarize
		   Swirl
		   Implode
		   Wave
		   OilPaint
		   CharcoalDrawing
		   JPEG

	      The default preview is JPEG.

       -profile filename
	      add ICM color or IPTC newswire information profile to image.

	      Use +profile icm or +profile iptc to remove the respective  pro‐
	      file.

       -quality value
	      JPEG/MIFF/PNG compression level.

	      For  the	JPEG image format, quality is 0 (worst) to 100 (best).
	      The default quality is 75.

	      Quality for the MIFF and PNG image format	 sets  the  amount  of
	      image compression (quality / 10) and filter-type (quality % 10).
	      Compression quality values range from 0 (worst) to  100  (best).
	      If  filter-type  is 4 or less, the specified filter-type is used
	      for all scanlines:

		  0: none
		  1: sub
		  2: up
		  3: average
		  4: Paeth

	      If filter-type is 5, adaptive filtering is used when quality  is
	      greater  than 50 and the image does not have a color map, other‐
	      wise no filtering is used.

	      If filter-type is 6 or more, adaptive  filtering	with  minimum-
	      sum-of-absolute-values is used.

	      The  default is quality is 75.  Which means nearly the best com‐
	      pression with adaptive filtering.

	      For further information, see the PNG specification  (RFC	2083),
	      <http://www.w3.org/pub/WWW/TR>.

       -raise <width>x<height>
	      lighten  or  darken  image  edges to create a 3-D effect.	   See
	      X(1) for details about the geometry specification.

	      Use -raise to create a raised effect, otherwise use +raise.

       -region <width>x<height>{+-}<x offset>{+-}<y offset>
	      apply options to a portion of the image.

	      By default, any command line options are applied to  the	entire
	      image.   Use -region to restrict operations to a particular area
	      of the image.

       -roll {+-}<x offset>{+-}<y offset>
	      roll an image vertically or horizontally.	 See X(1) for  details
	      about the geometry specification.

	      A negative x offset rolls the image left-to-right.  A negative y
	      offset rolls the image top-to-bottom.

       -rotate degrees{<}{>}
	      apply Paeth image rotation to the image.

	      Use > to rotate the image only if its width exceeds the  height.
	      <	 rotates  the image only if its width is less than the height.
	      For example, if you specify -90> and the image size is  480x640,
	      the  image  is  not rotated by the specified angle.  However, if
	      the image is 640x480, it is rotated by -90 degrees.

	      Empty triangles left over from rotating  the  image  are	filled
	      with  the color defined as bordercolor (class borderColor).  See
	      X(1) for details.

       -sample geometry
	      scale image with pixel sampling.

       -scene value
	      image scene number.

       -seed value
	      pseudo-random number generator seed value.

       -segment <cluster threshold>x<smoothing threshold>
	      segment an image by analyzing the histograms of the color compo‐
	      nents  and identifying units that are homogeneous with the fuzzy
	      c-means technique.

	      Specify cluster threshold as the number of pixels in each	 clus‐
	      ter  must	 exceed	 the  the  cluster  threshold to be considered
	      valid.  Smoothing threshold eliminates noise in the  second  de‐
	      rivative	of  the histogram.  As the value is increased, you can
	      expect a smoother second derivative.  The default is  1.5.   See
	      IMAGE SEGMENTATION for details.

       -shade <azimuth>x<elevation>
	      shade the image using a distant light source.

	      Specify  azimuth	and  elevation	as  the	 position of the light
	      source.  Use +shade to return the shading results as a grayscale
	      image.

       -sharpen <radius>x<sigma>
	      sharpen  the image with a Laplacian operator of the given radius
	      and standard deviation (sigma).

       -shear <x degrees>x<y degrees>
	      shear the image along the X or Y axis by a positive or  negative
	      shear angle.

	      Shearing slides one edge of an image along the X or Y axis, cre‐
	      ating a parallelogram.  An X  direction  shear  slides  an  edge
	      along the X axis, while a Y direction shear slides an edge along
	      the Y axis.  The amount of the shear is controlled  by  a	 shear
	      angle.   For  X direction shears, x degrees is measured relative
	      to the Y axis, and similarly, for Y direction shears  y  degrees
	      is measured relative to the X axis.

	      Empty  triangles	left  over  from shearing the image are filled
	      with the color defined as bordercolor (class borderColor).   See
	      X(1) for details.

       -size <width>x<height>+<offset>
	      width and height of the image.

	      Use  this	 option	 to specify the width and height of raw images
	      whose dimensions are unknown such as GRAY,  RGB,	or  CMYK.   In
	      addition	to  width  and	height,	 use  -size to skip any header
	      information in the image or tell the number of colors in	a  MAP
	      image file, (e.g. -size 640x512+256).

	      For Photo CD images, choose from these sizes:

		    192x128
		    384x256
		    768x512
		   1536x1024
		   3072x2048

	      Finally, use this option to choose a particular resolution layer
	      of a JBIG or JPEG image (e.g. -size 1024x768).

       -solarize factor
	      negate all pixels above the threshold level.  Specify factor  as
	      the percent threshold of the intensity (0 - 99.9%).

	      This  option produces a solarization effect seen when exposing a
	      photographic film to light during the development process.

       -spread amount
	      displace image pixels by a random amount.

	      Amount defines the size of the neighborhood around each pixel to
	      choose a candidate pixel to swap.

       -stroke color
	      color  to	 use  when stoking a graphic primitive.	 See -draw for
	      further details.

       -strokewidth value
	      set the stroke width.  See -draw for further details.

       -swirl degrees
	      swirl image pixels about the center.

	      Degrees defines the tightness of the swirl.

       -texture filename
	      name of texture to tile onto the image background.

       -threshold value
	      threshold the image.

	      Create a bi-level image such that any pixel  intensity  that  is
	      equal  or exceeds the threshold is reassigned the maximum inten‐
	      sity otherwise the minimum intensity.

       -tile filename
	      tile image when filling a graphic primitive.

       -transparent color
	      make this color transparent within the image.

       -treedepth value
	      Normally, this integer value is zero or  one.   A	 zero  or  one
	      tells  convert  to  choose  a  optimal  tree depth for the color
	      reduction algorithm.

	      An optimal depth generally allows the best representation of the
	      source  image with the fastest computational speed and the least
	      amount of memory.	 However, the default depth  is	 inappropriate
	      for  some images.	 To assure the best representation, try values
	      between 2 and 8 for this parameter.  Refer  to  quantize(9)  for
	      more details.

	      The -colors option is required for this option to take effect.

       -type type
	      set  the	image type: Bilevel, Grayscale, Palette, PaletteMatte,
	      TrueColor, TrueColorMatte, or ColorSeparation.

       -units type
	      the type of image resolution: Undefined, PixelsPerInch, or  Pix‐
	      elsPerCentimeter.	 The default is Undefined.

       -verbose
	      print detailed information about the image.

	      This  information	 is  printed: image scene number;  image name;
	      converted image name;  image size;  the image class (DirectClass
	      or  PseudoClass);	  the  total number of unique colors;  and the
	      number of seconds to read and transform the image.

       -view string
	      FlashPix viewing parameters.

       -wave <amplitude>x<wavelength>
	      alter an image along a sine wave.

	      Specify amplitude and wavelength to effect  the  characteristics
	      of the wave.

       Options are processed in command line order.  Any option you specify on
       the command line remains in effect until it is  explicitly  changed  by
       specifying the option again with a different effect.  Some options only
       effect the decoding of images and others only the encoding.

       By default, the image format is determined  by  its  magic  number.  To
       specify	a  particular image format, precede the filename with an image
       format name and a colon (i.e. ps:image) or specify the  image  type  as
       the  filename  suffix  (i.e.  image.ps).	 See DESCRIPTION for a list of
       valid formats.

       When you specify X as your image type, the filename has	special	 mean‐
       ing.  It specifies an X window by id, name, or root.  If no filename is
       specified, the window is selected by clicking the mouse in the  desired
       window.

       Specify	input_file as - for standard input, output_file as - for stan‐
       dard output.  If input_file has the extension .Z or .gz,	 the  file  is
       uncompressed  with  uncompress  or gunzip respectively.	If output_file
       has the extension .Z or .gz, the file size  is  compressed  using  with
       compress	 or  gzip  respectively.  Finally, precede the image file name
       with | to pipe to or from a system command.

       Use an optional index enclosed in brackets after a file name to specify
       a  desired  subimage  of	 a multi-resolution image format like Photo CD
       (e.g.   img0001.pcd[4])	 or   a	  range	  for	MPEG   images	 (e.g.
       video.mpg[50-75]).   A  subimage	 specification	can  be disjoint (e.g.
       image.tiff[2,7,4]).  For raw images, specify a subimage with a geometry
       (e.g. -size 640x512 image.rgb[320x256+50+50]).

       Single  images  are  written  with  the filename you specify.  However,
       multi-part images (e.g. a multi-page Postscript document	 with  +adjoin
       specified)  are	written with the filename followed by a period (.) and
       the scene number.  You can change this behavior by embedding  a	printf
       format specification in the file name.  For example,

	    image%02d.miff

       converts files image00.miff, image01.miff, etc.

       The  %  character is always interpreted in output filenames. To get a %
       character in the filename, use %%.

       Prepend an at sign (@) to a filename to read a list of image  filenames
       from  that  file.   This	 is  convenient in the event you have too many
       image filenames to fit on the command line.

IMAGE SEGMENTATION
       Use -segment to segment an image by analyzing  the  histograms  of  the
       color  components  and  identifying units that are homogeneous with the
       fuzzy c-means technique.	 The  scale-space  filter  analyzes  the  his‐
       tograms of the three color components of the image and identifies a set
       of classes.  The extents of each class is used to coarsely segment  the
       image  with  thresholding.   The	 color	associated  with each class is
       determined by the mean color of all pixels within the extents of a par‐
       ticular	class.	 Finally,  any unclassified pixels are assigned to the
       closest class with the fuzzy c-means technique.

       The fuzzy c-Means algorithm can be summarized as follows:

	      o Build a histogram, one for each color component of the image.

	      o For each histogram, successively apply the scale-space	filter
	      and  build  an interval tree of zero crossings in the second de‐
	      rivative at each	scale.	 Analyze  this	scale-space  ``finger‐
	      print'' to determine which peaks or valleys in the histogram are
	      most predominant.

	      o The fingerprint defines intervals on  the  axis	 of  the  his‐
	      togram.	Each  interval contains either a minima or a maxima in
	      the original signal.  If each color component  lies  within  the
	      maxima  interval, that pixel is considered ``classified'' and is
	      assigned an unique class number.

	      o Any pixel that fails to be classified in the above  threshold‐
	      ing pass is classified using the fuzzy c-Means technique.	 It is
	      assigned to one of the classes discovered in the histogram anal‐
	      ysis phase.

       The  fuzzy c-Means technique attempts to cluster a pixel by finding the
       local minima of the generalized	within	group  sum  of	squared	 error
       objective  function.  A pixel is assigned to the closest class of which
       the fuzzy membership has a maximum value.

       For additional information see

	      Young Won Lim, Sang Uk Lee, "On  The  Color  Image  Segmentation
	      Algorithm	 Based on the Thresholding and the Fuzzy c-Means Tech‐
	      niques",	Pattern	 Recognition,  Volume  23,  Number  9,	 pages
	      935-952, 1990.

ENVIRONMENT
       DISPLAY
	      To get the default host, display number, and screen.

SEE ALSO
       display(1),  animate(1), import(1), montage(1), mogrify(1), combine(1),
       xtp(1)

COPYRIGHT
       Copyright (C) 2001 ImageMagick Studio, a non-profit organization	 dedi‐
       cated to making software imaging solutions freely available.

       Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
       copy of this software and associated  documentation  files  ("ImageMag‐
       ick"),  to  deal	 in ImageMagick without restriction, including without
       limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute,
       sublicense, and/or sell copies of ImageMagick, and to permit persons to
       whom the ImageMagick is furnished to do so, subject  to	the  following
       conditions:

       The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
       in all copies or substantial portions of ImageMagick.

       The software is provided "as is", without warranty of any kind, express
       or  implied,  including	but  not  limited  to  the  warranties of mer‐
       chantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement.  In
       no  event  shall ImageMagick Studio be liable for any claim, damages or
       other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort	or  otherwise,
       arising	from,  out  of or in connection with ImageMagick or the use or
       other dealings in ImageMagick.

       Except as contained in this notice, the name of the ImageMagick	Studio
       shall  not be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale, use
       or other dealings in ImageMagick without	 prior	written	 authorization
       from the ImageMagick Studio.

AUTHORS
       John Cristy, E.I. du Pont De Nemours and Company Incorporated

ImageMagick			  12 Feb 1997			    convert(1)
[top]

List of man pages available for DigitalUNIX

Copyright (c) for man pages and the logo by the respective OS vendor.

For those who want to learn more, the polarhome community provides shell access and support.

[legal] [privacy] [GNU] [policy] [cookies] [netiquette] [sponsors] [FAQ]
Tweet
Polarhome, production since 1999.
Member of Polarhome portal.
Based on Fawad Halim's script.
....................................................................
Vote for polarhome
Free Shell Accounts :: the biggest list on the net