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CDRECORD(1)	      Schily's USER COMMANDS	      CDRECORD(1)

NAME
       cdrecord	 - record audio or data Compact Discs from a mas-
       ter

SYNOPSIS
       cdrecord [ general options ] dev=device [ track options	]
       track1...trackn

DESCRIPTION
       Cdrecord	 is used to record data or audio Compact Discs on
       an Orange Book CD-Recorder.

       The  device  refers  to	scsibus/target/lun  of	the   CD-
       Recorder.  Communication	 on  SunOS  is done with the SCSI
       general driver scg.  Other operating systems are	 using	a
       library	simulation  of	this driver.  Possible syntax is:
       dev= scsibus,target,lun or dev= target,lun.  In the latter
       case,  the  CD-Recorder has to be connected to the default
       SCSI bus of the machine.	  Scsibus,  target  and	 lun  are
       integer numbers.	 Some operating systems or SCSI transport
       implementations may require to specify a filename in addi-
       tion.   In this case the correct syntax for the device is:
       dev= devicename:scsibus,target,lun or dev= devicename:tar-
       get,lun.	  If  the  name	 of the device node that has been
       specified on such a system  refers  to  exactly	one  SCSI
       device,	a shorthand in the form dev= devicename:@ or dev=
       devicename:@,lun may  be	 used  instead	of  dev=  device-
       name:scsibus,target,lun.

       To  access  remote  SCSI	 devices, you need to prepend the
       SCSI device name by a remote device indicator. The  remote
       device	indicator   is	 either	  REMOTE:user@host:  or
       REMOTE:host:
       A valid remote SCSI device name may be:	REMOTE:user@host:
       to     allow	remote	   SCSI	    bus	   scanning    or
       REMOTE:user@host:1,0,0 to access the SCSI device	 at  host
       connected to SCSI bus # 1,target 0 lun 0.

       To access SCSI devices via alternate transport layers, you
       need to prepend the SCSI device name by a transport  layer
       indicator.  The transport layer indicator may be something
       like USCSI: or ATAPI:.  To get a list of supported  trans-
       port layers for your platform, use dev= HELP:

       To  make cdrecord portable to all UNIX platforms, the syn-
       tax dev= devicename:scsibus,target,lun is preferred as  is
       hides  OS  specific  knowledge about device names from the
       user.  A specific OS must not necessarily support a way to
       specify a real device file name nor a way to specify scsi-
       bus,target,lun.

       Scsibus 0 is the default SCSI bus on  the  machine.  Watch
       the  boot  messages  for	 more  information  or	look into
       /var/adm/messages for more information about the SCSI con-
       figuration  of your machine.  If you have problems to fig-
       ure out what values for scsibus,target,lun should be used,
       try the -scanbus option of cdrecord described below.

       If  a  file /etc/default/cdrecord exists, the parameter to
       the dev= option may also be a drive  name  label	 in  said
       file (see FILES section).

       On SVr4 compliant systems, cdrecord uses the the real time
       class to get the highest scheduling priority that is  pos-
       sible (higher than all kernel processes).  On systems with
       POSIX  real  time  scheduling  cdrecord	uses  real   time
       scheduling  too,	 but  may  not be able to gain a priority
       that is higher than all kernel processes.

       In Track At Once mode, each track corresponds to a  single
       file  that  contains the prepared data for that track.  If
       the argument is `-',  standard  input  is  used	for  that
       track.  Only one track may be taken from stdin.

GENERAL OPTIONS
       General	options	 must  be  before  any track file name or
       track option.

       -version
	      Print version information and exit.

       -v     Increment the level of general  verbosity	 by  one.
	      This  is	used  e.g. to display the progress of the
	      writing process.

       -V     Increment the verbose level in respect of SCSI com-
	      mand  transport  by one.	This helps to debug prob-
	      lems during the writing process, that occur in  the
	      CD-Recorder.   If	 you  get  incomprehensible error
	      messages you should  use	this  flag  to	get  more
	      detailed output.	-VV will show data buffer content
	      in addition.  Using -V or -VV slows down	the  pro-
	      cess and may be the reason for a buffer underrun.

       debug=#, -d
	      Set  the	misc  debug  value to # (with debug=#) or
	      increment the misc debug level by one (with -d). If
	      you  specify -dd, this equals to debug=2.	 This may
	      help to find problems while opening  a  driver  for
	      libscg  as  well	as  with  sector sizes and sector
	      types.  Using -debug slows down the process and may
	      be the reason for a buffer underrun.

       kdebug=#, kd=#
	      Tell  the	 scg-driver  to	 modify	 the kernel debug
	      value while SCSI commands are running.

       -silent, -s
	      Do not print out a status report	for  failed  SCSI
	      commands.

       -force Force  to	 continue on some errors. Be careful when
	      using this  option.   Cdrecord  implements  several
	      checks  that prevent you from doing unwanted things
	      like damaging CD-RW media by improper drives.  Many
	      of  the  sanity checks are disabled when the -force
	      option is used.

	      This option also implements some tricks  that  will
	      allow you to blank bad CD-RW disks.

       -immed Tell cdrecord to set the SCSI IMMED flag in certain
	      commands	 (load/eject/blank/close_track/close_ses-
	      sion).   This  can be useful on broken systems with
	      ATAPI harddisk and CD/DVD writer on the same bus or
	      with  SCSI systems that don't use disconnect/recon-
	      nect.  These systems will freeze while blanking  or
	      fixating	a CD/DVD or while a DVD writer is filling
	      up a session to the  minimum  amount  (approx.  800
	      MB).  Setting the -immed flag will request the com-
	      mand to return immediately while the operation pro-
	      ceeds  in background, making the bus usable for the
	      other devices and avoiding the system freeze.  This
	      is  an  experimental feature which may work or not,
	      depending on the model of	 the  CD/DVD  writer.	A
	      correct  solution	 would	be  to	set  up a correct
	      cabling but there seem to be notebooks around  that
	      have been set up the wrong way by the manufacturer.
	      As it is impossible to fix this  problem	in  note-
	      books, the -immed option has been added.

	      A second experimental feature of the -immed flag is
	      to tell cdrecord to try to wait  short  times  wile
	      writing  to the media. This is expected to free the
	      IDE bus if the CD/DVD writer and	the  data  source
	      are  connected to the same IDE cable. In this case,
	      the CD/DVD writer would otherwise usually block the
	      IDE  bus for nearly all the time making it impossi-
	      ble to fetch data from the source drive.	See  also
	      minbuf= and -v option.

	      Use  both	 features  at your own risk.  It it turns
	      out that it would make sense  to	have  a	 separate
	      option  for  the	the  wait  feature,  write to the
	      author and convince him.

       minbuf=value
	      The # minbuf= options allows to define the  minimum
	      drive  buffer fill ratio for the experimental ATAPI
	      wait mode that is intended to free the IDE  bus  to
	      allow hard disk and CD/DVD writer to be on the same
	      IDE cable.  As the wait mode currently  only  works
	      when  the	 verbose  option  -v  has been specified,
	      cdrecord implies the verbose  option  in	case  the
	      -immed  or  minbuf=  option  have	 been  specified.
	      Valid values for minbuf= are between 25 and 95  for
	      25%...95% minimum drive buffer fill ratio.

       -dummy The  CD-Recorder	will  go through all steps of the
	      recording process, but the laser is turned off dur-
	      ing  this procedure.  It is recommended to run sev-
	      eral tests before actually  writing  to  a  Compact
	      Disk  or	Digital Versatile Disk, if the timing and
	      load response of the system is not known.

       -dao   Set SAO (Session At Once)	 mode  which  is  usually
	      called  Disk  At	Once  mode.   This currently only
	      works with MMC drives that support Session At  Once
	      mode.

       -raw   Set  RAW	writing mode.  Using this option defaults
	      to -raw96r.

       -raw96r
	      Select Set RAW writing mode with 2352 byte  sectors
	      plus  96 bytes of raw P-W subchannel data resulting
	      in a sector size of 2448 bytes.  This is	the  pre-
	      ferred  raw  writing  mode as it gives best control
	      over the CD writing process.  If you find any prob-
	      lems  with the layout of a disk or with sub channel
	      content (e.g. wrong times on the display when play-
	      ing  the	CD)  and  your drive supports to write in
	      -raw96r or -raw16 mode, you should give it  a  try.
	      There are several CD writers with bad firmware that
	      result in broken disks when writing in TAO  or  SAO
	      mode.  Writing data disks in raw mode needs signif-
	      icantly more CPU time than other	write  modes.  If
	      your  CPU	 is  too  slow, this may result in buffer
	      underruns.

       -raw96p
	      Select Set RAW writing mode with 2352 byte  sectors
	      plus 96 bytes of packed P-W subchannel data result-
	      ing in a sector size of 2448 bytes.   This  is  the
	      less  preferred  raw  writing  mode  as  only a few
	      recorders support it and some  of	 these	recorders
	      have  bugs  in  the firmware implementation.  Don't
	      use this mode if your recorder supports -raw96r  or
	      -raw16.	Writing data disks in raw mode needs sig-
	      nificantly more CPU time than other write modes. If
	      your  CPU	 is  too  slow, this may result in buffer
	      underruns.

       -raw16 Select Set RAW writing mode with 2352 byte  sectors
	      plus  6 bytes of P-Q subchannel data resulting in a
	      sector size of 2368 bytes.  If a recorder does  not
	      support  -raw96r, this is the preferred raw writing
	      mode.  It	 does  not  allow  to  write  CD-Text  or
	      CD+Graphics  but it is the only raw writing mode in
	      cheap CD writers.	 As these cheap writers	 in  most
	      cases  do	 not  support  -dao mode.  Don't use this
	      mode if your recorder  supports  -raw96r.	  Writing
	      data disks in raw mode needs significantly more CPU
	      time than other write modes. If  your  CPU  is  too
	      slow, this may result in buffer underruns.

       -multi Allow  multi  session  CD's  to  be made. This flag
	      needs to be present on all sessions of a multi ses-
	      sion disk, except you want to create a session that
	      will be the last session on the media.   The  fixa-
	      tion  will  be  done  in	a way that allows the CD-
	      Recorder to append additional sessions later.  This
	      is done by generation a TOC with a link to the next
	      program area. The so generated media  is	not  100%
	      compatible   to	manufactured   CD's  (except  for
	      CDplus).	Use only for recording of  multi  session
	      CD's.  If this option is present, the default track
	      type is CD-ROM XA mode 2.	 The Sony drives have  no
	      hardware support for CD-ROM XA mode 2.  You have to
	      specify the -data option in order to  create  multi
	      session disks on these drives.  As long as cdrecord
	      does not have a coder for converting  data  sectors
	      to  audio sectors, you need to force CD-ROM sectors
	      by including the -data option if you like to record
	      a	 multisession  disk  in SAO mode.  Not all drives
	      allow multisession CD's in SAO mode.

       -msinfo
	      Retrieve multi session info in a form suitable  for
	      mkisofs-1.10 or later.

	      This  option  makes  only sense with a CD that con-
	      tains at least one closed session and is appendable
	      (not finally closed yet).	 Some drives create error
	      messages if you try to get the multi  session  info
	      for a disk that is not suitable for this operation.

       -toc   Retrieve and print out the table of content or  PMA
	      of a CD.	With this option, cdrecord will work with
	      CD-R drives and with CD-ROM drives.

       -atip  Retrieve and print out the ATIP (absolute	 Time  in
	      Pregroove)  info	of  a CD/DVD recordable or CD/DVD
	      rewritable media.	 With this option, cdrecord  will
	      try  to retrieve the ATIP info. If the actual drive
	      does not support to read the ATIP info, it  may  be
	      that  only  a reduced set of information records or
	      even nothing is displayed. Only a limited number of
	      MMC compliant drives support to read the ATIP info.

	      If cdrecord is able to retrieve the  lead-in  start
	      time  for	 the first session, it will try to decode
	      and print the manufacturer  info	from  the  media.
	      DVD  media  dos not have atip information but there
	      is equivalent prerecorded information that is  read
	      out and printed.

       -fix   The disk will only be fixated (i.e. a TOC for a CD-
	      Reader will be written).	This may be used, if  for
	      some  reason the disk has been written but not fix-
	      ated. This option currently does not work with  old
	      TEAC drives (CD-R50S and CD-R55S).

       -nofix Do  not  fixate  the disk after writing the tracks.
	      This may be used to create an audio disk in  steps.
	      An un-fixated disk can usually not be used on a non
	      CD-writer type drive but there are audio CD players
	      that will be able to play such a disk.

       -waiti Wait  for	 input	to  become  available on standard
	      input before trying to open the SCSI  driver.  This
	      allows cdrecord to read it's input from a pipe even
	      when writing additional sessions to a multi session
	      disk.  When writing another session to a multi ses-
	      sion disk, mkisofs needs to read	the  old  session
	      from the device before writing output.  This cannot
	      be done if cdrecord opens the SCSI  driver  at  the
	      same time.

       -load  Load  the	 media	and  exit. This only works with a
	      tray loading mechanism but seems to be useful  when
	      using the Kodak disk transporter.

       -eject Eject  disk  after  doing	 the  work.  Some Devices
	      (e.g. Philips) need to eject the medium before cre-
	      ating  a	new disk. Doing a -dummy test and immedi-
	      ately creating a real disk would not work on  these
	      devices.

       speed=#
	      Set  the	speed factor of the writing process to #.
	      # is an integer, representing  a	multiple  of  the
	      audio speed.  This is about 150 KB/s for CD-ROM and
	      about 172 KB/s for CD-Audio.  If no speed option is
	      present,	cdrecord  will try to get the speed value
	      from the CDR_SPEED environment.  If your drive  has
	      problems	with  speed=2  or speed=4, you should try
	      speed=0.

       blank=type
	      Blank a CD-RW and exit  or  blank	 a  CD-RW  before
	      writing. The blanking type may be one of:

	      help	  Display  a  list  of	possible blanking
			  types.

	      all	  Blank the entire disk. This may take	a
			  long time.

	      fast	  Minimally  blank the disk. This results
			  in erasing the PMA,  the  TOC	 and  the
			  pregap.

	      track	  Blank a track.

	      unreserve	  Unreserve a reserved track.

	      trtail	  Blank the tail of a track.

	      unclose	  Unclose last session.

	      session	  Blank the last session.
       Not  all drives support all blanking types. It may be nec-
       essary to use blank=all if a  drive  reports  a	specified
       command	as  being  invalid.   If  used	together with the
       -force flag, this option may be used to blank CD-RW  disks
       that  otherwise	cannot be blanked. Note that you may need
       to specify blank=all because some drives will not continue
       with  certain  types  of	 bad  CD-RW disks. Note also that
       cdecord does it's best if the -force flag is used  but  it
       finally depends on the drive's firmware whether the blank-
       ing operation will succeed or not.

       fs=#   Set the fifo (ring buffer) size to #.  You may  use
	      the  same	 method	 as  in dd(1), sdd(1) or star(1).
	      The number representing the size is taken in  bytes
	      unless  otherwise	 specified.   If a number is fol-
	      lowed directly by the letter `b', `k', `m', `s'  of
	      `f',   the   size	  is  multiplied  by  512,  1024,
	      1024*1024, 2048 or 2352.	If the size  consists  of
	      numbers  separated by `x' or `*', multiplication of
	      the two numbers is performed.  Thus fs=10x63k  will
	      specify a fifo size of 630 kBytes.

	      The size specified by the fs= argument includes the
	      shared memory that is  needed  for  administration.
	      This  is	at  least  one page of memory.	If no fs=
	      option is present, cdrecord will	try  to	 get  the
	      fifo  size value from the CDR_FIFOSIZE environment.
	      The default fifo size is currently 4 MB.

	      The fifo is used to increase buffering for the real
	      time writing process.  It allows to run a pipe from
	      mkisofs directly into cdrecord.	If  the	 fifo  is
	      active  and  a  pipe  from mkisofs into cdrecord is
	      used to create a CD, cdrecord will abort	prior  to
	      do  any  modifications  on the disk if mkisofs dies
	      before it starts	writing.   The	recommended  fifo
	      size  is	between	 4  and	 32 MBytes.  As a rule of
	      thumb, the fifo size should be at	 least	equal  to
	      the  size of the internal buffer of the CD-Recorder
	      and no more than half of the physical amount of RAM
	      available	 in the machine.  If the fifo size is big
	      enough, the fifo statistics will print a fifo empty
	      count  of	 zero  and the fifo min fill is not below
	      20%.  It is not wise to use too much space for  the
	      fifo.  If	 you need more than 8 MB to write a CD on
	      an idle machine, your machine is	either	underpow-
	      ered,  has  hardware problems or is mis-configured.
	      The sun4c architecture (e.g. a Sparcstation-2)  has
	      only  MMU page table entries for 16 MBytes per pro-
	      cess. Using more than 14 MBytes for  the	fifo  may
	      cause  the  operating  system in this case to spend
	      much time to  constantly	reload	the  MMU  tables.
	      Newer  machines from Sun do not have this MMU hard-
	      ware problem. I have no information on  PC-hardware
	      reflecting this problem.

	      If  you  have  buffer underruns or similar problems
	      and observe a zero fifo empty count, you have hard-
	      ware problems. The fifo size in this case is suffi-
	      cient.

       dev=target
	      Sets the SCSI target for the CD-Recorder, see notes
	      above.  A typical device specification is dev=6,0 .
	      If a filename must be provided  together	with  the
	      numerical	 target	 specification,	 the  filename is
	      implementation specific.	The correct  filename  in
	      this case can be found in the system specific manu-
	      als of the target operating system.  On  a  FreeBSD
	      system  without  CAM  support,  you need to use the
	      control device (e.g.   /dev/rcd0.ctl).   A  correct
	      device   specification   in   this   case	  may  be
	      dev=/dev/rcd0.ctl:@ .

	      On Linux,	 drives	 connected  to	a  parallel  port
	      adapter are mapped to a virtual SCSI bus. Different
	      adapters are mapped to different	targets	 on  this
	      virtual SCSI bus.

	      If  no  dev option is present, cdrecord will try to
	      get the device from the CDR_DEVICE environment.

	      If the argument to the dev= option does not contain
	      the  characters  ',', '/', '@' or ':', it is inter-
	      preted as an label name that may be  found  in  the
	      file /etc/default/cdrecord (see FILES section).

       gracetime=#
	      Set  the	grace  time before starting to write to #
	      seconds.	Values below 2 seconds are not allowed.

       timeout=#
	      Set the default SCSI command  timeout  value  to	#
	      seconds.	 The  default SCSI command timeout is the
	      minimum timeout used for sending SCSI commands.  If
	      a	 SCSI command fails due to a timeout, you may try
	      to raise the default SCSI command timeout above the
	      timeout  value  of the failed command.  If the com-
	      mand runs correctly with a raised command	 timeout,
	      please report the better timeout value and the cor-
	      responding command to the author	of  the	 program.
	      If  no timeout option is present, a default timeout
	      of 40 seconds is used.

       driver=name
	      Allows to use a user supplied driver name	 for  the
	      device.	To  get	 a  list  of possible drivers use
	      driver=help.  The reason for the existence of  this
	      option  is  to  allow  users  to	use cdrecord with
	      drives that are similar to supported drives but not
	      known  directly  by cdrecord.  Use this option with
	      extreme care. If a  wrong	 driver	 is  used  for	a
	      device, the possibility of creating corrupted disks
	      is high.	The minimum problem related  to	 a  wrong
	      driver  is that the -speed or -dummy will not work.

	      There are two special driver entries in  the  list:
	      cdr_simul	 and dvd_simul.	 These driver entries are
	      designed to make timing tests at any speed or  tim-
	      ing tests for drives that do not support the -dummy
	      option.  The simulation drivers implement	 a  drive
	      with  a  buffer size of 1MB that can be changed via
	      the CDR_SIMUL_BUFSIZE  environment  variable.   The
	      simulation driver correctly simulates even a buffer
	      underrun condition.  If the -dummy option	 is  pre-
	      sent,  the  simulation  is not aborted in case of a
	      buffer underrun.

       driveropts=option list
	      Set driver specific options. The options are speci-
	      fied  a  comma  separated	 list.	 To get a list of
	      valid options use driveropts=help together with the
	      -checkdrive  option.   Currently implemented driver
	      options are:

	      burnfree
		     Turn the support for  Buffer  Underrun  Free
		     writing on.  This only works for drives that
		     support  Buffer  Underrun	Free  technology.
		     This  may be called: Sanyo BURN-Proof, Ricoh
		     Just-Link, Yamaha Lossless-Link or	 similar.

		     The   default  is	to  turn  BURN-Free  off,
		     regardless of the defaults of the drive.

	      noburnfree
		     Turn the support for  Buffer  Underrun  Free
		     writing off.

	      varirec=value
		     Turn  on  the  Plextor VariRec writing mode.
		     The mandatory parameter value is  the  laser
		     power  offset  and currently may be selected
		     from -2, -1, 0, 1, 2.  In addition, you need
		     to	 set  the  write  speed	 to 4 in order to
		     allow VariRec to work.

	      audiomaster
		     Turn on the Yahama Audio Master Q. R.   fea-
		     ture  which  usually  should  result in high
		     quality CDs that have less reading	 problems
		     in	 HiFi players.	As this is implemented as
		     a variant of the Session at Once write mode,
		     it	 will  only  work if you select SAO write
		     mode and there is no need to  turn	 it  off.
		     The  Audio Master mode will work with a lim-
		     ited speed but may also be	 used  with  data
		     CDs.  in  Audio Master mode, the pits on the
		     CD will be written larger then usual so  the
		     capacity of the medium is reduced when turn-
		     ing this feature on.  A 74	 minute	 CD  will
		     only  have a capacity of 63 minutes if Audio
		     Master is active and the capacity	of  a  80
		     minute CD will be reduced to 68 minutes.

	      forcespeed
		     Normally,	modern	drives	know  the highest
		     possible speed for different media	 and  may
		     reduce  the  speed	 in  order  to grant best
		     write quality.  Some drives (e.g. Ricoh  and
		     Yamaha)  allow to force the drive to use the
		     selected speed even if the medium is so  bad
		     that  the	write quality would be poor. This
		     option tells such a drive to  force  to  use
		     the  selected speed regardless of the medium
		     quality.

		     Use this option with extreme care	and  note
		     that  the	drive  should  know  better which
		     medium will work at full speed.  The default
		     is to turn forcespeed off, regardless of the
		     defaults of the drive.

	      noforcespeed
		     Turn off the force speed feature.

	      tattooinfo
		     Use this option together with -checkdrive to
		     retrieve  the image size information for the
		     Yamaha DiskT@2 feature.  The  images  always
		     have a line length of 3744 pixel.	Line num-
		     ber 0 (radius 0) is mapped to the center  of
		     the  disk.	  If you know the inner and outer
		     radius you will be able to create a pre dis-
		     torted  image  that  later may appear undis-
		     torted on the disk.

	      tattoofile=name
		     Use this option together with -checkdrive to
		     write  an	image  prepared	 for  the  Yamaha
		     DiskT@2 feature to	 the  medium.	The  file
		     must  be a file with raw image B&W data (one
		     byte per pixel) in a size as retrieved by	a
		     previous  call  to tattoofile=name .  If the
		     size of the image equals the maximum  possi-
		     ble  size	(3744 x 320 pixel), cdrecord will
		     use the first part of the file.  This  first
		     part  then	 will  be written to the leftover
		     space on the CD.

		     Note that the image must be mirrored  to  be
		     readable from the pick up side of the CD.

       -checkdrive
	      Checks if a driver for the current drive is present
	      and exit.	 If the drive is a known drive,	 cdrecord
	      uses exit code 0.

       -prcap Print the drive capabilities for SCSI-3/mmc compli-
	      ant drives as obtained from mode page 0x2A.  Values
	      marked  with kB use 1000 bytes as kilo-byte, values
	      marked with KB use 1024 bytes as Kilo-byte.

       -inq   Do an inquiry for the drive, print the inquiry info
	      and exit.

       -scanbus
	      Scan  all SCSI devices on all SCSI busses and print
	      the inquiry strings. This option	may  be	 used  to
	      find  SCSI  address of the CD-Recorder on a system.
	      The numbers printed out as labels are computed  by:
	      bus * 100 + target

       -reset Try  to reset the SCSI bus where the CD recorder is
	      located. This works not on all operating systems.

       -overburn
	      Allow cdrecord to write more than the official size
	      of  a  medium. This feature is usually called over-
	      burning and depends on the  fact	that  most  blank
	      media  may  hold more space than the official size.
	      As the official size of the lead-out  area  on  the
	      disk  is	90 seconds (6750 sectors) and a disk usu-
	      ally works if there are at  least	 150  sectors  of
	      lead  out,  all media may be overburned by at least
	      88 seconds (6600 sectors).  Most CD recorders  only
	      do overburning in SAO or RAW mode. Known exceptions
	      are TEAC CD-R50S, TEAC CD-R55S  and  the	Panasonic
	      CW-7502.	 Some  drives do now allow to overburn as
	      much as you might like and limit the size of  a  CD
	      to  e.g.	76  minutes.  This problem may be circum-
	      vented by writing the CD in RAW mode  because  this
	      way the drive has no chance to find the size before
	      starting to burn.	 There is no guarantee that  your
	      drive  supports overburning at all.  Make a test to
	      check if your drive implements the feature.

       -ignsize
	      Ignore the known size of the medium.  This  options
	      should  be  used	with extreme care, it exists only
	      for debugging purposes don't use it for other  rea-
	      sons.   It  is  not needed to write disks with more
	      than the nominal	capacity.   This  option  implies
	      -overburn.

       -useinfo
	      Use  *.inf  files	 to  overwrite audio options.  If
	      this option is used, the pregap size information is
	      read  from  the  *.inf file that is associated with
	      the file that contains the audio data for a  track.

       defpregap=#
	      Set  the default pre-gap size for all tracks except
	      track number 1.  This option currently  only  makes
	      sense  with  the TEAC drive when creating track-at-
	      once disks without the 2 second silence before each
	      track.
	      This option may go away in future.

       -packet
	      Set  Packet  writing mode.  This is an experimental
	      interface.

       pktsize=#
	      Set the packet size to #, forces fixed packet mode.
	      This is an experimental interface.

       -noclose
	      Do not close the current track, useful only when in
	      packet  writing  mode.   This  is	 an  experimental
	      interface.

       mcn=med_cat_nr
	      Set   the	  Media	 Catalog  Number  of  the  CD  to
	      med_cat_nr.

       -text  Write CD-Text created  by	 cdrecord  and	based  on
	      information  taken  from a file that contains ascii
	      information for the text	strings.  Currently  only
	      the  format  in the *.inf files created by cdda2wav
	      is supported. You need to use the	 -useinfo  option
	      in addition in order to tell cdrecord to read these
	      files. If you like to write your own CD-Text infor-
	      mation, edit the *.inf files with a text editor and
	      change the field that are relevant for CD-Text.

       textfile=filename
	      Write CD-Text based on  information  found  in  the
	      binary  file  filename.	This  file  must  contain
	      information in a data format defined in the  SCSI-3
	      MMC-2  standard  and in the Red Book. The four byte
	      size header that is defined in the SCSI standard is
	      optional and allows to make the recognition of cor-
	      rect data less ambiguous.	 This is the best  option
	      to  be  used to copy CD-Text data from existing CDs
	      that already carry CD-Text information. To get data
	      in  a  format suitable for this option use cdrecord
	      -vv -toc to extract the information from disk.

TRACK OPTIONS
       Track options may be mixed with track file names.

       isrc=ISRC_number
	      Set the International Standard Recording Number for
	      the next track to ISRC_number.

       index=list
	      Sets  an	index  list for the next track.	 In index
	      list is a comma separated list of numbers that  are
	      counting from index 1. The first entry in this list
	      must contain a 0, the following numbers must be  an
	      ascending	 list  of  numbers (counting in 1/75 sec-
	      onds) that represent the start of the  indices.  An
	      index  list  in the form: 0,7500,15000 sets index 1
	      to the start of the track, index 2 100 seconds from
	      the start of the track and index 3 200 seconds from
	      the start of the track.

       -audio If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks  are
	      written  in  CD-DA (similar to Red Book) audio for-
	      mat.  The file with data	for  this  tracks  should
	      contain  stereo,	16-bit	digital	 audio with 44100
	      samples/s.  The byte order should be the following:
	      MSB  left, LSB left, MSB right, LSB right, MSB left
	      and so on. The track should be a multiple	 of  2352
	      bytes.  It  is not possible to put the master image
	      of an audio track on a raw disk because  data  will
	      be  read	in  multiple  of  2352	bytes  during the
	      recording process.

	      If a filename ends in .au or .wav the file is  con-
	      sidered	to  be	a  structured  audio  data  file.
	      Cdrecord assumes that the file in this  case  is	a
	      Sun  audio  file	or  a  Microsoft  .WAV	file  and
	      extracts the audio data from the files by	 skipping
	      over  the	 non-audio  header  information.   In all
	      other cases, cdrecord will only work  correctly  if
	      the  audio  data	stream	does not have any header.
	      Because many structured audio files do not have  an
	      integral	 number	 of  blocks  (1/75th  second)  in
	      length, it is often necessary to specify	the  -pad
	      option  as  well.	  cdrecord  recognizes that audio
	      data in a .WAV file is  stored  in  Intel	 (little-
	      endian)  byte  order,  and will automatically byte-
	      swap the data if	the  CD	 recorder  requires  big-
	      endian  data.   Cdrecord will reject any audio file
	      that does not match the Red  Book	 requirements  of
	      16-bit  stereo  samples in PCM coding at 44100 sam-
	      ples/second.

	      Using other structured audio data formats as  input
	      to  cdrecord  will usually work if the structure of
	      the data is the structure described above (raw  pcm
	      data  in	big-endian  byte order).  However, if the
	      data format includes a  header,  you  will  hear	a
	      click at the start of a track.

	      If  neither  -data  nor -audio have been specified,
	      cdrecord defaults to -audio for all filenames  that
	      end  in  .au  or	.wav  and  to -data for all other
	      files.

       -swab  If this flag is present, audio data is  assumed  to
	      be  in  byte-swapped  (little-endian)  order.  Some
	      types of CD-Writers e.g. Yamaha, Sony and	 the  new
	      SCSI-3/mmc  drives  require  audio  data to be pre-
	      sented in little-endian order, while other  writers
	      require  audio  data  to	be  presented in the big-
	      endian (network) byte order normally  used  by  the
	      SCSI  protocol.	Cdrecord  knows	 if a CD-Recorder
	      needs audio data in big-	or  little-endian  order,
	      and  corrects  the byte order of the data stream to
	      match the needs of the recorder.	You only need the
	      -swab flag if your data stream is in Intel (little-
	      endian) byte order.

	      Note that the verbose output of cdrecord will  show
	      you if swapping is necessary to make the byte order
	      of the input data fit the required  byte	order  of
	      the  recorder.   Cdrecord	 will not show you if the
	      -swab flag was actually present for a track.

       -data  If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks  are
	      written  in CD-ROM mode 1 (Yellow Book) format. The
	      data is a multiple of 2048 bytes.	  The  file  with
	      track data should contain an ISO-9660 or Rock Ridge
	      filesystem image (see mkisofs for more details). If
	      the track data is an ufs filesystem image, fragment
	      size should be set to 2 KB or  more  to  allow  CR-
	      drives  with  2  KB  sector  size to to be used for
	      reading.

	      -data is the default, if no other flag is	 present.

	      If  neither  -data  nor -audio have been specified,
	      cdrecord defaults to -audio for all filenames  that
	      end  in  .au  or	.wav  and  to -data for all other
	      files.

       -mode2 If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks  are
	      written in CD-ROM mode 2 format. The data is a mul-
	      tiple of 2048 bytes.

       -xa1   If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks  are
	      written  in  CD-ROM XA mode 1 format. The data is a
	      multiple of 2048 bytes.

       -xa2   If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks  are
	      written  in  CD-ROM XA mode 2 format. The data is a
	      multiple of 2048 bytes.

       -cdi   If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks  are
	      written  in  CDI	format. The data is a multiple of
	      2048 bytes.

       -isosize
	      Use the ISO-9660 file system size as  the	 size  of
	      the  next track.	This option is needed if you want
	      cdrecord to directly read the image of a track from
	      a	 raw  disk  partition or from a TAO master CD. In
	      the first case the option	 -isosize  is  needed  to
	      limit  the  size	of  the CD to the size of the ISO
	      filesystem.  In the second case the option -isosize
	      is  needed to prevent cdrecord from reading the two
	      run out  blocks  that  are  appended  by	each  CD-
	      recorder	in  track at once mode. These two run out
	      blocks cannot be read  and  would	 cause	a  buffer
	      under  run  that	would cause a defective copy.  Do
	      not use this option on files created by mkisofs and
	      in  case	cdrecord reads the track data from stdin.
	      In the first case, you would prevent cdrecord  from
	      writing	the  amount  of	 padding  that	has  been
	      appended by mkisofs and in the latter case, it will
	      not work because stdin is not seekable.

	      If  -isosize  is	used  for  a track, cdrecord will
	      automatically add padding for this track as if  the
	      -pad option has been used but the amount of padding
	      may be less than the padding  written  by	 mkisofs.
	      Note  that if you use -isosize on a track that con-
	      tains Sparc boot information, the boot  information
	      will be lost.

	      Note also that this option cannot be used to deter-
	      mine the size of a file system if the multi session
	      option is present.

       -pad   If  the track is a data track, 15 sectors of zeroed
	      data will be added to the end of this and each sub-
	      sequent  data track.  In this case, the -pad option
	      is superseded  by	 the  padsize=	option.	 It  will
	      remain  however as a shorthand for padsize=15s.  If
	      the -pad option refers to an audio track,	 cdrecord
	      will  pad	 the  audio data to be a multiple of 2352
	      bytes.  The audio data padding is done with  binary
	      zeroes which is equal to absolute silence.

	      -pad remains valid until disabled by -nopad.

       padsize=#
	      Set the amount of data to be appended as padding to
	      the next track to #.  Opposed to	the  behavior  of
	      the -pad option, the value for padsize= is reset to
	      zero for each new track.	Cdrecord assumes a sector
	      size  of	2048 bytes for the padsize= option, inde-
	      pendent from the real sector size	 and  independent
	      from  the	 write	mode.  The megabytes mentioned in
	      the verbose mode output however  are  counting  the
	      output  sector  size  which is e.g. 2448 bytes when
	      writing in RAW/RAW96 mode.  See fs= option for pos-
	      sible  arguments.	 To pad the equivalent of 20 min-
	      utes on a CD, you may write padsize=20x60x75s.  Use
	      this  option  if	your CD-drive is not able to read
	      the last sectors of a track or if you  want  to  be
	      able  to	read  the  CD  on a Linux system with the
	      ISO-9660 filesystem read ahead bug.   If	an  empty
	      file  is	used  for  track data, this option may be
	      used to create a disk  that  is  entirely	 made  of
	      padding.	 This  may  e.g.  be used to find out how
	      much overburning is possible with a specific media.

       -nopad Do not pad the following tracks - the default.

       -shorttrack
	      Allow  all  subsequent  tracks  to violate the Read
	      Book track length standard which requires a minimum
	      track  length  of	 4  seconds.  This option is only
	      useful when used in  SAO	or  RAW	 mode.	 Not  all
	      drives  support  this  feature.  The  drive must be
	      accept the resulting CUE sheet or support RAW writ-
	      ing.

       -noshorttrack
	      Re-enforce  the  Red  Book  track	 length standard.
	      Tracks must be at least 4 seconds.

       pregap=#
	      Set the  pre-gap size for	 the  next  track.   This
	      option  currently	 only  makes  sense with the TEAC
	      drive when creating track-at-once disks without the
	      2 second silence before each track.
	      This option may go away in future.

       -preemp
	      If this flag is present, all TOC entries for subse-
	      quent audio tracks will  indicate	 that  the  audio
	      data  has	 been sampled with 50/15 sec preemphasis.
	      The data, however is not modified during	the  pro-
	      cess  of	transferring  from  file  to  disk.  This
	      option has no effect on data tracks.

       -nopreemp
	      If this flag is present, all TOC entries for subse-
	      quent  audio  tracks  will  indicate that the audio
	      data has been mastered with linear data -	 this  is
	      the default.

       -copy  If this flag is present, all TOC entries for subse-
	      quent audio tracks of the resulting CD  will  indi-
	      cate  that  the  audio  data  has	 permission to be
	      copied without limit.  This option has no effect on
	      data tracks.

       -nocopy
	      If this flag is present, all TOC entries for subse-
	      quent audio tracks of the resulting CD  will  indi-
	      cate  that  the  audio  data  has	 permission to be
	      copied only once for personal use	 -  this  is  the
	      default.

       -scms  If this flag is present, all TOC entries for subse-
	      quent audio tracks of the resulting CD  will  indi-
	      cate  that  the  audio data has no permission to be
	      copied anymore.

       tsize=#
	      If the master image for the  next	 track	has  been
	      stored  on  a  raw disk, use this option to specify
	      the valid amount of data on this disk. If the image
	      of  the next track is stored in a regular file, the
	      size of that file is taken to determine the  length
	      of  this	track.	If the track contains an ISO 9660
	      filesystem image use the -isosize option to  deter-
	      mine the length of that filesystem image.
	      In  Disk at Once mode and with some drives that use
	      the TEAC programming interface, even  in	Track  at
	      Once  mode, cdrecord needs to know the size of each
	      track before starting to write the disk.	 Cdrecord
	      now  checks  this	 and  aborts  before  starting to
	      write.  If  this	happens	 you  will  need  to  run
	      mkisofs -print-size before and use the output (with
	      `s' appended) as an argument to the  tsize=  option
	      of cdrecord (e.g. tsize=250000s).
	      See fs= option for possible arguments.

EXAMPLES
       For  all	 examples  below, it will be assumed that the CD-
       Recorder is connected to	 the  primary  SCSI  bus  of  the
       machine. The SCSI target id is set to 2.

       To  record  a pure CD-ROM at double speed, using data from
       the file cdimage.raw:

	   cdrecord -v speed=2 dev=2,0 cdimage.raw

       To create an image for a ISO  9660  filesystem  with  Rock
       Ridge extensions:

	   mkisofs -R -o cdimage.raw /home/joerg/master/tree

       To  check  the  resulting  file	before	writing	 to CD on
       Solaris:

	   mount -r -F	fbk  -o	 type=hsfs  /dev/fbk0:cdimage.raw
       /mnt

       On Linux:

	   mount cdimage.raw -r -t iso9660 -o loop /mnt

       Go on with:
	   ls -lR /mnt
	   umount /mnt

       If  the	overall speed of the system is sufficient and the
       structure of the filesystem is not too  complex,	 cdrecord
       will  run  without  creating  an	 image	of  the	 ISO 9660
       filesystem. Simply run the pipeline:

	   mkisofs -R /master/tree | cdrecord  -v  fs=6m  speed=2
       dev=2,0 -

       The   recommended  minimum  fifo	 size  for  running  this
       pipeline is 4 MBytes.  As the default fifo size is  4  MB,
       the  fs= option needs only be present if you want to use a
       different fifo size.  If your system is loaded, you should
       run mkisofs in the real time class too.	To raise the pri-
       ority of mkisofs replace the command

	   mkisofs -R /master/tree
       by
	   priocntl -e -c RT -p 59 mkisofs -R /master/tree

       on Solaris and by

	   nice --18 mkisofs -R /master/tree

       on systems that don't have  UNIX	 International	compliant
       realtime scheduling.

       Cdrecord	 runs  at  priority 59 on Solaris, you should run
       mkisofs at no more than priority 58. On other systems, you
       should run mkisofs at no less than nice --18.

       Creating	 a  CD-ROM  without file system image on disk has
       been tested on a Sparcstation-2 with a Yamaha CDR-400.  It
       did work up to quad speed when the machine was not loaded.
       A faster machine may be able to handle quad speed also  in
       the loaded case.

       To  record a pure CD-DA (audio) at single speed, with each
       track  contained	 in   a	  file	 named	 track01.cdaudio,
       track02.cdaudio, etc:

	   cdrecord -v speed=1 dev=2,0 -audio track*.cdaudio

       To  check  if  it  will	be ok to use double speed for the
       example above.  Use the dummy write option:

	   cdrecord -v -dummy speed=2 dev=2,0 -audio track*.cdau-
       dio

       To record a mixed-mode CD with an ISO 9660 filesystem from
       cdimage.raw on the first track,	the  other  tracks  being
       audio tracks from the files track01.cdaudio, track02.cdau-
       dio, etc:

	   cdrecord  -v	  -dummy   dev=2,0   cdimage.raw   -audio
       track*.cdaudio

       To  handle  drives  that	 need to know the size of a track
       before starting to write, first run

	   mkisofs -R -q -print-size /master/tree

       and then run

	   mkisofs -R /master/tree  |  cdrecord	 speed=2  dev=2,0
       tsize=XXXs -

       where XXX is replaced by the output of the previous run of
       mkisofs.

       To copy an audio CD in the most accurate way, first run

	   cdda2wav -vall cddb=0 -D2,0 -B -Owav

       and then run

	   cdrecord -v dev=2,0 -dao -useinfo -text  *.wav

       This will try copy  track  indices  and	to  read  CD-Text
       information  from  disk.	  If there is no CD-Text informa-
       tion, cdda2wav  will  try  to  get  the	information  from
       freedb.org instead.

ENVIRONMENT
       CDR_DEVICE
	      This  may	 either	 hold a device identifier that is
	      suitable to the open call	 of  the  SCSI	transport
	      library	  or	 a     label	in    the    file
	      /etc/default/cdrecord.

       CDR_SPEED
	      Sets the default speed value for writing (see  also
	      -speed option).

       CDR_FIFOSIZE
	      Sets  the	 default  size of the FIFO (see also fs=#
	      option).

       CDR_FORCERAWSPEED
	      If this environment variable is set, cdrecord  will
	      allow you to write at the full RAW encoding speed a
	      single CPU supports.  This will create high  poten-
	      tial of buffer underruns. Use with care.

       RSH    If  the RSH environment is present, the remote con-
	      nection will not be  created  via	 rcmd(3)  but  by
	      calling  the  program  pointed to by RSH.	 Use e.g.
	      RSH=/usr/bin/ssh to create a secure  shell  connec-
	      tion.

	      Note  that this forces cdrecord to create a pipe to
	      the  rsh(1)  program  and	 disallows  cdrecord   to
	      directly	access	the  network socket to the remote
	      server.  This makes it impossible to set up perfor-
	      mance parameters and slows down the connection com-
	      pared to a root initiated rcmd(3) connection.

       RSCSI  If the RSCSI environment	is  present,  the  remote
	      SCSI  server  will  not  be  the program /usr/free-
	      ware/sbin/rscsi  but  the	 program  pointed  to  by
	      RSCSI.   Note  that  the remote SCSI server program
	      name will be ignored if you log in using an account
	      that  has	 been  created	with a remote SCSI server
	      program as login shell.

FILES
       /etc/default/cdrecord
	      Default values can be set for the following options
	      in  /etc/default/cdrecord.  For example: CDR_FIFOS-
	      IZE=8m or CDR_SPEED=2

	      CDR_DEVICE
		     This may either  hold  a  device  identifier
		     that  is  suitable	 to  the open call of the
		     SCSI transport library or	a  label  in  the
		     file  /etc/default/cdrecord  that	allows to
		     identify a specific drive on the system.

	      CDR_SPEED
		     Sets the default  speed  value  for  writing
		     (see also -speed option).

	      CDR_FIFOSIZE
		     Sets  the default size of the FIFO (see also
		     fs=# option).

	      Any other label
		     is an identifier for a specific drive on the
		     system.   Such an identifier may not contain
		     the characters ',', '/', '@' or ':'.

		     Each line that follows a  label  contains	a
		     TAB  separated  list  of  items.  Currently,
		     three items are recognized: the SCSI  ID  of
		     the  drive, the default speed that should be
		     used for this drive  and  the  default  FIFO
		     size that should be used for this drive. The
		     values for speed and fifosize may be set  to
		     -1	 to  tell  cdrecord  to	 use  the  global
		     defaults.	A typical line may look this way:

		     teac1= 0,5,0   4	 8m

		     yamaha= 1,6,0  -1	 -1

		     This tells cdrecord that a drive named teac1
		     is at scsibus 0, target 5, lun 0 and  should
		     be	 used  with  speed 4 and a FIFO size of 8
		     MB.  A second drive may be found at  scsibus
		     1,	 target	 6,  lun  0  and uses the default
		     speed and the default FIFO size.

SEE ALSO
       cdda2wav(1),  readcd(1),	  scg(7),   fbk(7),   mkisofs(8),
       rcmd(3), ssh(1).

NOTES
       On  Solaris  you need to stop the volume management if you
       like to use the USCSI fallback SCSI transport  code.  Even
       things  like cdrecord -scanbus will not work if the volume
       management is running.

       Disks made in Track At Once mode are  not  suitable  as	a
       master  for  direct  mass  production by CD manufacturers.
       You will need the disk  at  once	 option	 to  record  such
       disks.	Nevertheless the disks made in Track At Once will
       normally be read in all CD  players.  Some  old	audio  CD
       players however may produce a two second click between two
       audio tracks.

       The minimal size of a track is 4 seconds or  300	 sectors.
       If  you	write  smaller	tracks,	 the CD-Recorder will add
       dummy blocks. This is not an error, even though the  SCSI-
       error message looks this way.

       Cdrecord	 has  been  tested on an upgraded Philips CDD-521
       recorder at single and  double  speed  on  a  SparcStation
       20/502  with  no	 problems, slower computer systems should
       work also.  The newer Philips/HP/Plasmon/Grundig drives as
       well  as Yamaha CDR-100 and CDR-102 work also. The Plasmon
       RF-4100 work, but has not  tested  in  multi  session.	A
       Philips	CDD-521 that has not been upgraded will not work.
       The Sony CDU-924 has been tested, but does not support XA-
       mode2  in hardware.  The sony therefore cannot create con-
       forming multi session disks.  The  Ricoh	 RO-1420C  works,
       but  some  people  seem	to have problems to use them with
       speed=2, try speed=0 in this case.

       The Yamaha  CDR-400  and	 all  new  SCSI-3/mmc  conforming
       drives are supported in single and multi-session.

       You  should  run	 several tests in all supported speeds of
       your drive with the -dummy option turned	 on  if	 you  are
       using  cdrecord	on  an	unknown system. Writing a CD is a
       realtime process.  NFS will not always deliver  constantly
       the  needed  data rates.	 If you want to use cdrecord with
       CD-images that are located on a NFS mounted filesystem, be
       sure  that  the	fifo size is big enough.  I used cdrecord
       with with medium load on a SS20/502 and even at quad speed
       on  a  Sparcstation-2  which was heavily loaded, but it is
       recommended to leave the system as lightly loaded as  pos-
       sible  while  writing a CD.  If you want to make sure that
       buffer underruns are not caused by your source  disk,  you
       may use the command

	   cdrecord -dummy dev=2,0 padsize=600m /dev/null

       to  create  a  disk  that  is entirely made of dummy data.
       Cdrecord needs to  run  as  root	 to  get  access  to  the
       /dev/scg?  device nodes and to be able to lock itself into
       memory.

       If you don't want to allow users to become  root	 on  your
       system,	cdrecord  may safely be installed suid root. This
       allows all users or a group of users with no  root  privi-
       leges  to  use cdrecord.	 Cdrecord in this case checks, if
       the real user would have been able to read  the	specified
       files.  To give all user access to use cdrecord, enter:

	    chown root /usr/local/bin/cdrecord
	    chmod 4711 /usr/local/bin/cdrecord

       To  give	 a  restricted	group of users access to cdrecord
       enter:

	    chown root /usr/local/bin/cdrecord
	    chgrp cdburners /usr/local/bin/cdrecord
	    chmod 4710 /usr/local/bin/cdrecord

       and add a group cdburners on your system.

       Never give write permissions for non  root  users  to  the
       /dev/scg?   devices  unless  you	 would	allow  anybody to
       read/write/format all your disks.

       You should not connect old drives that do not support dis-
       connect/reconnect to either the SCSI bus that is connected
       to the CD-Recorder or the source disk.

       A Compact Disc can have no more than 99 tracks.

       When creating a disc with both audio and data tracks,  the
       data  should  be	 on track 1 otherwise you should create a
       CDplus disk which is a multi session disk with  the  first
       session containing the audio tracks and the following ses-
       sion containing the data track.

       Many operating systems are not able to read  more  than	a
       single data track, or need special software to do so.

       More  information  on  the  SCSI	 command  set of a HP CD-
       Recorder can be found at:

	    http://www.hp.com/isgsupport/cdr/index.html

       If you have more information or SCSI command  manuals  for
       currently  unsupported  CD-Recorders  please  contact  the
       author.

       The Philips CDD 521  CD-Recorder	 (even	in  the	 upgraded
       version)	 has  several  firmware	 bugs.	Some of them will
       force you to power cycle	 the  device  or  to  reboot  the
       machine.

       When  using  cdrecord  with  the broken Linux SCSI generic
       driver.	You should note that cdrecord uses a  hack,  that
       tries  to  emulate  the	functionality  of the scg driver.
       Unfortunately, the sg driver on Linux has  several  severe
       bugs:

       o      It  cannot  see if a SCSI command could not be sent
	      at all.

       o      It cannot get the SCSI status byte.   Cdrecord  for
	      that  reason cannot report failing SCSI commands in
	      some situations.

       o      It cannot get real DMA count of transfer.	 Cdrecord
	      cannot  tell you if there is an DMA residual count.

       o      It cannot get number of bytes valid in  auto  sense
	      data.  Cdrecord cannot tell you if device transfers
	      no sense data at all.

       o      It fetches  to  few  data	 in  auto  request  sense
	      (CCS/SCSI-2/SCSI-3 needs >= 18).

       The  fifo percent output is computed just after a block of
       data has been written to the CD-Recorder. For this reason,
       there  will  never be 100% fifo fill, while the fifo is in
       streaming mode.

DIAGNOSTICS
       You have 9 seconds to type ^C to abort cdrecord after  you
       see the message:

       Starting	 to  write  CD at speed %d in %s mode for %s ses-
       sion.

       A typical error message for a SCSI command looks like:

	      cdrecord: I/O error. test unit ready: scsi sendcmd: no error
	      CDB:  00 20 00 00 00 00
	      status: 0x2 (CHECK CONDITION)
	      Sense Bytes: 70 00 05 00 00 00 00 0A 00 00 00 00 25 00 00 00 00 00
	      Sense Key: 0x5 Illegal Request, Segment 0
	      Sense Code: 0x25 Qual 0x00 (logical unit not supported) Fru 0x0
	      Sense flags: Blk 0 (not valid)
	      cmd finished after 0.002s timeout 40s

       The first line gives information about  the  transport  of
       the  command.   The  text  after the first colon gives the
       error text for the system call from the view of	the  ker-
       nel.  It	 usually is: I/O error unless other problems hap-
       pen. The next words contain a short  description	 for  the
       SCSI command that fails. The rest of the line tells you if
       there were any problems for the transport of  the  command
       over the SCSI bus.  fatal error means that it was not pos-
       sible to transport the command (i.e. no device present  at
       the requested SCSI address).

       The  second  line prints the SCSI command descriptor block
       for the failed command.

       The third line gives information on the SCSI  status  code
       returned	 by  the command, if the transport of the command
       succeeds.  This is error information from the SCSI device.

       The  fourth  line  is a hex dump of the auto request sense
       information for the command.

       The fifth line is the error text	 for  the  sense  key  if
       available,  followed  by	 the  segment number that is only
       valid if the command was a copy command. If the error mes-
       sage  is	 not directly related to the current command, the
       text deferred error is appended.

       The sixth line is the error text for the	 sense	code  and
       the  sense  qualifier  if  available.   If the type of the
       device is known, the sense data is decoded from tables  in
       scsierrs.c  .  The text is followed by the error value for
       a field replaceable unit.

       The seventh line prints the block number that  is  related
       to  the	failed	command and text for several error flags.
       The block number may not be valid.

       The eight line reports the timeout set up for this command
       and the time that the command really needed to complete.

       The following message is not an error:
	      Track 01: Total bytes read/written: 2048/2048 (1 sectors).
	      cdrecord: I/O error. flush cache: scsi sendcmd: no error
	      CDB:  35 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
	      status: 0x2 (CHECK CONDITION)
	      Sense Bytes: F0 00 05 80 00 00 27 0A 00 00 00 00 B5 00 00 00 00 00
	      Sense Key: 0x5 Illegal Request, Segment 0
	      Sense Code: 0xB5 Qual 0x00 (dummy data blocks added) Fru 0x0
	      Sense flags: Blk -2147483609 (valid)
	      cmd finished after 0.002s timeout 40s

       It  simply notifies, that a track that is smaller than the
       minimum size has been expanded to 300 sectors.

BUGS
       Cdrecord has even more options than ls.

       There should be a recover option	 to  make  disks  usable,
       that have been written during a power failure.

CREDITS
       Bill Swartz    (Bill_Swartz@twolf.com)
		      For helping me with the TEAC driver support

       Aaron Newsome  (aaron.d.newsome@wdc.com)
		      For letting me develop Sony support on  his
		      drive

       Eric Youngdale (eric@andante.jic.com)
		      For supplying mkisofs

       Gadi Oxman     (gadio@netvision.net.il)
		      For tips on the ATAPI standard

       Finn Arne Gangstad  (finnag@guardian.no)
		      For the first FIFO implementation.

       Dave Platt     (dplatt@feghoot.ml.org)
		      For  creating the experimental packet writ-
		      ing support, the	first  implementation  of
		      CD-RW blanking support, the first .wav file
		      decoder  and  many  nice	 discussions   on
		      cdrecord.

       Chris P. Ross (cross@eng.us.uu.net)
		      For the first implementation os a BSDI SCSI
		      transport.

       Grant R. Guenther   (grant@torque.net)
		      For creating the first parallel port trans-
		      port implementation for Linux.

       Kenneth D. Merry (ken@kdm.org)
		      for  providing  the  CAM	port  for FreeBSD
		      together	    with      Michael	    Smith
		      (msmith@freebsd.org)

       Heiko Eifeldt (heiko@hexco.de)
		      for  making libedc_ecc available (needed to
		      write RAW data sectors).

MAILING LISTS
       If you want to actively take part on  the  development  of
       cdrecord, you may join the developer mailing list via this
       URL:

       http://lists.berlios.de/mailman/listinfo/cdrecord-develop-
       ers

       The mail address of the list is: cdwrite@other.debian.org

AUTHOR
       Joerg Schilling
       Seestr. 110
       D-13353 Berlin
       Germany

       Additional information can be found on:
       http://www.fokus.fhg.de/usr/schilling/cdrecord.html

       If you have support questions, send them to:

       cdrecord-support@berlios.de
       or cdwrite@other.debian.org

       Of you have definitely found a bug, send a mail to:

       cdrecord-developers@berlios.de
       or schilling@fokus.fhg.de

       To subscribe, use:

       http://lists.berlios.de/mailman/listinfo/cdrecord-develop-
       ers
       or  http://lists.berlios.de/mailman/listinfo/cdrecord-sup-
       port

       The old cdwrite mailing list may be joined by sending mail
       to:

	    cdwrite-request@other.debian.org

       and including the word subscribe in the	body.	The  mail
       address of the list is:

	    cdwrite@other.debian.org

Joerg Schilling		   Version 2.0		      CDRECORD(1)
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