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CHMOD(1)			 User Commands			      CHMOD(1)

NAME
       chmod - change file mode bits

SYNOPSIS
       chmod [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE...
       chmod [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE...
       chmod [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE...

DESCRIPTION
       This manual page documents the GNU version of chmod.  chmod changes the
       file mode bits of each given file  according  to	 mode,	which  can  be
       either a symbolic representation of changes to make, or an octal number
       representing the bit pattern for the new mode bits.

       The format of a symbolic mode is	 [ugoa...][[+-=][perms...]...],	 where
       perms  is  either zero or more letters from the set rwxXst, or a single
       letter from the set ugo.	 Multiple symbolic modes can be	 given,	 sepa‐
       rated by commas.

       A  combination  of the letters ugoa controls which users' access to the
       file will be changed: the user who owns it  (u),	 other	users  in  the
       file's group (g), other users not in the file's group (o), or all users
       (a).  If none of these are given, the effect is as if a were given, but
       bits that are set in the umask are not affected.

       The  operator  +	 causes the selected file mode bits to be added to the
       existing file mode bits of each file; - causes them to be removed;  and
       =  causes  them	to  be added and causes unmentioned bits to be removed
       except that a directory's unmentioned set user and group	 ID  bits  are
       not affected.

       The  letters  rwxXst select file mode bits for the affected users: read
       (r), write (w), execute (or search for directories) (x), execute/search
       only  if	 the file is a directory or already has execute permission for
       some user (X), set user or group ID on execution (s), restricted	 dele‐
       tion  flag or sticky bit (t).  Instead of one or more of these letters,
       you can specify exactly one of the letters ugo: the permissions granted
       to  the	user  who  owns the file (u), the permissions granted to other
       users who are members of the file's  group  (g),	 and  the  permissions
       granted	to  users  that are in neither of the two preceding categories
       (o).

       A numeric mode is from one to  four  octal  digits  (0-7),  derived  by
       adding up the bits with values 4, 2, and 1.  Omitted digits are assumed
       to be leading zeros, except that if  the	 first	digit  is  omitted,  a
       directory's  set	 user  and  group ID bits are not affected.  The first
       digit selects the set user ID (4) and set group ID (2)  and  restricted
       deletion	 or  sticky  (1) attributes.  The second digit selects permis‐
       sions for the user who owns the file: read (4), write (2), and  execute
       (1); the third selects permissions for other users in the file's group,
       with the same values; and the fourth for other users not in the	file's
       group, with the same values.

       chmod never changes the permissions of symbolic links; the chmod system
       call cannot change their permissions.  This is not a problem since  the
       permissions  of	symbolic links are never used.	However, for each sym‐
       bolic link listed on the command line, chmod changes the permissions of
       the pointed-to file.  In contrast, chmod ignores symbolic links encoun‐
       tered during recursive directory traversals.

RESTRICTED DELETION FLAG OR STICKY BIT
       The restricted deletion flag or sticky  bit  is	a  single  bit,	 whose
       interpretation  depends on the file type.  For directories, it prevents
       unprivileged users from removing or renaming a file  in	the  directory
       unless  they  own  the  file  or	 the  directory;  this	is  called the
       restricted deletion flag for the directory, and is  commonly  found  on
       world-writable  directories like /tmp.  For regular files on some older
       systems, the bit saves the program's text image on the swap  device  so
       it will load more quickly when run; this is called the sticky bit.

OPTIONS
       Change the mode of each FILE to MODE.

       -c, --changes
	      like verbose but report only when a change is made

       --no-preserve-root
	      do not treat `/' specially (the default)

       --preserve-root
	      fail to operate recursively on `/'

       -f, --silent, --quiet
	      suppress most error messages

       -v, --verbose
	      output a diagnostic for every file processed

       --reference=RFILE
	      use RFILE's mode instead of MODE values

       -R, --recursive
	      change files and directories recursively

       --help display this help and exit

       --version
	      output version information and exit

       Each MODE is of the form `[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+'.

AUTHOR
       Written by David MacKenzie and Jim Meyering.

REPORTING BUGS
       Report bugs to <bug-coreutils@gnu.org>.

COPYRIGHT
       Copyright © 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
       This  is	 free  software.   You may redistribute copies of it under the
       terms	  of	  the	   GNU	    General	  Public       License
       <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.	 There	is NO WARRANTY, to the
       extent permitted by law.

SEE ALSO
       chmod(2)

       The full documentation for chmod is maintained as a Texinfo manual.  If
       the  info  and  chmod programs are properly installed at your site, the
       command

	      info chmod

       should give you access to the complete manual.

GNU coreutils 6.9		  March 2007			      CHMOD(1)
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