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cdrw(1)				 User Commands			       cdrw(1)

NAME
       cdrw - CD read and write

SYNOPSIS
       cdrw -i [-vSCO] [-d device] [-p speed] [image-file]

       cdrw -a [-vSCO] [-d device] [-p speed] [-T audio-type] audio-file1
	    [audio-file2]...

       cdrw -x [-v] [-d device] [-T audio-type] track-number out-file

       cdrw -c [-vSC] [-d device] [-p speed] [-m tmp-dir]
	    [-s src-device]

       cdrw -b [-v] [-d device] all | session | fast

       cdrw -L [-v] [-d device]

       cdrw -M [-v] [-d device]

       cdrw -l [-v]

       cdrw -h


DESCRIPTION
       The  cdrw  command  provides  the ability to create data and audio CDs.
       This command also provides the ability to extract audio tracks from  an
       audio CD and to create data DVDs. The CD or DVD device must be MMC-com‐
       pliant to create a CD or DVD with the cdrw command.

       cdrw searches for a CD or DVD writer connected to  the  system,	unless
       you  specify  a	device with the -d option. If cdrw finds a single such
       device, it uses that device as the default CD or	 DVD  writer  for  the
       command.

       When more than one CD or DVD writer is connected to the system, use the
       -d option to indicate which device is desired. The device name  can  be
       specified  in  one of the following ways: /dev/rdsk/cNtNdNsN, cNtNdNsN,
       cNtNdN, or a name used by volume manager,  such	as  cdrom  or  cdrom1.
       Using the -l option provides a list of CD or DVD writers.

       For  instructions on adding a USB-mass-storage-class-compliant CD-RW or
       DVD-RW device to your system, see scsa2usb(7D).

   Creating Data CDs
       When creating data CDs, cdrw uses the Track-At-Once  mode  of  writing.
       Use  the -i option to specify a file that contains the data to write on
       CD media. If you don't specify this option, cdrw reads data from	 stan‐
       dard input.

       In  either  case,  the  data is typically prepared by using the mkisofs
       command to convert the file and file information into the  High	Sierra
       format used on CDs. See the examples that include use of this command.

   Creating Data DVDs
       cdrw  can  create  single-session data DVDs on DVD+RW or DVD-RW devices
       using images generated from mkisofs. These disks can be mounted as HSFS
       file  systems. When making data DVDs, cdrw uses Disk-At-Once (DAO) mode
       of writing, which closes the media when writing is completed  and  pre‐
       vents  any  further sessions from being added. The image should be pre‐
       pared in advance when writing an image to the DVD media since DAO  mode
       requires that the size of the image be known in advance.

   Creating Audio CDs
       Use the -a option to create an audio CD. Single or multiple audio files
       can be specified with this option. All of the audio files should be  in
       a supported audio format. Currently approved formats are:

       sun    Sun .au files with data in Red Book CDDA form

       wav    RIFF (.wav) files with data in Red Book CDDA form

       cda    .cda  files having raw CD audio data (that is, 16 bit PCM stereo
	      at 44.1 KHz sample rate in little-endian byte order)

       aur    .aur files having raw CD data in big-endian byte order

       If no audio format is specified, cdrw tries to identify the audio  file
       format  based  on the file extension. The case of the characters in the
       extension is ignored. If a format is specified using the -T option,  it
       is assumed to be the audio file type for all the files specified. Also,
       using the -c option closes the session after writing the audio  tracks.
       Therefore,  the	tracks	to  be written should be specified in a single
       command line.

   Extracting Audio
       cdrw can also be used for extracting audio data from an audio  CD  with
       the  -x	option.	 The  CD  should have tracks in Red Book CDDA form. By
       default, the output format is based on the file extension. A  user  can
       specify a sun, wav, cda, or aur output format with the -T option.

   Copying CDs
       cdrw can be used to copy single session data CD-ROMs and Red Book audio
       CDs. When copying a CD, cdrw looks for a specified source device. If no
       source  device  is  specified  when using the -c option, the current CD
       writer is assumed to be the source. cdrw extracts the track  or	tracks
       into  a	temporary file and looks for a blank writable CD-R/RW media in
       the current CD writer. If no media is found, insert a blank writable CD
       media in the current CD writer. If the default temporary directory does
       not have enough space, an alternate directory can be specified by using
       the -m option.

   Erasing CD-RW or DVD-RW Media
       Users  have  to	erase the CD-RW media before it can be rewritten. With
       the -b option, the following flavors  of	 erasing  are  currently  sup‐
       ported:

       session	  Erases the last session.

       fast	  Minimally erases the media.

       all	  Erases the entire media.

       If  the	session erasing type is used, cdrw erases the last session. If
       there is only one session recorded on the CD-RW (for example, a data or
       audio CD-RW created by this tool), then session erasing only erases the
       portion that is recorded, leaving behind a blank disk. This  is	faster
       than  erasing  the  entire  media.  For DVD media, using the -b session
       erases the whole media.

       The fast erasing type minimally erases the entire media by removing the
       PMA  and	 TOC of the first session. It does not erase the user data and
       subsequent tracks on the media, but the media is treated as if it  were
       a blank disk. If a complete erase is of the media is necessary, use the
       all option.

       The all erasing type should be used if it is a multisession  disk,  the
       last  session is not closed, or disk status is unknown, and you want to
       erase the disk. With this type of erasing, cdrw erases the entire disk.

       DVD+RW media does not support erasing. To re-use DVD+RW	media,	simply
       write  a	 new  image  onto  the	media. cdrw formats and overwrites the
       existing media automatically.

   Checking device-list or media-status
       You can list a system's CD or DVD writers by using the -l option. Also,
       for  a  particular  media, you can get the blanking status and table of
       contents by using the -M option. The -M option also prints  information
       about  the  last session's start address and the next writable address.
       This information, along with the -O option, can be used to create  mul‐
       tisession     CDs.     Refer    to    the    mkisofs(8)	  man	 page,
       (/usr/share/man/man8/mkisofs.8), in  the	 SUNWfsman  package  for  more
       information.

OPTIONS
       The following options are supported:

       -a    Creates an audio disk. At least one audio-file name must be spec‐
	     ified. A CD can not have more than 99 audio tracks,  so  no  more
	     than 99 audio files can be specified.

       -b    Blanks  CD-RW or DVD-RW media. The type of erasing must be speci‐
	     fied by the all, fast, or session argument. DVD+RW media does not
	     support  blanking,	 but  can  be  rewritten  without the need for
	     blanking.

       -c    Copies a CD. If no other argument is specified,  the  default  CD
	     writing  device  is  assumed  to be the source device as well. In
	     this case, the copy operation reads the source media into a  tem‐
	     porary  directory and prompts you to place a blank media into the
	     drive for the copy operation to proceed.

       -C    This option is obsolete.

	     This option used to causecdrw to query  the  drive	 to  determine
	     media capacity.  This is now the default behavior.

       -d    Specifies the CD or DVD writing device.

       -h    Help. Prints usage message.

       -i    Specifies	the image file for creating data CDs or DVDs. The file
	     size should be less than what can be written on the media.	 Also,
	     consider  having the file locally available instead of having the
	     file on an	 NFS-mounted  file  system.  The  CD  writing  process
	     expects data to be available continuously without interruptions.

       -l    Lists all the CD or DVD writers available on the system.

       -L    Closes the disk. If the media was left in an open state after the
	     last write operation, it is closed to prevent any	further	 writ‐
	     ing. This operation can only be done on re-writable CD-RW media.

       -m    Uses an alternate temporary directory instead of the default tem‐
	     porary directory for storing track data while  copying  a	CD  or
	     DVD.  An  alternate temporary directory might be required because
	     the amount of data on a CD can be huge. For example,  the	amount
	     of	 data  can  be as much as 800 Mbytes for an 80 minute audio CD
	     and 4.7 Gbytes for a DVD. The default temporary  directory	 might
	     not have that much space available.

       -M    Reports  media status. cdrw reports if the media is blank or not,
	     its table of contents, the last session's start address, and  the
	     next  writable  address if the disk is open. DVD+RW does not sup‐
	     port erasing and always has some content on the media.

       -O    Keeps the disk open. cdrw closes the session, but	it  keeps  the
	     disk open so that another session can be added later on to create
	     a multisession disk.

       -p    Sets the CD writing speed. For example, -p 4 sets	the  speed  to
	     4X.  If this option is not specified, cdrw uses the default speed
	     of the CD writer. If this option is specified, cdrw tries to  set
	     the drive write speed to this value, but there is no guarantee of
	     the actual speed that is used by the drive.

       -s    Specifies the source device for copying a CD or DVD.

       -S    Simulation mode. In this mode, cdrw operates with the drive laser
	     turned  off,  so nothing is written to the media. Use this option
	     to verify if the system can provide data at a  rate  good	enough
	     for CD writing.

	     CD-R,  CD-RW (not MRW formatted), DVD-R, and DVD-RW media support
	     simulation mode (-S). DVD-RAM, DVD+R, DVD+RW,  any	 MRW-formatted
	     media, and some others do not support simulation mode (-S).

       -T    Audio  format  to	use  for extracting audio files or for reading
	     audio files for audio CD creation. The  audio-type	 can  be  sun,
	     wav, cda, or aur.

       -v    Verbose mode.

       -x    Extracts audio data from an audio track.

EXAMPLES
       Example 1 Creating a Data CD or DVD

	 example% cdrw -i /local/iso_image

       Example 2 Creating a CD or DVD from a Directory

       This  example  shows  how to create a CD or DVD from the directory tree
       /home/foo.

	 example% mkisofs -r /home/foo 2>/dev/null | cdrw -i -p 1

       Example 3 Extracting an Audio Track Number

       This  example  shows  how  to  extract  audio   track   number	1   to
       /home/foo/song1.wav.

	 example% cdrw -x -T wav 1 /home/foo/song1.wav

       Example 4 Using wav Files

       This example shows how to create an audio CD from wav files on disk.

	 example% cdrw -a song1.wav song2.wav song3.wav song4.wav

       Example 5 Erasing CD-RW or DVD-RW Media

       This example shows how to erase rewritable media.

	 example% cdrw -b all

       Example 6 Creating a Data CD or DVD with Multiple Drives

       This example shows how to create a data CD or DVD on a system with mul‐
       tiple CD, DVD-R, or DVD-RW drives.

	 example% cdrw -d c1t6d0s2 -i /home/foo/iso-image

       Example 7 Checking Data Delivery Rate

       This example shows how to verify that the system can provide data to  a
       CD-RW or a DVD drive at a rate sufficient for the write operation.

	 example% cdrw -S -i /home/foo/iso-image

       Example 8 Running at a Higher Priority

       This  example shows how to run cdrw at a higher priority (for root user
       only).

	 example# priocntl -e -p 60 cdrw -i /home/foo/iso-image

       Example 9 Creating a Multi-session Disk

       This examples shows how to create the  first  session  image  by	 using
       mkisofs and recording it onto the disk without closing the disk.

	 example% cdrw -O -i /home/foo/iso-image

       Additional  sessions  can be added to an open disk by creating an image
       with mkisofs using the session start and next writable address reported
       by cdrw.

	 example% cdrw -M

	 Track No. |Type    |Start address
	 ----------+--------+-------------
	  1	   |Data    | 0
	 Leadout   |Data    | 166564

	 Last session start address: 162140
	 Next writable address: 173464

	 example% mkisofs -o /tmp/image2 -r -C 0,173464 -M \
	    /dev/rdsk/c0t2d0s2 /home/foo

ATTRIBUTES
       See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:

       ┌─────────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────────┐
       │      ATTRIBUTE TYPE	     │	    ATTRIBUTE VALUE	   │
       ├─────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┤
       │Availability		     │media/cdrw		   │
       └─────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────┘

SEE ALSO
       audioconvert(1),	 priocntl(1),  policy.conf(4), attributes(5), rbac(5),
       scsa2usb(7D), sd(7D)

       mkisofs(8), (/usr/share/man/man8/mkisofs.8), in the SUNWfsman package

       System Administration Guide: Devices and File Systems

NOTES
       The CD writing process requires data to be supplied at a constant  rate
       to  the drive. Keep I/O activity to a minimum and shut down any related
       I/O applications while writing CDs.

       When making copies or extracting audio tracks,  use  an	MMC  compliant
       source CD-ROM drive. The CD writer can be used for this purpose.

       Before  writing	a  CD,	ensure that the media is blank by using the -M
       option. You can use the -S simulation mode to test the system  to  make
       sure  it	 can  provide  data at the required rate. cdrw turns on buffer
       underrun protection for drives that support it and recovers  from  most
       stalls. If the system is not able to provide data at a constant rate or
       frequent stalling occurs, you can lower	the  speed  by	using  the  -p
       option.	You can also try to run cdrw at a higher priority by using the
       priocntl(1) command.

       If you know that the CD-R/RW  drive  can	 operate  at  different	 write
       speeds,	use  the  -p option. Some commercially available drives handle
       the drive speed setting command differently, so use this	 option	 judi‐
       ciously.

       The cdrw command uses rbac(5) to control user access to the devices. By
       default, cdrw is accessible to all users but can be restricted to indi‐
       vidual  users.  Refer  to  the System Administration Guide: Devices and
       File Systems for more information.

       To burn CDs as a non-root user hal must be enabled and the user must be
       on  the	console.  hal,	that  is  the  svc:/system/hal SMF service, is
       enabled by default,  therefore,	typically  this	 requires  no  special
       action.

       The user must be logged onto the console. /dev/console is also correct.
       Previously, users could log in remotely, for example, by	 using	telnet
       or ssh, and be able to burn CDs. This would work unless the administra‐
       tor had changed the default configuration to  deny  solaris.device.cdrw
       authorization. See policy.conf(4).

SunOS 5.11			  10 Jul 2008			       cdrw(1)
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