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BUSYBOX(1)			    BusyBox			    BUSYBOX(1)

NAME
       BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux

SYNTAX
	BusyBox <function> [arguments...]  # or

	<function> [arguments...]	   # if symlinked

DESCRIPTION
       BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a
       single small executable. It provides minimalist replacements for most
       of the utilities you usually find in GNU coreutils, util-linux, etc.
       The utilities in BusyBox generally have fewer options than their full-
       featured GNU cousins; however, the options that are included provide
       the expected functionality and behave very much like their GNU counter‐
       parts.

       BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources
       in mind.	 It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or
       exclude commands (or features) at compile time. This makes it easy to
       customize your embedded systems. To create a working system, just add
       /dev, /etc, and a Linux kernel.	BusyBox provides a fairly complete
       POSIX environment for any small or embedded system.

       BusyBox is extremely configurable.  This allows you to include only the
       components you need, thereby reducing binary size. Run 'make config' or
       'make menuconfig' to select the functionality that you wish to enable.
       Then run 'make' to compile BusyBox using your configuration.

       After the compile has finished, you should use 'make install' to
       install BusyBox. This will install the 'bin/busybox' binary, in the
       target directory specified by PREFIX. PREFIX can be set when configur‐
       ing BusyBox, or you can specify an alternative location at install time
       (i.e., with a command line like 'make PREFIX=/tmp/foo install'). If you
       enabled any applet installation scheme (either as symlinks or
       hardlinks), these will also be installed in the location pointed to by
       PREFIX.

USAGE
       BusyBox is a multi-call binary.	A multi-call binary is an executable
       program that performs the same job as more than one utility program.
       That means there is just a single BusyBox binary, but that single
       binary acts like a large number of utilities.  This allows BusyBox to
       be smaller since all the built-in utility programs (we call them
       applets) can share code for many common operations.

       You can also invoke BusyBox by issuing a command as an argument on the
       command line.  For example, entering

	       /bin/busybox ls

       will also cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls'.

       Of course, adding '/bin/busybox' into every command would be painful.
       So most people will invoke BusyBox using links to the BusyBox binary.

       For example, entering

	       ln -s /bin/busybox ls
	       ./ls

       will cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls' (if the 'ls' command has been com‐
       piled into BusyBox).  Generally speaking, you should never need to make
       all these links yourself, as the BusyBox build system will do this for
       you when you run the 'make install' command.

       If you invoke BusyBox with no arguments, it will provide you with a
       list of the applets that have been compiled into your BusyBox binary.

COMMON OPTIONS
       Most BusyBox commands support the --help argument to provide a terse
       runtime description of their behavior.  If the CONFIG_FEATURE_VER‐
       BOSE_USAGE option has been enabled, more detailed usage information
       will also be available.

COMMANDS
       Currently defined functions include:

	       [, [[, addgroup, adduser, adjtimex, ar, arping, ash, awk,
	       basename, bbconfig, bunzip2, busybox, bzcat, cal, cat, catv,
	       chattr, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, chvt, cksum, clear, cmp,
	       comm, cp, cpio, crond, crontab, cut, date, dc, dd, deallocvt,
	       delgroup, deluser, devfsd, df, diff, dirname, dmesg, dnsd,
	       dos2unix, dpkg, dpkg_deb, du, dumpkmap, dumpleases, e2fsck, echo,
	       ed, eject, env, ether_wake, expr, fakeidentd, false, fbset,
	       fdflush, fdformat, fdisk, find, fold, free, freeramdisk, fsck,
	       fsck_minix, ftpget, ftpput, fuser, getopt, getty, grep, gunzip,
	       gzip, halt, hdparm, head, hexdump, hostid, hostname, httpd,
	       hwclock, id, ifconfig, ifdown, ifup, inetd, init, insmod,
	       install, ip, ipaddr, ipcalc, ipcrm, ipcs, iplink, iproute,
	       iptunnel, kill, killall, klogd, lash, last, length, less, ln,
	       load_policy, loadfont, loadkmap, logger, login, logname, logread,
	       losetup, ls, lsattr, lsmod, lzmacat, makedevs, md5sum, mdev,
	       mesg, mkdir, mke2fs, mkfifo, mkfs_minix, mknod, mkswap, mktemp,
	       modprobe, more, mount, mountpoint, mt, mv, nameif, nc, netstat,
	       nice, nohup, nslookup, od, openvt, passwd, patch, pidof, ping,
	       ping6, pivot_root, poweroff, printenv, printf, ps, pwd, rdate,
	       readlink, readprofile, realpath, reboot, renice, reset, rm,
	       rmdir, rmmod, route, rpm, rpm2cpio, run_parts, runlevel, rx, sed,
	       seq, setarch, setconsole, setkeycodes, setlogcons, setsid,
	       sha1sum, sleep, sort, start_stop_daemon, stat, strings, stty, su,
	       sulogin, sum, swapoff, swapon, switch_root, sync, sysctl,
	       syslogd, tail, tar, tee, telnet, telnetd, test, tftp, time, top,
	       touch, tr, traceroute, true, tty, tune2fs, udhcpc, udhcpd,
	       umount, uname, uncompress, uniq, unix2dos, unlzma, unzip, uptime,
	       usleep, uudecode, uuencode, vconfig, vi, vlock, watch, watchdog,
	       wc, wget, which, who, whoami, xargs, yes, zcat, zcip

COMMAND DESCRIPTIONS
       addgroup
	   addgroup   [-g GID] group_name [user_name]

	   Adds a group to the system

	   Options:

		   -g GID	   specify gid

       adduser
	   adduser    [OPTIONS] user_name

	   Adds a user to the system

	   Options:

		   -h DIR	   Assign home directory DIR
		   -g GECOS	   Assign gecos field GECOS
		   -s SHELL	   Assign login shell SHELL
		   -G		   Add the user to existing group GROUP
		   -S		   create a system user (ignored)
		   -D		   Do not assign a password (logins still possible via ssh)
		   -H		   Do not create the home directory

       adjtimex
	   adjtimex   [-q] [-o offset] [-f frequency] [-p timeconstant] [-t
	   tick]

	   Reads and optionally sets system timebase parameters.  See adj‐
	   timex(2).

	   Options:

		   -q		   quiet mode - do not print
		   -o offset	   time offset, microseconds
		   -f frequency	   frequency adjust, integer kernel units (65536 is 1ppm)
				   (positive values make the system clock run fast)
		   -t tick	   microseconds per tick, usually 10000
		   -p timeconstant

       ar  ar	      [-o] [-v] [-p] [-t] [-x] ARCHIVE FILES

	   Extract or list FILES from an ar archive.

	   Options:

		   -o		   preserve original dates
		   -p		   extract to stdout
		   -t		   list
		   -x		   extract
		   -v		   verbosely list files processed

       arping
	   arping     [-fqbDUA] [-c count] [-w timeout] [-i device] [-s
	   sender] target

	   Ping hosts by ARP requests/replies.

	   Options:

		   -f		   Quit on first ARP reply
		   -q		   Be quiet
		   -b		   Keep broadcasting, don't go unicast
		   -D		   Duplicated address detection mode
		   -U		   Unsolicited ARP mode, update your neighbours
		   -A		   ARP answer mode, update your neighbours
		   -c count	   Stop after sending count ARP request packets
		   -w timeout	   Time to wait for ARP reply, in seconds
		   -i device	   Outgoing interface name, default is eth0
		   -s sender	   Set specific sender IP address
		   target	   Target IP address of ARP request

       ash ash	      [FILE]...	 or: ash -c command [args]...

	   The ash shell (command interpreter)

       awk awk	      [OPTION]... [program-text] [FILE ...]

	   Options:

		   -v var=val	   assign value 'val' to variable 'var'
		   -F sep	   use 'sep' as field separator
		   -f progname	   read program source from file 'progname'

       basename
	   basename   FILE [SUFFIX]

	   Strips directory path and suffixes from FILE.  If specified, also
	   removes any trailing SUFFIX.

	   Example:

		   $ basename /usr/local/bin/foo
		   foo
		   $ basename /usr/local/bin/
		   bin
		   $ basename /foo/bar.txt .txt
		   bar

       bbconfig
	   bbconfig

	   Print the config file which built busybox

       bunzip2
	   bunzip2    [OPTION]... [FILE]

	   Uncompress FILE (or standard input if FILE is '-' or omitted).

	   Options:

		   -c	   Write output to standard output
		   -f	   Force

       busybox
	   busybox

	   Hello world!

       bzcat
	   bzcat      FILE

	   Uncompress to stdout.

       cal cal	      [-jy] [[month] year]

	   Display a calendar.

	   Options:

		   -j	   Use julian dates
		   -y	   Display the entire year

       cat cat	      [-u] [FILE]...

	   Concatenates FILE(s) and prints them to stdout.

	   Options:

		   -u	   ignored since unbuffered i/o is always used

	   Example:

		   $ cat /proc/uptime
		   110716.72 17.67

       catv
	   catv	      [-etv] [FILE]...

	   Display nonprinting characters as ^x or M-x.

		   -e	   End each line with $
		   -t	   Show tabs as ^I
		   -v	   Don't use ^x or M-x escapes.

       chattr
	   chattr     [-R] [-+=AacDdijsStTu] [-v version] files...

	   change file attributes on an ext2 fs

	   Modifiers:

		   -	   remove attributes
		   +	   add attributes
		   =	   set attributes
	   Attributes:

		   A	   don't track atime
		   a	   append mode only
		   c	   enable compress
		   D	   write dir contents synchronously
		   d	   do not backup with dump
		   i	   cannot be modified (immutable)
		   j	   write all data to journal first
		   s	   zero disk storage when deleted
		   S	   write file contents synchronously
		   t	   disable tail-merging of partial blocks with other files
		   u	   allow file to be undeleted
	   Options:

		   -R	   recursively list subdirectories
		   -v	   set the file's version/generation number

       chgrp
	   chgrp      [OPTION]... GROUP FILE...

	   Change the group membership of each FILE to GROUP.

	   Options:

		   -R	   Changes files and directories recursively

	   Example:

		   $ ls -l /tmp/foo
		   -r--r--r--	 1 andersen andersen	    0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
		   $ chgrp root /tmp/foo
		   $ ls -l /tmp/foo
		   -r--r--r--	 1 andersen root	    0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo

       chmod
	   chmod      [-R] MODE[,MODE]... FILE...

	   Each MODE is one or more of the letters ugoa, one of the symbols
	   +-= and one or more of the letters rwxst.

	   Options:

		   -R	   Changes files and directories recursively

	   Example:

		   $ ls -l /tmp/foo
		   -rw-rw-r--	 1 root	    root	    0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
		   $ chmod u+x /tmp/foo
		   $ ls -l /tmp/foo
		   -rwxrw-r--	 1 root	    root	    0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo*
		   $ chmod 444 /tmp/foo
		   $ ls -l /tmp/foo
		   -r--r--r--	 1 root	    root	    0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo

       chown
	   chown      [ -Rh ]...  OWNER[<.⎪:>[GROUP]] FILE...

	   Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP.

	   Options:

		   -R	   Changes files and directories recursively
		   -h	   Do not dereference symbolic links

	   Example:

		   $ ls -l /tmp/foo
		   -r--r--r--	 1 andersen andersen	    0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
		   $ chown root /tmp/foo
		   $ ls -l /tmp/foo
		   -r--r--r--	 1 root	    andersen	    0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
		   $ chown root.root /tmp/foo
		   ls -l /tmp/foo
		   -r--r--r--	 1 root	    root	    0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo

       chroot
	   chroot     NEWROOT [COMMAND...]

	   Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT.

	   Example:

		   $ ls -l /bin/ls
		   lrwxrwxrwx	 1 root	    root	  12 Apr 13 00:46 /bin/ls -> /BusyBox
		   # mount /dev/hdc1 /mnt -t minix
		   # chroot /mnt
		   # ls -l /bin/ls
		   -rwxr-xr-x	 1 root	    root	40816 Feb  5 07:45 /bin/ls*

       chvt
	   chvt	      N

	   Changes the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN

       cksum
	   cksum      FILES...

	   Calculates the CRC32 checksums of FILES.

       clear
	   clear

	   Clear screen.

       cmp cmp	      [-l] [-s] FILE1 [FILE2]

	   Compares FILE1 vs stdin if FILE2 is not specified.

	   Options:

		   -l	   Write the byte numbers (decimal) and values (octal)
			     for all differing bytes
		   -s	   quiet mode - do not print

       comm
	   comm	      [-123] FILE1 FILE2

	   Compares FILE1 to FILE2, or to stdin if = is specified.

	   Options:

		   -1	   Suppress lines unique to FILE1
		   -2	   Suppress lines unique to FILE2
		   -3	   Suppress lines common to both files

       cp  cp	      [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST

	   Copies SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.

		   -a	   Same as -dpR
		   -d,-P   Preserves links
		   -H,-L   Dereference all symlinks (implied by default)
		   -p	   Preserves file attributes if possible
		   -f	   force (implied; ignored) - always set
		   -i	   interactive, prompt before overwrite
		   -R,-r   Copies directories recursively

       cpio
	   cpio	      -[dimtuv][F cpiofile]

	   Extract or list files from a cpio archive Main operation mode:

		   d		   make leading directories
		   i		   extract
		   m		   preserve mtime
		   t		   list
		   v		   verbose
		   u		   unconditional overwrite
		   F		   input from file

       crond
	   crond      -d[#] -c <crondir> -f -b

		   -d [#] -l [#] -S -L logfile -f -b -c dir
		   -d num  debug level
		   -l num  log level (8 - default)
		   -S	   log to syslogd (default)
		   -L file log to file
		   -f	   run in foreground
		   -b	   run in background (default)
		   -c dir  working dir

       crontab
	   crontab    [-c dir] {file⎪-}⎪[-u⎪-l⎪-e⎪-d user]

		   file <opts>	replace crontab from file
		   -	<opts>	replace crontab from stdin
		   -u user	specify user
		   -l [user]	list crontab for user
		   -e [user]	edit crontab for user
		   -d [user]	delete crontab for user
		   -c dir	specify crontab directory

       cut cut	      [OPTION]... [FILE]...

	   Prints selected fields from each input FILE to standard output.

	   Options:

		   -b LIST	   Output only bytes from LIST
		   -c LIST	   Output only characters from LIST
		   -d CHAR	   Use CHAR instead of tab as the field delimiter
		   -s		   Output only the lines containing delimiter
		   -f N		   Print only these fields
		   -n		   Ignored

	   Example:

		   $ echo "Hello world" ⎪ cut -f 1 -d ' '
		   Hello
		   $ echo "Hello world" ⎪ cut -f 2 -d ' '
		   world

       date
	   date	      [OPTION]... [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] [+FORMAT]

	   Displays the current time in the given FORMAT, or sets the system
	   date.

	   Options:

		   -R		   Outputs RFC-822 compliant date string
		   -d STRING	   Displays time described by STRING, not `now'
		   -I[TIMESPEC]	   Outputs an ISO-8601 compliant date/time string
				   TIMESPEC=`date' (or missing) for date only,
				   `hours', `minutes', or `seconds' for date and,
				   time to the indicated precision
		   -D hint	   Use 'hint' as date format, via strptime()
		   -s		   Sets time described by STRING
		   -r FILE	   Displays the last modification time of FILE
		   -u		   Prints or sets Coordinated Universal Time

	   Example:

		   $ date
		   Wed Apr 12 18:52:41 MDT 2000

       dc  dc	      expression ...

	   This is a Tiny RPN calculator that understands the following opera‐
	   tions: +, add, -, sub, *, mul, /, div, %, mod, **, exp, and, or,
	   not, eor.  For example: 'dc 2 2 add' -> 4, and 'dc 8 8 \* 2 2 + /'
	   -> 16.

	   Options: p - Prints the value on the top of the stack, without
	   altering the stack f - Prints the entire contents of the stack
	   without altering anything o - Pops the value off the top of the
	   stack and uses it to set the output radix

	       Only 10 and 16 are supported

	   Example:

		   $ dc 2 2 + p
		   4
		   $ dc 8 8 \* 2 2 + / p
		   16
		   $ dc 0 1 and p
		   0
		   $ dc 0 1 or p
		   1
		   $ echo 72 9 div 8 mul p ⎪ dc
		   64

       dd  dd	      [if=FILE] [of=FILE] [ibs=N] [obs=N] [bs=N] [count=N]
	   [skip=N]	   [seek=N] [conv=notrunc⎪noerror⎪sync]

	   Copy a file, converting and formatting according to options

		   if=FILE	   read from FILE instead of stdin
		   of=FILE	   write to FILE instead of stdout
		   bs=N		   read and write N bytes at a time
		   ibs=N	   read N bytes at a time
		   obs=N	   write N bytes at a time
		   count=N	   copy only N input blocks
		   skip=N	   skip N input blocks
		   seek=N	   skip N output blocks
		   conv=notrunc	   don't truncate output file
		   conv=noerror	   continue after read errors
		   conv=sync	   pad blocks with zeros

	   Numbers may be suffixed by c (x1), w (x2), b (x512), kD (x1000), k
	   (x1024), MD (x1000000), M (x1048576), GD (x1000000000) or G
	   (x1073741824)

	   Example:

		   $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram1 bs=1M count=4
		   4+0 records in
		   4+0 records out

       deallocvt
	   deallocvt  [N]

	   Deallocate unused virtual terminal /dev/ttyN

       delgroup
	   delgroup   GROUP

	   Deletes group GROUP from the system

       deluser
	   deluser    USER

	   Deletes user USER from the system

       devfsd
	   devfsd     mntpnt [-v][-fg][-np]

	   Optional daemon for managing devfs permissions and old device name
	   symlinks.

	   Options:

		   mntpnt  The mount point where devfs is mounted.

		   -v	   Print the protocol version numbers for devfsd
			   and the kernel-side protocol version and exits.

		   -fg	   Run the daemon in the foreground.

		   -np	   Exit	 after	parsing	 the configuration file
			   and processing synthetic REGISTER events.
			   Do not poll for events.

       df  df	      [-hmk] [FILESYSTEM ...]

	   Print the filesystem space used and space available.

	   Options:

		   -h	   print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 243M 2G )
		   -m	   print sizes in megabytes
		   -k	   print sizes in kilobytes(default)

	   Example:

		   $ df
		   Filesystem		1k-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
		   /dev/sda3		  8690864   8553540    137324  98% /
		   /dev/sda1		    64216     36364	27852  57% /boot
		   $ df /dev/sda3
		   Filesystem		1k-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
		   /dev/sda3		  8690864   8553540    137324  98% /

       diff
	   diff	      [-abdiNqrTstw] [-L LABEL] [-S FILE] [-U LINES] FILE1
	   FILE2

	   Compare files line by line and output the differences between them.
	   This diff implementation only supports unified diffs.

	   Options:

		   -a	   Treat all files as text
		   -b	   Ignore changes in the amount of whitespace
		   -d	   Try hard to find a smaller set of changes
		   -i	   Ignore case differences
		   -L	   Use LABEL instead of the filename in the unified header
		   -N	   Treat absent files as empty
		   -q	   Output only whether files differ
		   -r	   Recursively compare any subdirectories
		   -S	   Start with FILE when comparing directories
		   -T	   Make tabs line up by prefixing a tab when necessary
		   -s	   Report when two files are the same
		   -t	   Expand tabs to spaces in output
		   -U	   Output LINES lines of context
		   -w	   Ignore all whitespace

       dirname
	   dirname    FILENAME

	   Strips non-directory suffix from FILENAME

	   Example:

		   $ dirname /tmp/foo
		   /tmp
		   $ dirname /tmp/foo/
		   /tmp

       dmesg
	   dmesg      [-c] [-n LEVEL] [-s SIZE]

	   Prints or controls the kernel ring buffer

	   Options:

		   -c		   Clears the ring buffer's contents after printing
		   -n LEVEL	   Sets console logging level
		   -s SIZE	   Use a buffer of size SIZE

       dnsd
	   dnsd	      [-c config] [-t seconds] [-p port] [-i iface-ip] [-d]

	   Small and static DNS server daemon

	   Options:

		   -c		   config filename
		   -t		   TTL in seconds
		   -p		   listening port
		   -i		   listening iface ip (default all)
		   -d		   daemonize

       dos2unix
	   dos2unix   [option] [FILE]

	   Converts FILE from dos format to unix format.  When no option is
	   given, the input is converted to the opposite output format.	 When
	   no file is given, uses stdin for input and stdout for output.

	   Options:

		   -u	   output will be in UNIX format
		   -d	   output will be in DOS format

       dpkg
	   dpkg	      [-ilCPru] [-F option] package_name

	   dpkg is a utility to install, remove and manage Debian packages.

	   Options:

		   -i		   Install the package
		   -l		   List of installed packages
		   -C		   Configure an unpackaged package
		   -F depends	   Ignore dependency problems
		   -P		   Purge all files of a package
		   -r		   Remove all but the configuration files for a package
		   -u		   Unpack a package, but don't configure it

       dpkg-deb
	   dpkg-deb   [-cefxX] FILE [argument]

	   Perform actions on Debian packages (.debs)

	   Options:

		   -c	   List contents of filesystem tree
		   -e	   Extract control files to [argument] directory
		   -f	   Display control field name starting with [argument]
		   -x	   Extract packages filesystem tree to directory
		   -X	   Verbose extract

	   Example:

		   $ dpkg-deb -X ./busybox_0.48-1_i386.deb /tmp

       du  du	      [-aHLdclsxhmk] [FILE]...

	   Summarizes disk space used for each FILE and/or directory.  Disk
	   space is printed in units of 1024 bytes.

	   Options:

		   -a	   show sizes of files in addition to directories
		   -H	   follow symbolic links that are FILE command line args
		   -L	   follow all symbolic links encountered
		   -d N	   limit output to directories (and files with -a) of depth < N
		   -c	   output a grand total
		   -l	   count sizes many times if hard linked
		   -s	   display only a total for each argument
		   -x	   skip directories on different filesystems
		   -h	   print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 243M 2G )
		   -m	   print sizes in megabytes
		   -k	   print sizes in kilobytes(default)

	   Example:

		   $ du
		   16	   ./CVS
		   12	   ./kernel-patches/CVS
		   80	   ./kernel-patches
		   12	   ./tests/CVS
		   36	   ./tests
		   12	   ./scripts/CVS
		   16	   ./scripts
		   12	   ./docs/CVS
		   104	   ./docs
		   2417	   .

       dumpkmap
	   dumpkmap   > keymap

	   Prints out a binary keyboard translation table to standard output.

	   Example:

		   $ dumpkmap > keymap

       dumpleases
	   dumpleases [-r⎪-a] [-f LEASEFILE]

	   Displays the DHCP leases granted by udhcpd.

	   Options:

		   -f,	   --file=FILENAME Leases file to load
		   -r,	   --remaining	   Interpret lease times as time remaining
		   -a,	   --absolute	   Interpret lease times as expire time

       e2fsck
	   e2fsck     [-panyrcdfvstDFSV] [-b superblock] [-B blocksize] [-I
	   inode_buffer_blocks] [-P process_inode_size] [-l⎪-L
	   bad_blocks_file] [-C fd] [-j external_journal] [-E
	   extended-options] device

	   Check a Linux ext2/ext3 file system.

	   Options:

		   -p	   Automatic repair (no questions)
		   -n	   Make no changes to the filesystem
		   -y	   Assume 'yes' to all questions
		   -c	   Check for bad blocks and add them to the badblock list
		   -f	   Force checking even if filesystem is marked clean
		   -v	   Be verbose
		   -b superblock   Use alternative superblock
		   -B blocksize	   Force blocksize when looking for superblock
		   -j journal	   Set location of the external journal
		   -l file Add to badblocks list
		   -L file Set badblocks list

       echo
	   echo	      [-neE] [ARG ...]

	   Prints the specified ARGs to stdout

	   Options:

		   -n	   suppress trailing newline
		   -e	   interpret backslash-escaped characters (i.e., \t=tab)
		   -E	   disable interpretation of backslash-escaped characters

	   Example:

		   $ echo "Erik is cool"
		   Erik is cool
		   $  echo -e "Erik\nis\ncool"
		   Erik
		   is
		   cool
		   $ echo "Erik\nis\ncool"
		   Erik\nis\ncool

       ed  ed	      #define ed_full_usage

       eject
	   eject      [-t] [DEVICE]

	   Eject specified DEVICE (or default /dev/cdrom).

	   Options:

		   -t	   close tray

       env env	      [-iu] [-] [name=value]... [command]

	   Prints the current environment or runs a program after setting up
	   the specified environment.

	   Options:

		   -, -i   start with an empty environment
		   -u	   remove variable from the environment

       ether_wake
	   ether_wake [-b] [-i iface] [-p aa:bb:cc:dd[:ee:ff]] MAC

	   Send a magic packet to wake up sleeping machines.  MAC must be a
	   station address (00:11:22:33:44:55) or

	       a hostname with a known 'ethers' entry.

	   Options:

		   -b		   Send wake-up packet to the broadcast address
		   -i iface	   Use interface ifname instead of the default "eth0"
		   -p pass Append the four or six byte password PW to the packet

       expr
	   expr	      EXPRESSION

	   Prints the value of EXPRESSION to standard output.

	   EXPRESSION may be:

		   ARG1 ⎪  ARG2	   ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2
		   ARG1 &  ARG2	   ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0
		   ARG1 <  ARG2	   ARG1 is less than ARG2
		   ARG1 <= ARG2	   ARG1 is less than or equal to ARG2
		   ARG1 =  ARG2	   ARG1 is equal to ARG2
		   ARG1 != ARG2	   ARG1 is unequal to ARG2
		   ARG1 >= ARG2	   ARG1 is greater than or equal to ARG2
		   ARG1 >  ARG2	   ARG1 is greater than ARG2
		   ARG1 +  ARG2	   arithmetic sum of ARG1 and ARG2
		   ARG1 -  ARG2	   arithmetic difference of ARG1 and ARG2
		   ARG1 *  ARG2	   arithmetic product of ARG1 and ARG2
		   ARG1 /  ARG2	   arithmetic quotient of ARG1 divided by ARG2
		   ARG1 %  ARG2	   arithmetic remainder of ARG1 divided by ARG2
		   STRING : REGEXP	       anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING
		   match STRING REGEXP	       same as STRING : REGEXP
		   substr STRING POS LENGTH    substring of STRING, POS counted from 1
		   index STRING CHARS	       index in STRING where any CHARS is found,
					       or 0
		   length STRING	       length of STRING
		   quote TOKEN		       interpret TOKEN as a string, even if
					       it is a keyword like `match' or an
					       operator like `/'
		   ( EXPRESSION )	       value of EXPRESSION

	   Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells.
	   Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexico‐
	   graphical.  Pattern matches return the string matched between \(
	   and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number
	   of characters matched or 0.

       fakeidentd
	   fakeidentd [-b ip] [STRING]

	   Returns a set string to auth requests

		   -b	   Bind to ip address
		   STRING  The ident answer string (default is nobody)

       false
	   false

	   Return an exit code of FALSE (1).

	   Example:

		   $ false
		   $ echo $?
		   1

       fbset
	   fbset      [options] [mode]

	   Show and modify frame buffer settings

	   Example:

		   $ fbset
		   mode "1024x768-76"
			   # D: 78.653 MHz, H: 59.949 kHz, V: 75.694 Hz
			   geometry 1024 768 1024 768 16
			   timings 12714 128 32 16 4 128 4
			   accel false
			   rgba 5/11,6/5,5/0,0/0
		   endmode

       fdflush
	   fdflush    DEVICE

	   Forces floppy disk drive to detect disk change

       fdformat
	   fdformat   [-n] DEVICE

	   Low-level formats a floppy disk

	   Options:

		   -n	   Don't verify after format

       fdisk
	   fdisk      [-luv] [-C CYLINDERS] [-H HEADS] [-S SECTORS] [-b SSZ]
	   DISK

	   Change partition table Options:

		   -l  List partition table(s)
		   -u  Give Start and End in sector (instead of cylinder) units
		   -s PARTITION	 Give partition size(s) in blocks
		   -b 2048: (for certain MO disks) use 2048-byte sectors
		   -C CYLINDERS	 Set the number of cylinders
		   -H HEADS  Set the number of heads
		   -S SECTORS  Set the number of sectors
		   -v  Give fdisk version

       find
	   find	      [PATH...] [EXPRESSION]

	   Search for files in a directory hierarchy.  The default PATH is the
	   current directory; default EXPRESSION is '-print'

	   EXPRESSION may consist of:

		   -follow	   Dereference symbolic links
		   -name PATTERN   File name (leading directories removed) matches PATTERN
		   -print	   Print (default and assumed)
		   -print0	   Delimit output with null characters rather than
				   newlines
		   -type X	   Filetype matches X (where X is one of: f,d,l,b,c,...)
		   -perm PERMS	   Permissions match any of (+NNN); all of (-NNN);
				   or exactly (NNN)
		   -mtime DAYS	   Modified time is greater than (+N); less than (-N);
				   or exactly (N) days
		   -mmin MINS	   Modified time is greater than (+N); less than (-N);
				   or exactly (N) minutes
		   -newer FILE	   Modified time is more recent than FILE's
		   -inum N	   File has inode number N
		   -exec CMD	   Execute CMD with all instances of {} replaced by the
				   files matching EXPRESSION

	   Example:

		   $ find / -name passwd
		   /etc/passwd

       fold
	   fold	      [-bs] [-w WIDTH] [FILE]

	   Wrap input lines in each FILE (standard input by default), writing
	   to standard output.

	   Options:

		   -b	   count bytes rather than columns
		   -s	   break at spaces
		   -w	   use WIDTH columns instead of 80

       free
	   free

	   Displays the amount of free and used system memory

	   Example:

		   $ free
				 total	       used	    free       shared	   buffers
		     Mem:	257628	     248724	    8904	59644	     93124
		    Swap:	128516	       8404	  120112
		   Total:	386144	     257128	  129016

       freeramdisk
	   freeramdisk DEVICE

	   Frees all memory used by the specified ramdisk.

	   Example:

		   $ freeramdisk /dev/ram2

       fsck
	   fsck	      [-ANPRTV] [ -C [ fd ] ] [-t fstype] [fs-options]
	   [filesys ...]

	   Check and repair filesystems.

	   Options:

		   -A	   Walk /etc/fstab and check all filesystems
		   -N	   Don't execute, just show what would be done
		   -P	   When using -A, check filesystems in parallel
		   -R	   When using -A, skip the root filesystem
		   -T	   Don't show title on startup
		   -V	   Verbose mode
		   -C	   Write status information to specified filedescriptor
		   -t	   List of filesystem types to check

       fsck.minix
	   fsck.minix [-larvsmf] /dev/name

	   Performs a consistency check for MINIX filesystems.

	   Options:

		   -l	   Lists all filenames
		   -r	   Perform interactive repairs
		   -a	   Perform automatic repairs
		   -v	   verbose
		   -s	   Outputs super-block information
		   -m	   Activates MINIX-like "mode not cleared" warnings
		   -f	   Force file system check

       ftpget
	   ftpget     [options] remote-host local-file remote-file

	   Retrieve a remote file via FTP.

	   Options:

		   -c, --continue	  Continue a previous transfer
		   -v, --verbose	  Verbose
		   -u, --username	  Username to be used
		   -p, --password	  Password to be used
		   -P, --port		  Port number to be used

       ftpput
	   ftpput     [options] remote-host remote-file local-file

	   Store a local file on a remote machine via FTP.

	   Options:

		   -v, --verbose	  Verbose
		   -u, --username	  Username to be used
		   -p, --password	  Password to be used
		   -P, --port		  Port number to be used

       fuser
	   fuser      [options] file OR port/proto

	   Options:

		   -m	      Show all processes on the same mounted fs
		   -k	      Kill all processes that match.
		   -s	      Don't print or kill anything.
		   -4	      When using port/proto only search IPv4 space
		   -6	      When using port/proto only search IPv6 space
		   -SIGNAL    When used with -k, this signal will be used to kill

       getopt
	   getopt     [OPTIONS]...

	   Parse command options

		   -a, --alternative		   Allow long options starting with single -
		   -l, --longoptions=longopts	   Long options to be recognized
		   -n, --name=progname		   The name under which errors are reported
		   -o, --options=optstring Short options to be recognized
		   -q, --quiet			   Disable error reporting by getopt(3)
		   -Q, --quiet-output		   No normal output
		   -s, --shell=shell		   Set shell quoting conventions
		   -T, --test			   Test for getopt(1) version
		   -u, --unquoted	   Do not quote the output

	   Example:

		   $ cat getopt.test
		   #!/bin/sh
		   GETOPT=`getopt -o ab:c:: --long a-long,b-long:,c-long:: \
			  -n 'example.busybox' -- "$@"`
		   if [ $? != 0 ] ; then  exit 1 ; fi
		   eval set -- "$GETOPT"
		   while true ; do
		    case $1 in
		      -a⎪--a-long) echo "Option a" ; shift ;;
		      -b⎪--b-long) echo "Option b, argument `$2'" ; shift 2 ;;
		      -c⎪--c-long)
			case "$2" in
			  "") echo "Option c, no argument"; shift 2 ;;
			  *)  echo "Option c, argument `$2'" ; shift 2 ;;
			esac ;;
		      --) shift ; break ;;
		      *) echo "Internal error!" ; exit 1 ;;
		    esac
		   done

       getty
	   getty      [OPTIONS]... baud_rate,... line [termtype]

	   Opens a tty, prompts for a login name, then invokes /bin/login

	   Options:

		   -h		   Enable hardware (RTS/CTS) flow control
		   -i		   Do not display /etc/issue before running login
		   -L		   Local line, so do not do carrier detect
		   -m		   Get baud rate from modem's CONNECT status message
		   -w		   Wait for a CR or LF before sending /etc/issue
		   -n		   Do not prompt the user for a login name
		   -f issue_file   Display issue_file instead of /etc/issue
		   -l login_app	   Invoke login_app instead of /bin/login
		   -t timeout	   Terminate after timeout if no username is read
		   -I initstring   Sets the init string to send before anything else
		   -H login_host   Log login_host into the utmp file as the hostname

       grep
	   grep	      [-ihHnqvsEABC] PATTERN [FILEs...]

	   Search for PATTERN in each FILE or standard input.

	   Options:

		   -H	   prefix output lines with filename where match was found
		   -h	   suppress the prefixing filename on output
		   -i	   ignore case distinctions
		   -l	   list names of files that match
		   -L	   list names of files that do not match
		   -n	   print line number with output lines
		   -q	   be quiet. Returns 0 if PATTERN was found, 1 otherwise
		   -v	   select non-matching lines
		   -s	   suppress file open/read error messages
		   -c	   only print count of matching lines
		   -f	   read PATTERN from file
		   -e	   PATTERN is a regular expression
		   -F	   PATTERN is a set of newline-separated strings
		   -E	   PATTERN is an extended regular expression
		   -A	   print NUM lines of trailing context
		   -B	   print NUM lines of leading context
		   -C	   print NUM lines of output context

	   Example:

		   $ grep root /etc/passwd
		   root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
		   $ grep ^[rR]oo. /etc/passwd
		   root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash

       gunzip
	   gunzip     [OPTION]... FILE

	   Uncompress FILE (or standard input if FILE is '-').

	   Options:

		   -c	   Write output to standard output
		   -f	   Force read when source is a terminal
		   -t	   Test compressed file integrity

	   Example:

		   $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
		   -rw-rw-r--	 1 andersen andersen   557009 Apr 11 10:55 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
		   $ gunzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
		   $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
		   -rw-rw-r--	 1 andersen andersen  1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar

       gzip
	   gzip	      [OPTION]... [FILE]...

	   Compress FILE(s) with maximum compression.  When FILE is '-' or
	   unspecified, reads standard input.  Implies -c.

	   Options:

		   -c	   Write output to standard output instead of FILE.gz
		   -d	   Decompress
		   -f	   Force write when destination is a terminal

	   Example:

		   $ ls -la /tmp/busybox*
		   -rw-rw-r--	 1 andersen andersen  1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/busybox.tar
		   $ gzip /tmp/busybox.tar
		   $ ls -la /tmp/busybox*
		   -rw-rw-r--	 1 andersen andersen   554058 Apr 14 17:49 /tmp/busybox.tar.gz

       halt
	   halt	      [-d<delay>] [-n<nosync>] [-f<force>]

	   Halt the system.  Options:

		   -d		   delay interval for halting
		   -n		   no call to sync()
		   -f		   force halt (don't go through init)

       hdparm
	   hdparm     [options] [device] ..

		   If no device name is specified try to read from stdin.

	   Options:

		   -a	get/set fs readahead
		   -A	set drive read-lookahead flag (0/1)
		   -b	get/set bus state (0 == off, 1 == on, 2 == tristate)
		   -B	set Advanced Power Management setting (1-255)
		   -c	get/set IDE 32-bit IO setting
		   -C	check IDE power mode status
		   -d	get/set using_dma flag
		   -D	enable/disable drive defect-mgmt
		   -f	flush buffer cache for device on exit
		   -g	display drive geometry
		   -h	display terse usage information
		   -i	display drive identification
		   -I	detailed/current information directly from drive
		   -k	get/set keep_settings_over_reset flag (0/1)
		   -K	set drive keep_features_over_reset flag (0/1)
		   -L	set drive doorlock (0/1) (removable harddisks only)
		   -m	get/set multiple sector count
		   -n	get/set ignore-write-errors flag (0/1)
		   -p	set PIO mode on IDE interface chipset (0,1,2,3,4,...)
		   -P	set drive prefetch count
		   -q	change next setting quietly
		   -Q	get/set DMA tagged-queuing depth (if supported)
		   -r	get/set readonly flag (DANGEROUS to set)
		   -R	register an IDE interface (DANGEROUS)
		   -S	set standby (spindown) timeout
		   -t	perform device read timings
		   -T	perform cache read timings
		   -u	get/set unmaskirq flag (0/1)
		   -U	un-register an IDE interface (DANGEROUS)
		   -v	defaults; same as -mcudkrag for IDE drives
		   -V	display program version and exit immediately
		   -w	perform device reset (DANGEROUS)
		   -W	set drive write-caching flag (0/1) (DANGEROUS)
		   -x	tristate device for hotswap (0/1) (DANGEROUS)
		   -X	set IDE xfer mode (DANGEROUS)
		   -y	put IDE drive in standby mode
		   -Y	put IDE drive to sleep
		   -Z	disable Seagate auto-powersaving mode
		   -z	re-read partition table

       head
	   head	      [OPTION]... [FILE]...

	   Print first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output.  With more
	   than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name.
	   With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.

	   Options:

		   -n NUM	   Print first NUM lines instead of first 10
		   -c NUM	   output the first NUM bytes
		   -q		   never output headers giving file names
		   -v		   always output headers giving file names

	   Example:

		   $ head -n 2 /etc/passwd
		   root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
		   daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh

       hexdump
	   hexdump    [-[bcCdefnosvx]] [OPTION] FILE

	   The hexdump utility is a filter which displays the specified files,
	   or the standard input, if no files are specified, in a user speci‐
	   fied format

		   -b		   One-byte octal display
		   -c		   One-byte character display
		   -C		   Canonical hex+ASCII, 16 bytes per line
		   -d		   Two-byte decimal display
		   -e FORMAT STRING
		   -f FORMAT FILE
		   -n LENGTH	   Interpret only length bytes of input
		   -o		   Two-byte octal display
		   -s OFFSET	   Skip offset byte
		   -v		   display all input data
		   -x		   Two-byte hexadecimal display

       hostid
	   hostid

	   Print out a unique 32-bit identifier for the machine.

       hostname
	   hostname   [OPTION] {hostname ⎪ -F FILE}

	   Get or set the hostname or DNS domain name. If a hostname is given
	   (or FILE with the -F parameter), the host name will be set.

	   Options:

		   -s	   Short
		   -i	   Addresses for the hostname
		   -d	   DNS domain name
		   -f	   Fully qualified domain name
		   -F FILE Use the contents of FILE to specify the hostname

	   Example:

		   $ hostname
		   sage

       httpd
	   httpd      [-c <conf file>] [-p <port>] [-u user] [-r <realm>] [-m
	   pass] [-h home] [-d/-e <string>]

	   Listens for incoming http server requests.

	   Options:

		   -c FILE	   Specifies configuration file. (default httpd.conf)
		   -p PORT Server port (default 80)
		   -u USER Set uid to USER after listening privileges port
		   -r REALM	   Authentication Realm for Basic Authentication
		   -m PASS	   Crypt PASS with md5 algorithm
		   -h HOME	   Specifies http HOME directory (default ./)
		   -e STRING	   Html encode STRING
		   -d STRING	   URL decode STRING

       hwclock
	   hwclock    [-r⎪--show] [-s⎪--hctosys] [-w⎪--systohc] [-l⎪--local‐
	   time] [-u⎪--utc]

	   Query and set the hardware clock (RTC)

	   Options:

		   -r	   read hardware clock and print result
		   -s	   set the system time from the hardware clock
		   -w	   set the hardware clock to the current system time
		   -u	   the hardware clock is kept in coordinated universal time
		   -l	   the hardware clock is kept in local time

       id  id	      [OPTIONS]... [USERNAME]

	   Print information for USERNAME or the current user

	   Options:

		   USAGE_SELINUX(" -Z	   prints only the security context
	   ")	   B<-g>   prints only the group ID

		   -u	   prints only the user ID
		   -n	   print a name instead of a number
		   -r	   prints the real user ID instead of the effective ID

	   Example:

		   $ id
		   uid=1000(andersen) gid=1000(andersen)

       ifconfig
	   ifconfig	  USAGE_IFCONFIG_OPT_A("[-a]") " <interface>
	   [<address>]

	   configure a network interface

	   Options:

		   USAGE_IPV6("	   [add <address>[/<prefixlen>]]
	   ")	   USAGE_IPV6("	   [del <address>[/<prefixlen>]]
	   ")	   [[-]broadcast [<address>]]  [[-]pointopoint [<address>]]

		   [netmask <address>]	[dstaddr <address>]
		   USAGE_SIOCSKEEPALIVE("  [outfill <NN>] [keepalive <NN>]
	   ")	   " USAGE_IFCONFIG_HW("[hw ether <address>]  ") [metric <NN>]	[mtu <NN>]

		   [[-]trailers]  [[-]arp]  [[-]allmulti]
		   [multicast]	[[-]promisc]  [txqueuelen <NN>]	 [[-]dynamic]
		   USAGE_IFCONFIG_MII("	   [mem_start <NN>]  [io_addr <NN>]  [irq <NN>]
	   ")	   [up⎪down] ...

       ifdown
	   ifdown     <-ahinv> <ifaces...>

	   ifdown <options> <ifaces...>

	   Options:

		   -h	   this help
		   -a	   de/configure all interfaces automatically
		   -i FILE use FILE for interface definitions
		   -n	   print out what would happen, but don't do it
			   (note that this option doesn't disable mappings)
		   -v	   print out what would happen before doing it
		   -m	   don't run any mappings
		   -f	   force de/configuration

       ifup
	   ifup	      <-ahinv> <ifaces...>

	   ifup <options> <ifaces...>

	   Options:

		   -h	   this help
		   -a	   de/configure all interfaces automatically
		   -i FILE use FILE for interface definitions
		   -n	   print out what would happen, but don't do it
				   (note that this option doesn't disable mappings)
		   -v	   print out what would happen before doing it
		   -m	   don't run any mappings
		   -f	   force de/configuration

       inetd
	   inetd      [-f] [-q len] [conf]

	   Listens for network connections and launches programs

	   Option:

		   -f	   Run as a foreground progress
		   -q	   Sets the size of the socket listen queue to
			   the specified value. Default is 128

       init
	   init

	   Init is the parent of all processes.

	   This version of init is designed to be run only by the kernel.

	   BusyBox init doesn't support multiple runlevels.  The runlevels
	   field of the /etc/inittab file is completely ignored by BusyBox
	   init. If you want runlevels, use sysvinit.

	   BusyBox init works just fine without an inittab.  If no inittab is
	   found, it has the following default behavior:

		   ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
		   ::askfirst:/bin/sh
		   ::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/reboot
		   ::shutdown:/sbin/swapoff -a
		   ::shutdown:/bin/umount -a -r
		   ::restart:/sbin/init

	   if it detects that /dev/console is _not_ a serial console, it will
	   also run:

		   tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh
		   tty3::askfirst:/bin/sh
		   tty4::askfirst:/bin/sh

	   If you choose to use an /etc/inittab file, the inittab entry format
	   is as follows:

		   <id>:<runlevels>:<action>:<process>

		   <id>:

			   WARNING: This field has a non-traditional meaning for BusyBox init!
			   The id field is used by BusyBox init to specify the controlling tty for
			   the specified process to run on.  The contents of this field are
			   appended to "/dev/" and used as-is.	There is no need for this field to
			   be unique, although if it isn't you may have strange results.  If this
			   field is left blank, the controlling tty is set to the console.  Also
			   note that if BusyBox detects that a serial console is in use, then only
			   entries whose controlling tty is either the serial console or /dev/null
			   will be run.	 BusyBox init does nothing with utmp.  We don't need no
			   stinkin' utmp.

		   <runlevels>:

			   The runlevels field is completely ignored.

		   <action>:

			   Valid actions include: sysinit, respawn, askfirst, wait,
			   once, restart, ctrlaltdel, and shutdown.

			   The available actions can be classified into two groups: actions
			   that are run only once, and actions that are re-run when the specified
			   process exits.

			   Run only-once actions:

				   'sysinit' is the first item run on boot.  init waits until all
				   sysinit actions are completed before continuing.  Following the
				   completion of all sysinit actions, all 'wait' actions are run.
				   'wait' actions, like	 'sysinit' actions, cause init to wait until
				   the specified task completes.  'once' actions are asynchronous,
				   therefore, init does not wait for them to complete.	'restart' is
				   the action taken to restart the init process.  By default this should
				   simply run /sbin/init, but can be a script which runs pivot_root or it
				   can do all sorts of other interesting things.  The 'ctrlaltdel' init
				   actions are run when the system detects that someone on the system
				  console has pressed the CTRL-ALT-DEL key combination.	 Typically one
				  wants to run 'reboot' at this point to cause the system to reboot.
				   Finally the 'shutdown' action specifies the actions to taken when
				  init is told to reboot.  Unmounting filesystems and disabling swap
				  is a very good here

			   Run repeatedly actions:

				   'respawn' actions are run after the 'once' actions.	When a process
				   started with a 'respawn' action exits, init automatically restarts
				   it.	Unlike sysvinit, BusyBox init does not stop processes from
				   respawning out of control.  The 'askfirst' actions acts just like
				   respawn, except that before running the specified process it
				   displays the line "Please press Enter to activate this console."
				   and then waits for the user to press enter before starting the
				   specified process.

			   Unrecognized actions (like initdefault) will cause init to emit an
			   error message, and then go along with its business.	All actions are
			   run in the order they appear in /etc/inittab.

		   <process>:

			   Specifies the process to be executed and its command line.

	   Example /etc/inittab file:

		   # This is run first except when booting in single-user mode.
		   #
		   ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS

		   # /bin/sh invocations on selected ttys
		   #
		   # Start an "askfirst" shell on the console (whatever that may be)
		   ::askfirst:-/bin/sh
		   # Start an "askfirst" shell on /dev/tty2-4
		   tty2::askfirst:-/bin/sh
		   tty3::askfirst:-/bin/sh
		   tty4::askfirst:-/bin/sh

		   # /sbin/getty invocations for selected ttys
		   #
		   tty4::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty4
		   tty5::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty5

		   # Example of how to put a getty on a serial line (for a terminal)
		   #
		   #::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS0 9600 vt100
		   #::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS1 9600 vt100
		   #
		   # Example how to put a getty on a modem line.
		   #::respawn:/sbin/getty 57600 ttyS2

		   # Stuff to do when restarting the init process
		   ::restart:/sbin/init

		   # Stuff to do before rebooting
		   ::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/reboot
		   ::shutdown:/bin/umount -a -r
		   ::shutdown:/sbin/swapoff -a

       insmod
	   insmod     [OPTION]... MODULE [symbol=value]...

	   Loads the specified kernel modules into the kernel.

	   Options:

		   -f	   Force module to load into the wrong kernel version
		   -k	   Make module autoclean-able
		   -v	   verbose output
		   -q	   quiet output
		   -L	   Lock to prevent simultaneous loads of a module
		   USAGE_INSMOD_MAP("	   -m	   Output load map to stdout
	   ")	   B<-o> NAME	   Set internal module name to NAME

		   -x	   do not export externs

       install
	   install    [-cgmops] [sources] <dest⎪directory>

	   Copies files and set attributes

	   Options:

		   -c	   copy the file, default
		   -d	   create directories
		   -g	   set group ownership
		   -m	   set permission modes
		   -o	   set ownership
		   -p	   preserve date
		   -s	   strip symbol tables

       ip  ip	      [ OPTIONS ] { address ⎪ link ⎪ route ⎪ tunnel } { COM‐
	   MAND ⎪ help }

	   ip [ OPTIONS ] OBJECT { COMMAND ⎪ help } where  OBJECT := { link ⎪
	   addr ⎪ route ⎪ tunnel } OPTIONS := { -f[amily] { inet ⎪ inet6 ⎪
	   link } ⎪ -o[neline] }

       ipaddr
	   ipaddr     { {add⎪del} IFADDR dev STRING ⎪ {show⎪flush}	     [
	   dev STRING ] [ to PREFIX ] }

	   ipaddr {add⎪delete} IFADDR dev STRING ipaddr {show⎪flush} [ dev
	   STRING ] [ scope SCOPE-ID ]

				   [ to PREFIX ] [ label PATTERN ]
				   IFADDR := PREFIX ⎪ ADDR peer PREFIX
				   [ broadcast ADDR ] [ anycast ADDR ]
				   [ label STRING ] [ scope SCOPE-ID ]
				   SCOPE-ID := [ host ⎪ link ⎪ global ⎪ NUMBER ]

       ipcalc
	   ipcalc     [OPTION]... <ADDRESS>[[/]<NETMASK>] [NETMASK]

	   Calculate IP network settings from a IP address

	   Options:

		   -b	   --broadcast	   Display calculated broadcast address
		   -n	   --network	   Display calculated network address
		   -m	   --netmask	   Display default netmask for IP  XUSAGE_IPCALC_FANCY(
		   -p	   --prefix	   Display the prefix for IP/NETMASK
		   -h	   --hostname	   Display first resolved host name
		   -s	   --silent	   Don't ever display error messages")

       ipcrm
	   ipcrm      [-[MQS] key] [-[mqs] id]

	   The upper-case options MQS are used to remove a shared memory seg‐
	   ment by an shmkey value. The lower-case options mqs are used to
	   remove a segment by shmid value.

		   -m-M Remove the memory segment after the last detach
		   -q-Q Remove the message queue
		   -s-S Remove the semaphore

       ipcs
	   ipcs	      [[-smq] -i shmid] ⎪ [[-asmq] [-tclup]]

		   -i	   specify a specific resource id
	   Resource specification:

		   -m	   shared memory segments
		   -q	   message queues
		   -s	   semaphore arrays
		   -a	   all (default)
	   Output format:

		   -t	   time
		   -p	   pid
		   -s	   creator
		   -a	   limits
		   -i	   summary

       iplink
	   iplink

	   iplink set DEVICE { up ⎪ down ⎪ arp { on ⎪ off } ⎪

				   dynamic { on ⎪ off } ⎪
				   mtu MTU }
		   iplink show [ DEVICE ]

       iproute
	   iproute    { list ⎪ flush ⎪ { add ⎪ del ⎪ change ⎪ append ⎪
		     replace ⎪ monitor } ROUTE }

	   iproute { list ⎪ flush } SELECTOR iproute get ADDRESS [ from
	   ADDRESS iif STRING ]

				   [ oif STRING ]  [ tos TOS ]
		   iproute { add ⎪ del ⎪ change ⎪ append ⎪ replace ⎪ monitor } ROUTE
				   SELECTOR := [ root PREFIX ] [ match PREFIX ] [ proto RTPROTO ]
				   ROUTE := [ TYPE ] PREFIX [ tos TOS ] [ proto RTPROTO ]

       iptunnel
	   iptunnel   { add ⎪ change ⎪ del ⎪ show } [ NAME ]	       [ mode
	   { ipip ⎪ gre ⎪ sit } ]	    [ remote ADDR ] [ local ADDR ] [
	   ttl TTL ]

	   iptunnel { add ⎪ change ⎪ del ⎪ show } [ NAME ]

				   [ mode { ipip ⎪ gre ⎪ sit } ] [ remote ADDR ] [ local ADDR ]
				   [ [i⎪o]seq ] [ [i⎪o]key KEY ] [ [i⎪o]csum ]
				   [ ttl TTL ] [ tos TOS ] [ [no]pmtudisc ] [ dev PHYS_DEV ]

       kill
	   kill	      [-signal] process-id [process-id ...]

	   Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified process(es).

	   Options:

		   -l	   List all signal names and numbers

	   Example:

		   $ ps ⎪ grep apache
		   252 root	root	 S [apache]
		   263 www-data www-data S [apache]
		   264 www-data www-data S [apache]
		   265 www-data www-data S [apache]
		   266 www-data www-data S [apache]
		   267 www-data www-data S [apache]
		   $ kill 252

       killall
	   killall    [-q] [-signal] process-name [process-name ...]

	   Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified process(es).

	   Options:

		   -l	   List all signal names and numbers
		   -q	   Do not complain if no processes were killed

	   Example:

		   $ killall apache

       klogd
	   klogd      [-c n] [-n]

	   Kernel logger.  Options:

		   -c n	   Sets the default log level of console messages to n
		   -n	   Run as a foreground process

       lash
	   lash	      [FILE]...	 or: sh -c command [args]...

	   The BusyBox LAme SHell (command interpreter)

	   This command does not yet have proper documentation.

	   Use lash just as you would use any other shell.  It properly han‐
	   dles pipes, redirects, job control, can be used as the shell for
	   scripts, and has a sufficient set of builtins to do what is needed.
	   It does not (yet) support Bourne Shell syntax.  If you need things
	   like "if-then-else", "while", and such use ash or bash.  If you
	   just need a very simple and extremely small shell, this will do the
	   job.

       last
	   last

	   Shows listing of the last users that logged into the system

       length
	   length     STRING

	   Prints out the length of the specified STRING.

	   Example:

		   $ length Hello
		   5

       less
	   less	      [-EMNmh~?] FILE1 FILE2...

	   View a file or list of files. The position within files can be
	   changed, and files can be manipulated in various ways with the fol‐
	   lowing options:

		   -E	   Quit once the end of a file is reached
		   -M	   Display a status line containing the current line numbers
			   and the percentage through the file
		   -N	   Prefix line numbers to each line
		   -m	   Display a status line containing the percentage through the
			   file
		   -~	   Suppress ~s displayed when input past the end of the file is
			   reached.
		   -h, -?  Display this help message

       ln  ln	      [OPTION] TARGET... LINK_NAME⎪DIRECTORY

	   Create a link named LINK_NAME or DIRECTORY to the specified TARGET

	   You may use '--' to indicate that all following arguments are
	   non-options.

	   Options:

		   -s	   make symbolic links instead of hard links
		   -f	   remove existing destination files
		   -n	   no dereference symlinks - treat like normal file
		   -b	   make a backup of the target (if exists) before link operation
		   -S suffix	   use suffix instead of ~ when making backup files

	   Example:

		   $ ln -s BusyBox /tmp/ls
		   $ ls -l /tmp/ls
		   lrwxrwxrwx	 1 root	    root	    7 Apr 12 18:39 ls -> BusyBox*

       load_policy
	   load_policy

	   load SELinux policy

	   Example:

		   $ load_policy /etc/selinux/strict/policy/policy.17

       loadfont
	   loadfont   < font

	   Loads a console font from standard input.

	   Example:

		   $ loadfont < /etc/i18n/fontname

       loadkmap
	   loadkmap   < keymap

	   Loads a binary keyboard translation table from standard input.

	   Example:

		   $ loadkmap < /etc/i18n/lang-keymap

       logger
	   logger     [OPTION]... [MESSAGE]

	   Write MESSAGE to the system log.  If MESSAGE is omitted, log stdin.

	   Options:

		   -s	   Log to stderr as well as the system log
		   -t TAG  Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name)
		   -p PRIORITY	   Enter the message with the specified priority
			   This may be numerical or a ``facility.level'' pair

	   Example:

		   $ logger "hello"

       login
	   login      [OPTION]... [username] [ENV=VAR ...]

	   Begin a new session on the system

	   Options:

		   -f	   Do not authenticate (user already authenticated)
		   -h	   Name of the remote host for this login
		   -p	   Preserve environment

       logname
	   logname

	   Print the name of the current user.

	   Example:

		   $ logname
		   root

       logread
	   logread    [OPTION]...

	   Shows the messages from syslogd (using circular buffer).

	   Options:

		   -f		   output data as the log grows

       losetup
	   losetup    [-od] LOOPDEVICE [FILE]

	   Associate LOOPDEVICE with FILE, or display current association.

	   Options:

		   -d		   Disassociate LOOPDEVICE
		   -o OFFSET	   Start OFFSET bytes into FILE

	   One argument (losetup /dev/loop1) will display the current associa‐
	   tion (if any), or disassociate it (with -d).	 The display shows the
	   offset and filename of the file the loop device is currently bound
	   to.

	   Two arguments (losetup /dev/loop1 file.img) create a new associa‐
	   tion, with an optional offset (-o 12345).  Encryption is not yet
	   supported.

       ls  ls	      [-1Aa" USAGE_LS_TIMESTAMPS("c") "Cd" USAGE_LS_TIME‐
	   STAMPS("e") USAGE_LS_FILETYPES("F") "iln" USAGE_LS_FILETYPES("p")
	   USAGE_LS_FOLLOWLINKS("L") USAGE_LS_RECURSIVE("R") USAGE_LS_SORT‐
	   FILES("rS") "s" USAGE_AUTOWIDTH("T") USAGE_LS_TIMESTAMPS("tu")
	   USAGE_LS_SORTFILES("v") USAGE_AUTOWIDTH("w") "x" USAGE_LS_SORT‐
	   FILES("X") "hk" USAGE_SELINUX("K") "] [filenames...]

	   List directory contents

	   Options:

		   -1	   list files in a single column
		   -A	   do not list implied . and ..
		   -a	   do not hide entries starting with .
		   -C	   list entries by columns
		   USAGE_LS_TIMESTAMPS("   -c	   with -l: show ctime
	   ")	   USAGE_LS_COLOR("	   -B<-color>[={always,never,auto}]	   to control coloring
	   ")	   B<-d>   list directory entries instead of contents

		   USAGE_LS_TIMESTAMPS("   -e	   list both full date and full time
	   ")	   USAGE_LS_FILETYPES("	   B<-F>   append indicator (one of */=@⎪) to entries
	   ")	   B<-i>   list the i-node for each file

		   -l	   use a long listing format
		   -n	   list numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names
		   USAGE_LS_FILETYPES("	   -p	   append indicator (one of /=@⎪) to entries
	   ")	   USAGE_LS_FOLLOWLINKS("  B<-L>   list entries pointed to by symbolic links
	   ")	   USAGE_LS_RECURSIVE("	   B<-R>   list subdirectories recursively
	   ")	   USAGE_LS_SORTFILES("	   B<-r>   sort the listing in reverse order
	   ")	   USAGE_LS_SORTFILES("	   B<-S>   sort the listing by file size
	   ")	   B<-s>   list the size of each file, in blocks

		   USAGE_AUTOWIDTH("	   -T NUM  assume Tabstop every NUM columns
	   ")	   USAGE_LS_TIMESTAMPS("   B<-t>   with B<-l>: show modification time
	   ")	   USAGE_LS_TIMESTAMPS("   B<-u>   with B<-l>: show access time
	   ")	   USAGE_LS_SORTFILES("	   B<-v>   sort the listing by version
	   ")	   USAGE_AUTOWIDTH("	   B<-w> NUM	   assume the terminal is NUM columns wide
	   ")	   B<-x>   list entries by lines instead of by columns

		   USAGE_LS_SORTFILES("	   -X	   sort the listing by extension
	   ")		   B<-h>   print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 243M 2G )

		   USAGE_SELINUX(" -k	   print security context
	   ")	   USAGE_SELINUX(" B<-K>   print security context in long format
	   ")

       lsattr
	   lsattr     [-Radlv] [files...]

	   list file attributes on an ext2 fs

	   Options:

		   -R	   recursively list subdirectories
		   -a	   do not hide entries starting with .
		   -d	   list directory entries instead of contents
		   -l	   print long flag names
		   -v	   list the file's version/generation number

       lsmod
	   lsmod

	   List the currently loaded kernel modules.

       lzmacat
	   lzmacat    FILE

	   Uncompress to stdout.

       makedevs
	   makedevs   [-d device_table] rootdir

	   Creates a range of special files as specified in a device table.
	   Device table entries take the form of: <type> <mode> <uid> <gid>
	   <major> <minor> <start> <inc> <count> Where name is the file name,
	   type can be one of:

		 f	 A regular file
		 d	 Directory
		 c	 Character special device file
		 b	 Block special device file
		 p	 Fifo (named pipe)
	   uid is the user id for the target file, gid is the group id for the
	   target file.	 The rest of the entries (major, minor, etc) apply to
	   to device special files.  A '-' may be used for blank entries.

	   Example:

		   For example:
		   <name>    <type> <mode><uid><gid><major><minor><start><inc><count>
		   /dev		d   755	   0	0    -	    -	   -	  -    -
		   /dev/console c   666	   0	0    5	    1	   -	  -    -
		   /dev/null	c   666	   0	0    1	    3	   0	  0    -
		   /dev/zero	c   666	   0	0    1	    5	   0	  0    -
		   /dev/hda	b   640	   0	0    3	    0	   0	  0    -
		   /dev/hda	b   640	   0	0    3	    1	   1	  1    15

		   Will Produce:
		   /dev
		   /dev/console
		   /dev/null
		   /dev/zero
		   /dev/hda
		   /dev/hda[0-15]

       md5sum
	   md5sum     [OPTION] [FILEs...]     USAGE_MD5_SHA1_SUM_CHECK("
	      or: md5sum [OPTION] -c [FILE]")

	   Print" USAGE_MD5_SHA1_SUM_CHECK(" or check") " MD5 checksums.

	   Options: With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard
	   input.  USAGE_MD5_SHA1_SUM_CHECK("

		   -c	   check MD5 sums against given list

	   The following two options are useful only when verifying checksums:

		   -s	   don't output anything, status code shows success
		   -w	   warn about improperly formated MD5 checksum lines")

	   Example:

		   $ md5sum < busybox
		   6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003
		   $ md5sum busybox
		   6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003  busybox
		   $ md5sum -c -
		   6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003  busybox
		   busybox: OK
		   ^D

       mdev
	   mdev	      [-s]

		   -s	   Scan /sys and populate /dev during system boot

	   Called with no options (via hotplug) it uses environment variables
	   to determine which device to add/remove.

	    The mdev config file contains lines that look like:
	     hd[a-z][0-9]* 0:3 660

	   That's device name (with regex match), uid:gid, and permissions.

	   Optionally, that can be followed (on the same line) by a special
	   character and a command line to run after creating/before deleting
	   the corresponding device(s).	 The environment variable $MDEV indi‐
	   cates the active device node (which is useful if it's a regex
	   match).  For example:

	     hdc root:cdrom 660	 *ln -s $MDEV cdrom

	   The special characters are @ (run after creating), $ (run before
	   deleting), and * (run both after creating and before deleting).
	   The commands run in the /dev directory, and use system() which
	   calls /bin/sh.

	   Config file parsing stops on the first matching line.  If no config
	   entry is matched, devices are created with default 0:0 660.	(Make
	   the last line match .* to override this.)

       mesg
	   mesg	      [y⎪n]

	   mesg controls write access to your terminal

		   y	   Allow write access to your terminal
		   n	   Disallow write access to your terminal

       mkdir
	   mkdir      [OPTION] DIRECTORY...

	   Create the DIRECTORY(ies) if they do not already exist

	   Options:

		   -m	   set permission mode (as in chmod), not rwxrwxrwx - umask
		   -p	   no error if existing, make parent directories as needed

	   Example:

		   $ mkdir /tmp/foo
		   $ mkdir /tmp/foo
		   /tmp/foo: File exists
		   $ mkdir /tmp/foo/bar/baz
		   /tmp/foo/bar/baz: No such file or directory
		   $ mkdir -p /tmp/foo/bar/baz

       mke2fs
	   mke2fs     [-c⎪-l filename] [-b block-size] [-f fragment-size] [-g
	   blocks-per-group] [-i bytes-per-inode] [-j] [-J journal-options]
	   [-N number-of-inodes] [-n] [-m reserved-blocks-percentage] [-o cre‐
	   ator-os] [-O feature[,...]] [-q] [r fs-revision-level] [-E
	   extended-options] [-v] [-F] [-L volume-label] [-M
	   last-mounted-directory] [-S] [-T filesystem-type] device
	   [blocks-count]

		   -b size block size in bytes
		   -c	   check for bad blocks before creating
		   -E opts set extended options
		   -f size fragment size in bytes
		   -F	   force (ignore sanity checks)
		   -g num  number of blocks in a block group
		   -i ratio	   the bytes/inode ratio
		   -j	   create a journal (ext3)
		   -J opts set journal options (size/device)
		   -l file read bad blocks list from file
		   -L lbl  set the volume label
		   -m percent	   percent of fs blocks to reserve for admin
		   -M dir  set last mounted directory
		   -n	   do not actually create anything
		   -N num  number of inodes to create
		   -o os   set the 'creator os' field
		   -O features	   dir_index/filetype/has_journal/journal_dev/sparse_super
		   -q	   quiet execution
		   -r rev  set filesystem revision
		   -S	   write superblock and group descriptors only
		   -T fs-type	   set usage type (news/largefile/largefile4)
		   -v	   verbose execution

       mkfifo
	   mkfifo     [OPTIONS] name

	   Creates a named pipe (identical to 'mknod name p')

	   Options:

		   -m	   create the pipe using the specified mode (default a=rw)

       mkfs.minix
	   mkfs.minix [-c-l filename] [-nXX] [-iXX] /dev/name [blocks]

	   Make a MINIX filesystem.

	   Options:

		   -c		   Check the device for bad blocks
		   -n [14⎪30]	   Specify the maximum length of filenames
		   -i INODES	   Specify the number of inodes for the filesystem
		   -l FILENAME	   Read the bad blocks list from FILENAME
		   -v		   Make a Minix version 2 filesystem

       mknod
	   mknod      [OPTIONS] NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR

	   Create a special file (block, character, or pipe).

	   Options:

		   -m	   create the special file using the specified mode (default a=rw)

	   TYPEs include:

		   b:	   Make a block (buffered) device
		   c or u: Make a character (un-buffered) device
		   p:	   Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for named pipes

	   Example:

		   $ mknod /dev/fd0 b 2 0
		   $ mknod -m 644 /tmp/pipe p

       mkswap
	   mkswap     [-c] [-v0⎪-v1] device [block-count]

	   Prepare a disk partition to be used as a swap partition.

	   Options:

		   -c		   Check for read-ability
		   -v0		   Make version 0 swap [max 128 Megs]
		   -v1		   Make version 1 swap [big!] (default for kernels >
				   2.1.117)
		   block-count	   Number of block to use (default is entire partition)

       mktemp
	   mktemp     [-dq] TEMPLATE

	   Creates a temporary file with its name based on TEMPLATE.  TEMPLATE
	   is any name with six `Xs' (i.e., /tmp/temp.XXXXXX).

	   Options:

		   -d		   Make a directory instead of a file
		   -q		   Fail silently if an error occurs

	   Example:

		   $ mktemp /tmp/temp.XXXXXX
		   /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
		   $ ls -la /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
		   -rw-------	 1 andersen andersen	    0 Apr 25 17:10 /tmp/temp.mWiLjM

       modprobe
	   modprobe   [-knqrsv] MODULE [symbol=value ...]

	   Options:

		   -k	   Make module autoclean-able
		   -n	   Just show what would be done
		   -q	   Quiet output
		   -r	   Remove module (stacks) or do autoclean
		   -s	   Report via syslog instead of stderr
		   -v	   Verbose output

	   modprobe can (un)load a stack of modules, passing each module
	   options (when loading). modprobe uses a configuration file to
	   determine what option(s) to pass each module it loads.

	   The configuration file is searched (in order) amongst:

	       /etc/modprobe.conf (2.6 only)
	       /etc/modules.conf
	       /etc/conf.modules (deprecated)

	   They all have the same syntax (see below). If none is present, it
	   is _not_ an error; each loaded module is then expected to load
	   without options. Once a file is found, the others are tested for.

	   /etc/modules.conf entry format:

	     alias <alias_name> <mod_name>
	       Makes it possible to modprobe alias_name, when there is no such module.
	       It makes sense if your mod_name is long, or you want a more representative
	       name for that module (eg. 'scsi' in place of 'aha7xxx').
	       This makes it also possible to use a different set of options (below) for
	       the module and the alias.
	       A module can be aliased more than once.

	     options <mod_name⎪alias_name> <symbol=value ...>
	       When loading module mod_name (or the module aliased by alias_name), pass
	       the "symbol=value" pairs as option to that module.

	   Sample /etc/modules.conf file:

	     options tulip irq=3
	     alias tulip tulip2
	     options tulip2 irq=4 io=0x308

	   Other functionality offered by 'classic' modprobe is not available
	   in this implementation.

	   If module options are present both in the config file, and on the
	   command line, then the options from the command line will be passed
	   to the module _after_ the options from the config file. That way,
	   you can have defaults in the config file, and override them for a
	   specific usage from the command line.

	   Example:

		   (with the above /etc/modules.conf):

		   $ modprobe tulip
		      will load the module 'tulip' with default option 'irq=3'

		   $ modprobe tulip irq=5
		      will load the module 'tulip' with option 'irq=5', thus overriding the default

		   $ modprobe tulip2
		      will load the module 'tulip' with default options 'irq=4 io=0x308',
		      which are the default for alias 'tulip2'

		   $ modprobe tulip2 irq=8
		      will load the module 'tulip' with default options 'irq=4 io=0x308 irq=8',
		      which are the default for alias 'tulip2' overridden by the option 'irq=8'

		      from the command line

		   $ modprobe tulip2 irq=2 io=0x210
		      will load the module 'tulip' with default options 'irq=4 io=0x308 irq=4 io=0x210',
		      which are the default for alias 'tulip2' overridden by the options 'irq=2 io=0x210'

		      from the command line

       more
	   more	      [FILE ...]

	   More is a filter for viewing FILE one screenful at a time.

	   Example:

		   $ dmesg ⎪ more

       mount
	   mount      [flags] DEVICE NODE [-o options,more-options]

	   Mount a filesystem.	Filesystem autodetection requires /proc be
	   mounted.

	   Flags:

		   -a:		   Mount all filesystems in fstab
		   USAGE_MTAB(	   -f:		   "Fake" Add entry to mount table but don't mount it
		   -n:		   Don't write a mount table entry
		   )	   -o option:	   One of many filesystem options, listed below
		   -r:		   Mount the filesystem read-only
		   -t fs-type:	   Specify the filesystem type
		   -w:		   Mount for reading and writing (default)

	   Options for use with the "-o" flag:

		   async/sync:	   Writes are asynchronous / synchronous
		   atime/noatime:  Enable / disable updates to inode access times
		   dev/nodev:	   Allow use of special device files / disallow them
		   exec/noexec:	   Allow use of executable files / disallow them
		   USAGE_MOUNT_LOOP(	   loop:	    Ignored (loop devices are autodetected)
		   )	   suid/nosuid:	   Allow set-user-id-root programs / disallow them
		   remount:	   Re-mount a mounted filesystem, changing its flags
		   ro/rw:	   Mount for read-only / read-write
		   bind:	   Bind a directory to an additional location
		   move:	   Relocate an existing mount point.

	   There are EVEN MORE flags that are specific to each filesystem
	   You'll have to see the written documentation for those filesystems

	   Returns 0 for success, number of failed mounts for -a, or errno for
	   one mount.

	   Example:

		   $ mount
		   /dev/hda3 on / type minix (rw)
		   proc on /proc type proc (rw)
		   devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw)
		   $ mount /dev/fd0 /mnt -t msdos -o ro
		   $ mount /tmp/diskimage /opt -t ext2 -o loop
		   $ mount cd_image.iso mydir

       mountpoint
	   mountpoint [-q] <[-d] DIR ⎪ -x DEVICE>

	   mountpoint checks if the directory is a mountpoint

	   Options:

		   -q:		   Be more quiet
		   -d:		   Print major/minor device number of the filesystem
		   -x:		   Print major/minor device number of the blockdevice

	   Example:

		   $ mountpoint /proc
		   /proc is not a mountpoint
		   $ mountpoint /sys
		   /sys is a mountpoint

       mt  mt	      [-f device] opcode value

	   Control magnetic tape drive operation

	   Available Opcodes:

	   bsf bsfm bsr bss datacompression drvbuffer eof eom erase fsf fsfm
	   fsr fss load lock mkpart nop offline ras1 ras2 ras3 reset retension
	   rewind rewoffline seek setblk setdensity setpart tell unload unlock
	   weof wset

       mv  mv	      [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST or: mv [OPTION]... SOURCE...
	   DIRECTORY

	   Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.

	   Options:

		   -f	   don't prompt before overwriting
		   -i	   interactive, prompt before overwrite

	   Example:

		   $ mv /tmp/foo /bin/bar

       nameif
	   nameif     [-s] [-c FILE] [{IFNAME MACADDR}]

	   Nameif renaming network interface while it in the down state.

	   Options:

		   -c FILE	   Use configuration file (default is /etc/mactab)
		   -s		   Use syslog (LOCAL0 facility)
		   IFNAME MACADDR  new_interface_name interface_mac_address

	   Example:

		   $ nameif -s dmz0 00:A0:C9:8C:F6:3F
		    or
		   $ nameif -c /etc/my_mactab_file

       nc  nc	      [OPTIONS] [IP] [port]

	   Netcat opens a pipe to IP:port

	   Options:

		   -l		   listen mode, for inbound connects
		   -p PORT	   local port number
		   -i SECS	   delay interval for lines sent
		   USAGE_NC_EXEC(  -e PROG	   program to exec after connect (dangerous!)
		   )	   -w SECS	   timeout for connects and final net reads

	   Example:

		   $ nc foobar.somedomain.com 25
		   220 foobar ESMTP Exim 3.12 #1 Sat, 15 Apr 2000 00:03:02 -0600
		   help
		   214-Commands supported:
		   214-	   HELO EHLO MAIL RCPT DATA AUTH
		   214	   NOOP QUIT RSET HELP
		   quit
		   221 foobar closing connection

       netstat
	   netstat    [-laenrtuwx]

	   Netstat displays Linux networking information.

	   Options:

		   -l display listening server sockets
		   -a display all sockets (default: connected)
		   -e display other/more information
		   -n don't resolve names
		   -r display routing table
		   -t tcp sockets
		   -u udp sockets
		   -w raw sockets
		   -x unix sockets

       nice
	   nice	      [-n ADJUST] [COMMAND [ARG] ...]

	   Nice runs a program with modified scheduling priority.

	   Options:

		   -n ADJUST	   Adjust the scheduling priority by ADJUST

       nohup
	   nohup      COMMAND [ARGS]

	   run a command immune to hangups, with output to a non-tty

	   Example:

		   $ nohup make &

       nslookup
	   nslookup   [HOST] [SERVER]

	   Queries the nameserver for the IP address of the given HOST option‐
	   ally using a specified DNS server

	   Example:

		   $ nslookup localhost
		   Server:     default
		   Address:    default

		   Name:       debian
		   Address:    127.0.0.1

       od  od	      [-aBbcDdeFfHhIiLlOovXx] [FILE]

	   Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of
	   FILE to standard output.  With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read
	   standard input.

       openvt
	   openvt     <vtnum> <COMMAND> [ARGS...]

	   Start a command on a new virtual terminal

	   Example:

		   openvt 2 /bin/ash

       passwd
	   passwd     [OPTION] [name]

	   Change a user password. If no name is specified, changes the pass‐
	   word for the current user.  Options:

		   -a	   Define which algorithm shall be used for the password
				   (Choices: des, md5	   PASSWORD_ALG_TYPES(", sha1") )
		   -d	   Delete the password for the specified user account
		   -l	   Locks (disables) the specified user account
		   -u	   Unlocks (re-enables) the specified user account

       patch
	   patch      [-p<num>] [-i <diff>]

		   -p <num>	   Strip <num> leading components from file names
		   -i <diff>	   Read <diff> instead of stdin

	   Example:

		   $ patch -p1 < example.diff
		   $ patch -p0 -i example.diff

       pidof
	   pidof      process-name [OPTION] [process-name ...]

	   Lists the PIDs of all processes with names that match the names on
	   the command line.

		   USAGE_PIDOF	   USAGE_FEATURE_PIDOF_SINGLE("
		   -s		   display only a single PID")	   USAGE_FEATURE_PIDOF_OMIT("
		   -o		   omit given pid.")	   USAGE_FEATURE_PIDOF_OMIT("
				   Use %PPID to omit the parent pid of pidof itself")

	   Example:

		   $ pidof init
		   1
			   USAGE_FEATURE_PIDOF_OMIT("$ pidof /bin/sh
		   20351 5973 5950
		   ")	   USAGE_FEATURE_PIDOF_OMIT("$ pidof /bin/sh -o %PPID
		   20351 5950")

       ping
	   ping	      [OPTION]... host

	   Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts.

	   Options:

		   -c COUNT	   Send only COUNT pings
		   -s SIZE	   Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default=56)
		   -q		   Quiet mode, only displays output at start
				   and when finished

	   Example:

		   $ ping localhost
		   PING slag (127.0.0.1): 56 data bytes
		   64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=20.1 ms

		   --- debian ping statistics ---
		   1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss
		   round-trip min/avg/max = 20.1/20.1/20.1 ms

       ping6
	   ping6      [OPTION]... host

	   Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts.

	   Options:

		   -c COUNT	   Send only COUNT pings
		   -s SIZE	   Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default=56)
		   -q		   Quiet mode, only displays output at start
				   and when finished

	   Example:

		   $ ping6 ip6-localhost
		   PING ip6-localhost (::1): 56 data bytes
		   64 bytes from ::1: icmp6_seq=0 ttl=64 time=20.1 ms

		   --- ip6-localhost ping statistics ---
		   1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss
		   round-trip min/avg/max = 20.1/20.1/20.1 ms

       pivot_root
	   pivot_root NEW_ROOT PUT_OLD

	   Move the current root file system to PUT_OLD and make NEW_ROOT the
	   new root file system.

       poweroff
	   poweroff   [-d<delay>] [-n<nosync>] [-f<force>]

	   Halt and shut off power.  Options:

		   -d		   delay interval for halting
		   -n		   no call to sync()
		   -f		   force power off (don't go through init)

       printenv
	   printenv   [VARIABLES...]

	   print all or part of environment

	   If no environment VARIABLE specified, print them all.

       printf
	   printf     FORMAT [ARGUMENT...]

	   Formats and prints ARGUMENT(s) according to FORMAT, Where FORMAT
	   controls the output exactly as in C printf.

	   Example:

		   $ printf "Val=%d\n" 5
		   Val=5

       ps  ps

	   Report process status

		   USAGE_PS	   USAGE_SELINUX("
		   -Z	   show SE Linux context")	   USAGE_PS_WIDE("
		   w	   wide output")

	   Example:

		   $ ps
		     PID  Uid	   Gid State Command
		       1 root	  root	   S init
		       2 root	  root	   S [kflushd]
		       3 root	  root	   S [kupdate]
		       4 root	  root	   S [kpiod]
		       5 root	  root	   S [kswapd]
		     742 andersen andersen S [bash]
		     743 andersen andersen S -bash
		     745 root	  root	   S [getty]
		    2990 andersen andersen R ps

       pwd pwd

	   Print the full filename of the current working directory.

	   Example:

		   $ pwd
		   /root

       rdate
	   rdate      [-sp] HOST

	   Get and possibly set the system date and time from a remote HOST.

	   Options:

		   -s	   Set the system date and time (default)
		   -p	   Print the date and time

       readlink
	   readlink	  USAGE_READLINK_FOLLOW("[-f] ") "FILE

	   Displays the value of a symbolic link.  USAGE_READLINK_FOLLOW("

	   Options:

		   -f	   canonicalize by following all symlinks")

       readprofile
	   readprofile [OPTIONS]...

	   Options:

		    -m <mapfile>  (default: /boot/System.map)
		    -p <profile>  (default: /proc/profile)
		    -M <mult>	  set the profiling multiplier to <mult>
		    -i		  print only info about the sampling step
		    -v		  print verbose data
		    -a		  print all symbols, even if count is 0
		    -b		  print individual histogram-bin counts
		    -s		  print individual counters within functions
		    -r		  reset all the counters (root only)
		    -n		  disable byte order auto-detection

       realpath
	   realpath   pathname	...

	   Returns the absolute pathnames of given argument.

       reboot
	   reboot     [-d<delay>] [-n<nosync>] [-f<force>]

	   Reboot the system.  Options:

		   -d		   delay interval for rebooting
		   -n		   no call to sync()
		   -f		   force reboot (don't go through init)

       renice
	   renice     {{-n INCREMENT} ⎪ PRIORITY} [[ -p-g-u ] ID ...]

	   Changes priority of running processes.

	   Options:

		   -n	   adjusts current nice value (smaller is faster)
		   -p	   process id(s) (default)
		   -g	   process group id(s)
		   -u	   process user name(s) and/or id(s)

       reset
	   reset

	   Resets the screen.

       rm  rm	      [OPTION]... FILE...

	   Remove (unlink) the FILE(s).	 You may use '--' to indicate that all
	   following arguments are non-options.

	   Options:

		   -i		   always prompt before removing each destination
		   -f		   remove existing destinations, never prompt
		   -r or -R	   remove the contents of directories recursively

	   Example:

		   $ rm -rf /tmp/foo

       rmdir
	   rmdir      [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...

	   Remove the DIRECTORY(ies), if they are empty.

	   Example:

		   # rmdir /tmp/foo

       rmmod
	   rmmod      [OPTION]... [MODULE]...

	   Unloads the specified kernel modules from the kernel.

	   Options:

		   -a	   Remove all unused modules (recursively)

	   Example:

		   $ rmmod tulip

       route
	   route      [{add⎪del⎪delete}]

	   Edit the kernel's routing tables.

	   Options:

		   -n		   Dont resolve names
		   -e		   Display other/more information
		   -A inet" USAGE_ROUTE_IPV6("{6}") "	   Select address family

       rpm rpm	      -i -q[ildc]p package.rpm

	   Manipulates RPM packages

	   Options:

		   -i Install package
		   -q Query package
		   -p Query uninstalled package
		   -i Show information
		   -l List contents
		   -d List documents
		   -c List config files

       rpm2cpio
	   rpm2cpio   package.rpm

	   Outputs a cpio archive of the rpm file.

       run-parts
	   run-parts  [-t] [-a ARG] [-u MASK] DIRECTORY

	   Run a bunch of scripts in a directory.

	   Options:

		   -t	   Prints what would be run, but does not actually run anything
		   -a ARG  Pass ARG as an argument for every program invoked
		   -u MASK Set the umask to MASK before executing every program

       runlevel
	   runlevel   [utmp]

	   Example:

		   $ runlevel /var/run/utmp
		   N 2

       rx  rx	      FILE

	   Receive a file using the xmodem protocol.

	   Example:

		   $ rx /tmp/foo

       sed sed	      [-efinr] pattern [files...]

	   Options:

		   -e script	   add the script to the commands to be executed
		   -f scriptfile   add script-file contents to the
				   commands to be executed
		   -i		   edit files in-place
		   -n		   suppress automatic printing of pattern space
		   -r		   use extended regular expression syntax

	   If no -e or -f is given, the first non-option argument is taken as
	   the sed script to interpret. All remaining arguments are names of
	   input files; if no input files are specified, then the standard
	   input is read.  Source files will not be modified unless -i option
	   is given.

	   Example:

		   $ echo "foo" ⎪ sed -e 's/f[a-zA-Z]o/bar/g'
		   bar

       seq seq	      [first [increment]] last

	   Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INCREMENT.  FIRST,
	   INCREMENT default to 1 Arguments:

		   LAST
		   FIRST   LAST
		   FIRST   INCREMENT	   LAST

       setarch
	   setarch    <personality> <program> [args ...]

	   Personality may be:

		   linux32 Set 32bit uname emulation
		   linux64 Set 64bit uname emulation

       setconsole
	   setconsole [-r⎪--reset] [DEVICE]

	   Redirects system console output to DEVICE (default: /dev/tty).

	   Options:

		   -r	   Reset output to /dev/console.

       setkeycodes
	   setkeycodes SCANCODE KEYCODE ...

	   Set entries into the kernel's scancode-to-keycode map, allowing
	   unusual keyboards to generate usable keycodes.

	   SCANCODE may be either xx or e0xx (hexadecimal), and KEYCODE is
	   given in decimal

	   Example:

		   $ setkeycodes e030 127

       setlogcons
	   setlogcons N

	   Redirects the kernel output to console N (0 for current).

       setsid
	   setsid     program [arg ...]

	   Runs any program in a new session by calling setsid() before
	   exec'ing the rest of its arguments.	See setsid(2) for details.

       sha1sum
	   sha1sum    [OPTION] [FILEs...]     USAGE_MD5_SHA1_SUM_CHECK("
	      or: sha1sum [OPTION] -c [FILE]")

	   Print" USAGE_MD5_SHA1_SUM_CHECK(" or check") " SHA1 checksums.

	   Options: With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard
	   input.  USAGE_MD5_SHA1_SUM_CHECK("

		   -c	   check SHA1 sums against given list

	   The following two options are useful only when verifying checksums:

		   -s	   don't output anything, status code shows success
		   -w	   warn about improperly formated SHA1 checksum lines")

       sleep
	   sleep	  USAGE_FANCY_SLEEP("[") "N" USAGE_FANCY_SLEEP("]...")

		   USAGE_NOT_FANCY_SLEEP("Pause for N seconds.")   USAGE_FANCY_SLEEP( Pause for a time equal to the total of the args given, where each arg can
			   have an optional suffix of (s)econds, (m)inutes, (h)ours, or (d)ays.")

	   Example:

		   $ sleep 2
		   [2 second delay results]
			   USAGE_FANCY_SLEEP("$ sleep 1d 3h 22m 8s
		   [98528 second delay results]
		   ")

       sort
	   sort	      [-nru" USAGE_SORT_BIG("gMcszbdfimSTokt] [-o outfile] [-k
	   start[.offset][opts][,end[.offset][opts]] [-t char") "] [FILE]...

	   Sorts lines of text in the specified files

	   Options:

		   USAGE_SORT_BIG(	   -b	   ignore leading blanks
		   -c	   check whether input is sorted
		   -d	   dictionary order (blank or alphanumeric only)
		   -f	   ignore case
		   -g	   general numerical sort
		   -i	   ignore unprintable characters
		   -k	   specify sort key
		   -M	   sort month
		   )	   -n	   sort numbers
		   USAGE_SORT_BIG(	   -o	   output to file
		   -k	   sort by key
		   -t	   use key separator other than whitespace
		   )	   -r	   reverse sort order
		   USAGE_SORT_BIG("	   -s	   stable (don't sort ties alphabetically)
	   ")	   B<-u>   suppress duplicate lines	   USAGE_SORT_BIG("

		   -z	   input terminated by nulls, not newlines
	   ")	   USAGE_SORT_BIG("	   B<-mST> ignored for GNU compatibility")

	   Example:

		   $ echo -e "e\nf\nb\nd\nc\na" ⎪ sort
		   a
		   b
		   c
		   d
		   e
		   f
			   USAGE_SORT_BIG( $ echo -e "c 3\nb 2\nd 2" ⎪ $SORT -k 2,2n -k 1,1r
		   d 2
		   b 2
		   c 3
			   )

       start-stop-daemon
	   start-stop-daemon [OPTIONS] [--start⎪--stop] ... [-- arguments...]

	   Program to start and stop services.

	   Options:

		   -S⎪--start			   start
		   -K⎪--stop			   stop
		   -a⎪--startas <pathname>	   starts process specified by pathname
		   -b⎪--background		   force process into background
		   -u⎪--user <username>⎪<uid>	   stop this user's processes
		   -x⎪--exec <executable>	   program to either start or check
		   -m⎪--make-pidfile <filename>	   create the -p file and enter pid in it
		   -n⎪--name <process-name>	   stop processes with this name
		   -p⎪--pidfile <pid-file>	   save or load pid using a pid-file
		   -q⎪--quiet			   be quiet
		   -o⎪--oknodo			   exit status 0 if nothing done
		   -v⎪--verbose			   be verbose
		   -s⎪--signal <signal>		   signal to send (default TERM)

       stat
	   stat	      [OPTION] FILE...

	   display file (default) or filesystem status.

	   Options:

		   USAGE_STAT_FORMAT("	   -c fmt  use the specified format
	   ")	   B<-f>   display filesystem status

		   -L,-l   dereference links
		   -t	   display info in terse form
		   USAGE_STAT_FORMAT(
	   Valid format sequences for files:

	     %a	  Access rights in octal
	     %A	  Access rights in human readable form
	     %b	  Number of blocks allocated (see %B)
	     %B	  The size in bytes of each block reported by %b
	     %d	  Device number in decimal
	     %D	  Device number in hex
	     %f	  Raw mode in hex
	     %F	  File type
	     %g	  Group ID of owner
	     %G	  Group name of owner
	     %h	  Number of hard links
	     %i	  Inode number
	     %n	  File name
	     %N	  Quoted file name with dereference if symbolic link
	     %o	  I/O block size
	     %s	  Total size, in bytes
	     %t	  Major device type in hex
	     %T	  Minor device type in hex
	     %u	  User ID of owner
	     %U	  User name of owner
	     %x	  Time of last access
	     %X	  Time of last access as seconds since Epoch
	     %y	  Time of last modification
	     %Y	  Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch
	     %z	  Time of last change
	     %Z	  Time of last change as seconds since Epoch

	   Valid format sequences for file systems:

	     %a	  Free blocks available to non-superuser
	     %b	  Total data blocks in file system
	     %c	  Total file nodes in file system
	     %d	  Free file nodes in file system
	     %f	  Free blocks in file system
	     %i	  File System ID in hex
	     %l	  Maximum length of filenames
	     %n	  File name
	     %s	  Block size (for faster transfers)
	     %S	  Fundamental block size (for block counts)
	     %t	  Type in hex
	     %T	  Type in human readable form
		   )

       strings
	   strings    [-afo] [-n length] [file ... ]

	   Display printable strings in a binary file.

	   Options:

		   -a	   Scan the whole files (this is the default).
		   -f	   Precede each string with the name of the file where it was found.
		   -n N	   Specifies that at least N characters forms a sequence (default 4)
		   -o	   Each string is preceded by its decimal offset in the file

       stty
	   stty	      [-a⎪g] [-F DEVICE] [SETTING]...

	   Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and devia‐
	   tions from stty sane.

	   Options:

		   -F DEVICE	   open device instead of stdin
		   -a		   print all current settings in human-readable form
		   -g		   print in stty-readable form
		   [SETTING]	   see manpage

       su  su	      [OPTION]... [-] [username]

	   Change user id or become root.  Options:

		   -p, -m  Preserve environment
		   -c	   Command to pass to 'sh -c'
		   -s	   Shell to use instead of default shell

       sulogin
	   sulogin    [OPTION]... [tty-device]

	   Single user login Options:

		   -f	   Do not authenticate (user already authenticated)
		   -h	   Name of the remote host for this login
		   -p	   Preserve environment

       sum sum	      [rs] [files...]

	   checksum and count the blocks in a file

	   Options:

		   -r	   use BSD sum algorithm (1K blocks)
		   -s	   use System V sum algorithm (512byte blocks)

       swapoff
	   swapoff    [-a] [DEVICE]

	   Stop swapping virtual memory pages on DEVICE.

	   Options:

		   -a	   Stop swapping on all swap devices

       swapon
	   swapon     [-a] [DEVICE]

	   Start swapping virtual memory pages on DEVICE.

	   Options:

		   -a	   Start swapping on all swap devices

       switch_root
	   switch_root [-c /dev/console] NEW_ROOT NEW_INIT [ARGUMENTS_TO_INIT]

	   Use from PID 1 under initramfs to free initramfs, chroot to
	   NEW_ROOT, and exec NEW_INIT.

	   Options:

		   -c	   Redirect console to device on new root

       sync
	   sync

	   Write all buffered filesystem blocks to disk.

       sysctl
	   sysctl     [OPTIONS]... [VALUE]...

	   configure kernel parameters at runtime

	   Options:

		   -n	   Use this option to disable printing of the key name when printing values
		   -w	   Use this option when you want to change a sysctl setting
		   -p	   Load in sysctl settings from the file specified or /etc/sysctl.conf if none given
		   -a	   Display all values currently available
		   -A	   Display all values currently available in table form

	   Example:

		   sysctl [-n] variable ...
		   sysctl [-n] -w variable=value ...
		   sysctl [-n] -a
		   sysctl [-n] -p <file>   (default /etc/sysctl.conf)
		   sysctl [-n] -A

       syslogd
	   syslogd    [OPTION]...

	   Linux system and kernel logging utility.  Note that this version of
	   syslogd ignores /etc/syslog.conf.

	   Options:

		   -m MIN	   Minutes between MARK lines (default=20, 0=off)
		   -n		   Run as a foreground process
		   -O FILE	   Use an alternate log file (default=/var/log/messages)
		   -S		   Make logging output smaller.	   USAGE_ROTATE_LOGFILE(
		   -s SIZE	   Max size (KB) before rotate (default=200KB, 0=off)
		   -b NUM	   Number of rotated logs to keep (default=1, max=99, 0=purge)")   USAGE_REMOTE_LOG(
		   -R HOST[:PORT]  Log to IP or hostname on PORT (default PORT=514/UDP)
		   -L		   Log locally and via network logging (default is network only)")	   USAGE_IPC_LOG(
		   -C [size(KiB)]  Log to a circular buffer (read the buffer using logread)")

	   Example:

		   $ syslogd -R masterlog:514
		   $ syslogd -R 192.168.1.1:601

       tail
	   tail	      [OPTION]... [FILE]...

	   Print last 10 lines of each FILE to standard output.	 With more
	   than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name.
	   With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.

	   Options:

		   USAGE_UNSIMPLE_TAIL("   -c N[kbm]	   output the last N bytes
	   ")	   B<-n> N[kbm]	   print last N lines instead of last 10

		   -f		   output data as the file grows   USAGE_UNSIMPLE_TAIL( "
		   -q		   never output headers giving file names
		   -s SEC	   wait SEC seconds between reads with -f
		   -v		   always output headers giving file names

	   If the first character of N (bytes or lines) is a '+', output
	   begins with the Nth item from the start of each file, otherwise,
	   print the last N items in the file. N bytes may be suffixed by k
	   (x1024), b (x512), or m (1024^2)." )

	   Example:

		   $ tail -n 1 /etc/resolv.conf
		   nameserver 10.0.0.1

       tar tar	      -[" USAGE_TAR_CREATE("c") USAGE_TAR_GZIP("z")
	   USAGE_TAR_BZIP2("j") USAGE_TAR_LZMA("a") USAGE_TAR_COMPRESS("Z")
	   "xtvO]    USAGE_TAR_EXCLUDE("[-X FILE]") [-f TARFILE] [-C DIR]
	   [FILE(s)] ...

	   Create, extract, or list files from a tar file.

	   Options:

		   USAGE_TAR_CREATE("	   c		   create
	   ")	   x		   extract

		   t		   list

	   Archive format selection:

		   USAGE_TAR_GZIP("	   z		   Filter the archive through gzip
	   ")	   USAGE_TAR_BZIP2("	   j		   Filter the archive through bzip2
	   ")	   USAGE_TAR_LZMA("	   a		   Filter the archive through lzma
	   ")	   USAGE_TAR_COMPRESS("	   Z		   Filter the archive through compress
	   ")
	   File selection:

		   f		   name of TARFILE or "-" for stdin
		   O		   extract to stdout
		   USAGE_TAR_EXCLUDE(	   exclude	   file to exclude
		   X		   file with names to exclude
		   )	   C		   change to directory DIR before operation
		   v		   verbosely list files processed

	   Example:

		   $ zcat /tmp/tarball.tar.gz ⎪ tar -xf -
		   $ tar -cf /tmp/tarball.tar /usr/local

       tee tee	      [OPTION]... [FILE]...

	   Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output.

	   Options:

		   -a	   append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite
		   -i	   ignore interrupt signals (SIGINT)

	   Example:

		   $ echo "Hello" ⎪ tee /tmp/foo
		   $ cat /tmp/foo
		   Hello

       telnet
	   telnet     HOST [PORT]

	   Telnet is used to establish interactive communication with another
	   computer over a network using the TELNET protocol.

       telnetd
	   telnetd    [OPTION]

	   Telnetd listens for incoming TELNET connections on PORT.  Options:

		   -p PORT listen for connections on PORT (default 23)
		   -l LOGIN	   exec LOGIN on connect (default /bin/sh)
		   -f issue_file   Display issue_file instead of /etc/issue

       test
	   test	      EXPRESSION
	     or	  [ EXPRESSION ]

	   Checks file types and compares values returning an exit code deter‐
	   mined by the value of EXPRESSION.

	   Example:

		   $ test 1 -eq 2
		   $ echo $?
		   1
		   $ test 1 -eq 1
		   $ echo $?
		   0
		   $ [ -d /etc ]
		   $ echo $?
		   0
		   $ [ -d /junk ]
		   $ echo $?
		   1

       tftp
	   tftp	      [OPTION]... HOST [PORT]

	   Transfers a file from/to a tftp server using "octet" mode.

	   Options:

		   -l FILE Local FILE
		   -r FILE Remote FILE	   USAGE_TFTP_GET(
		   -g	   Get file	   )	   USAGE_TFTP_PUT(
		   -p	   Put file	   )	   USAGE_TFTP_BS(
		   -b SIZE Transfer blocks of SIZE octets  )

       time
	   time	      [OPTION]... COMMAND [ARGS...]

	   Runs the program COMMAND with arguments ARGS.  When COMMAND fin‐
	   ishes, COMMAND's resource usage information is displayed

	   Options:

		   -v	   Displays verbose resource usage information

       top top	      [-d <seconds>]

	   top provides an view of processor activity in real time.  This
	   utility reads the status for all processes in /proc each <seconds>
	   and shows the status for however many processes will fit on the
	   screen.  This utility will not show processes that are started
	   after program startup, but it will show the EXIT status for and
	   PIDs that exit while it is running.

       touch
	   touch      [-c] FILE [FILE ...]

	   Update the last-modified date on the given FILE[s].

	   Options:

		   -c	   Do not create any files

	   Example:

		   $ ls -l /tmp/foo
		   /bin/ls: /tmp/foo: No such file or directory
		   $ touch /tmp/foo
		   $ ls -l /tmp/foo
		   -rw-rw-r--	 1 andersen andersen	    0 Apr 15 01:11 /tmp/foo

       tr  tr	      [-cds] STRING1 [STRING2]

	   Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard input,
	   writing to standard output.

	   Options:

		   -c	   take complement of STRING1
		   -d	   delete input characters coded STRING1
		   -s	   squeeze multiple output characters of STRING2 into one character

	   Example:

		   $ echo "gdkkn vnqkc" ⎪ tr [a-y] [b-z]
		   hello world

       traceroute
	   traceroute [-FIldnrv] [-f 1st_ttl] [-m max_ttl] [-p port#] [-q
	   nqueries]	  [-s src_addr] [-t tos] [-w wait] [-g gateway] [-i
	   iface]      [-z pausemsecs] host [data size]

	   trace the route ip packets follow going to "host" Options:

		   -F	   Set the don't fragment bit
		   -I	   Use ICMP ECHO instead of UDP datagrams
		   -l	   Display the ttl value of the returned packet
		   -d	   Set SO_DEBUG options to socket
		   -n	   Print hop addresses numerically rather than symbolically
		   -r	   Bypass the normal routing tables and send directly to a host
		   -v	   Verbose output
		   -m max_ttl	   Set the max time-to-live (max number of hops)
		   -p port#	   Set the base UDP port number used in probes
			   (default is 33434)
		   -q nqueries	   Set the number of probes per ``ttl'' to nqueries
			   (default is 3)
		   -s src_addr	   Use the following IP address as the source address
		   -t tos  Set the type-of-service in probe packets to the following value
			   (default 0)
		   -w wait Set the time (in seconds) to wait for a response to a probe
			   (default 3 sec)
		   -g	   Specify a loose source route gateway (8 maximum)

       true
	   true

	   Return an exit code of TRUE (0).

	   Example:

		   $ true
		   $ echo $?
		   0

       tty tty

	   Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input.

	   Options:

		   -s	   print nothing, only return an exit status

	   Example:

		   $ tty
		   /dev/tty2

       tune2fs
	   tune2fs    [-c max-mounts-count] [-e errors-behavior] [-g group]
	   [-i interval[d⎪m⎪w]] [-j] [-J journal-options] [-l] [-s
	   sparse-flag] [-m reserved-blocks-percent] [-o
	   [^]mount-options[,...]] [-r reserved-blocks-count] [-u user] [-C
	   mount-count] [-L volume-label] [-M last-mounted-dir] [-O [^]fea‐
	   ture[,...]] [-T last-check-time] [-U UUID] device

	   Adjust filesystem options on ext[23] filesystems.

       udhcpc
	   udhcpc     [-Cfbnqtv] [-c CID] [-V VCLS] [-H HOSTNAME] [-i INTER‐
	   FACE] [-p pidfile] [-r IP] [-s script]

		   -c,	   --clientid=CLIENTID	   Set client identifier
		   -C,	   --clientid-none Suppress default client identifier
		   -V,	   --vendorclass=CLASSID   Set vendor class identifier
		   -H,	   --hostname=HOSTNAME	   Client hostname
		   -h,				   Alias for -H
		   -f,	   --foreground	   Do not fork after getting lease
		   -b,	   --background	   Fork to background if lease cannot be immediately negotiated
		   -i,	   --interface=INTERFACE   Interface to use (default: eth0)
		   -n,	   --now   Exit with failure if lease cannot be immediately negotiated
		   -p,	   --pidfile=file  Store process ID of daemon in file
		   -q,	   --quit  Quit after obtaining lease
		   -r,	   --request=IP	   IP address to request (default: none)
		   -s,	   --script=file   Run file at dhcp events (default: /usr/share/udhcpc/default.script)
		   -t,	   --retries=NUM   Send up to NUM request packets
		   -v,	   --version	   Display version

       udhcpd
	   udhcpd     [configfile]

       umount
	   umount     [flags] FILESYSTEM⎪DIRECTORY

	   Unmount file systems

	   Flags:

		   -a	   Unmount all file systems	   USAGE_MTAB(" in /etc/mtab
		   -n	   Don't erase /etc/mtab entries")
		   -r	   Try to remount devices as read-only if mount is busy
		   -l	   Lazy umount (detach filesystem)
		   -f	   Force umount (i.e., unreachable NFS server)	   USAGE_MOUNT_LOOP("
		   -D	   Do not free loop device (if a loop device has been used)")

	   Example:

		   $ umount /dev/hdc1

       uname
	   uname      [OPTION]...

	   Print certain system information.  With no OPTION, same as -s.

	   Options:

		   -a	   print all information
		   -m	   the machine (hardware) type
		   -n	   print the machine's network node hostname
		   -r	   print the operating system release
		   -s	   print the operating system name
		   -p	   print the host processor type
		   -v	   print the operating system version

	   Example:

		   $ uname -a
		   Linux debian 2.4.23 #2 Tue Dec 23 17:09:10 MST 2003 i686 GNU/Linux

       uncompress
	   uncompress [-c] [-f] [ name ... ]

	   Uncompress .Z file[s] Options:

		   -c	   extract to stdout
		   -f	   force overwrite an existing file

       uniq
	   uniq	      [-fscdu]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]]

	   Discard all but one of successive identical lines from INPUT (or
	   standard input), writing to OUTPUT (or standard output).

	   Options:

		   -c	   prefix lines by the number of occurrences
		   -d	   only print duplicate lines
		   -u	   only print unique lines
		   -f N	   skip the first N fields
		   -s N	   skip the first N chars (after any skipped fields)

	   Example:

		   $ echo -e "a\na\nb\nc\nc\na" ⎪ sort ⎪ uniq
		   a
		   b
		   c

       unix2dos
	   unix2dos   [option] [FILE]

	   Converts FILE from unix format to dos format.  When no option is
	   given, the input is converted to the opposite output format.	 When
	   no file is given, uses stdin for input and stdout for output.
	   Options:

		   -u	   output will be in UNIX format
		   -d	   output will be in DOS format

       unlzma
	   unlzma     [OPTION]... [FILE]

	   Uncompress FILE (or standard input if FILE is '-' or omitted).

	   Options:

		   -c	   Write output to standard output
		   -f	   Force

       unzip
	   unzip      [-opts[modifiers]] file[.zip] [list] [-x xlist] [-d
	   exdir]

	   Extracts files from ZIP archives.

	   Options:

		   -l	   list archive contents (short form)
		   -n	   never overwrite existing files (default)
		   -o	   overwrite files without prompting
		   -p	   send output to stdout
		   -q	   be quiet
		   -x	   exclude these files
		   -d	   extract files into this directory

       uptime
	   uptime

	   Display the time since the last boot.

	   Example:

		   $ uptime
		     1:55pm  up	 2:30, load average: 0.09, 0.04, 0.00

       usleep
	   usleep     N

	   Pause for N microseconds.

	   Example:

		   $ usleep 1000000
		   [pauses for 1 second]

       uudecode
	   uudecode   [FILE]...

	   Uudecode a file that is uuencoded.

	   Options:

		   -o FILE direct output to FILE

	   Example:

		   $ uudecode -o busybox busybox.uu
		   $ ls -l busybox
		   -rwxr-xr-x	1 ams	   ams	      245264 Jun  7 21:35 busybox

       uuencode
	   uuencode   [OPTION] [INFILE] REMOTEFILE

	   Uuencode a file.

	   Options:

		   -m	   use base64 encoding per RFC1521

	   Example:

		   $ uuencode busybox busybox
		   begin 755 busybox
		   <encoded file snipped>
		   $ uudecode busybox busybox > busybox.uu
		   $

       vconfig
	   vconfig    COMMAND [OPTIONS] ...

	   vconfig lets you create and remove virtual ethernet devices.

	   Options:

		   add		   [interface-name] [vlan_id]
		   rem		   [vlan-name]
		   set_flag	   [interface-name] [flag-num]	     [0 ⎪ 1]
		   set_egress_map  [vlan-name]	    [skb_priority]   [vlan_qos]
		   set_ingress_map [vlan-name]	    [skb_priority]   [vlan_qos]
		   set_name_type   [name-type]

       vi  vi	      [OPTION] [FILE]...

	   edit FILE.

	   Options:

		   -R	   Read-only- do not write to the file

       vlock
	   vlock      [OPTIONS]

	   Lock a virtual terminal.  A password is required to unlock Options:

		   -a	   Lock all VTs

       watch
	   watch      [-n <seconds>] COMMAND...

	   Executes a program periodically.  Options:

		   -n	   Loop period in seconds - default is 2

	   Example:

		   $ watch date
		   Mon Dec 17 10:31:40 GMT 2000
		   Mon Dec 17 10:31:42 GMT 2000
		   Mon Dec 17 10:31:44 GMT 2000

       watchdog
	   watchdog   [-t <seconds>] [-F] DEV

	   Periodically write to watchdog device DEV.  Options:

		   -t	   Timer period in seconds - default is 30
		   -F	   Stay in the foreground and don't fork

       wc  wc	      [OPTION]... [FILE]...

	   Print line, word, and byte counts for each FILE, and a total line
	   if more than one FILE is specified.	With no FILE, read standard
	   input.

	   Options:

		   -c	   print the byte counts
		   -l	   print the newline counts
		   -L	   print the length of the longest line
		   -w	   print the word counts

	   Example:

		   $ wc /etc/passwd
			31	46    1365 /etc/passwd

       wget
	   wget	      [-c⎪--continue] [-q⎪--quiet] [-O⎪--output-document file]
		     [--header 'header: value'] [-Y⎪--proxy on/off] [-P DIR]
	   url

	   wget retrieves files via HTTP or FTP

	   Options:

		   -c	   continue retrieval of aborted transfers
		   -q	   quiet mode - do not print
		   -P	   Set directory prefix to DIR
		   -O	   save to filename ('-' for stdout)
		   -Y	   use proxy ('on' or 'off')

       which
	   which      [COMMAND ...]

	   Locates a COMMAND.

	   Example:

		   $ which login
		   /bin/login

       who who

	   Prints the current user names and related information

       whoami
	   whoami

	   Prints the user name associated with the current effective user id.

       xargs
	   xargs      [COMMAND] [OPTIONS] [ARGS...]

	   Executes COMMAND on every item given by standard input.

	   Options:

		   USAGE_XARGS_CONFIRMATION("	   -p	   Prompt the user about whether to run each command
	   ")	   B<-r>   Do not run command for empty read lines

		   USAGE_XARGS_TERMOPT("   -x	   Exit if the size is exceeded
	   ")	   USAGE_XARGS_ZERO_TERM(" B<-0>   Input filenames are terminated by a null character
	   ")	   B<-t>   Print the command line on stderr before executing it

	   Example:

		   $ ls ⎪ xargs gzip
		   $ find . -name '*.c' -print ⎪ xargs rm

       yes yes	      [OPTION]... [STRING]...

	   Repeatedly outputs a line with all specified STRING(s), or 'y'.

       zcat
	   zcat	      FILE

	   Uncompress to stdout.

       zcip
	   zcip	      [OPTIONS] ifname script

	   zcip manages a ZeroConf IPv4 link-local address.  Options:

		   -f		   foreground mode
		   -q		   quit after address (no daemon)
		   -r 169.254.x.x  request this address first
		   -v		   verbose

LIBC NSS
       GNU Libc (glibc) uses the Name Service Switch (NSS) to configure the
       behavior of the C library for the local environment, and to configure
       how it reads system data, such as passwords and group information.
       This is implemented using an /etc/nsswitch.conf configuration file, and
       using one or more of the /lib/libnss_* libraries.  BusyBox tries to
       avoid using any libc calls that make use of NSS.	 Some applets however,
       such as login and su, will use libc functions that require NSS.

       If you enable CONFIG_USE_BB_PWD_GRP, BusyBox will use internal func‐
       tions to directly access the /etc/passwd, /etc/group, and /etc/shadow
       files without using NSS.	 This may allow you to run your system without
       the need for installing any of the NSS configuration files and
       libraries.

       When used with glibc, the BusyBox 'networking' applets will similarly
       require that you install at least some of the glibc NSS stuff (in par‐
       ticular, /etc/nsswitch.conf, /lib/libnss_dns*, /lib/libnss_files*, and
       /lib/libresolv*).

       Shameless Plug: As an alternative, one could use a C library such as
       uClibc.	In addition to making your system significantly smaller,
       uClibc does not require the use of any NSS support files or libraries.

MAINTAINER
       Rob Landley <rob@landley.net>

AUTHORS
       The following people have contributed code to BusyBox whether they know
       it or not.  If you have written code included in BusyBox, you should
       probably be listed here so you can obtain your bit of eternal glory.
       If you should be listed here, or the description of what you have done
       needs more detail, or is incorect, please send in an update.

       Emanuele Aina <emanuele.aina@tiscali.it>	     run-parts

       Erik Andersen <andersen@codepoet.org>

	   Tons of new stuff, major rewrite of most of the
	   core apps, tons of new apps as noted in header files.
	   Lots of tedious effort writing these boring docs that
	   nobody is going to actually read.

       Laurence Anderson <l.d.anderson@warwick.ac.uk>

	   rpm2cpio, unzip, get_header_cpio, read_gz interface, rpm

       Jeff Angielski <jeff@theptrgroup.com>

	   ftpput, ftpget

       Edward Betts <edward@debian.org>

	   expr, hostid, logname, whoami

       John Beppu <beppu@codepoet.org>

	   du, nslookup, sort

       Brian Candler <B.Candler@pobox.com>

	   tiny-ls(ls)

       Randolph Chung <tausq@debian.org>

	   fbset, ping, hostname

       Dave Cinege <dcinege@psychosis.com>

	   more(v2), makedevs, dutmp, modularization, auto links file,
	   various fixes, Linux Router Project maintenance

       Jordan Crouse <jordan@cosmicpenguin.net>

	       ipcalc

       Magnus Damm <damm@opensource.se>

	   tftp client insmod powerpc support

       Larry Doolittle <ldoolitt@recycle.lbl.gov>

	   pristine source directory compilation, lots of patches and fixes.

       Glenn Engel <glenne@engel.org>

	   httpd

       Gennady Feldman <gfeldman@gena01.com>

	   Sysklogd (single threaded syslogd, IPC Circular buffer support,
	   logread), various fixes.

       Karl M. Hegbloom <karlheg@debian.org>

	   cp_mv.c, the test suite, various fixes to utility.c, &c.

       Daniel Jacobowitz <dan@debian.org>

	   mktemp.c

       Matt Kraai <kraai@alumni.cmu.edu>

	   documentation, bugfixes, test suite

       Stephan Linz <linz@li-pro.net>

	       ipcalc, Red Hat equivalence

       John Lombardo <john@deltanet.com>

	   tr

       Glenn McGrath <bug1@iinet.net.au>

	   Common unarchving code and unarchiving applets, ifupdown, ftpgetput,
	   nameif, sed, patch, fold, install, uudecode.
	   Various bugfixes, review and apply numerous patches.

       Manuel Novoa III <mjn3@codepoet.org>

	   cat, head, mkfifo, mknod, rmdir, sleep, tee, tty, uniq, usleep, wc, yes,
	   mesg, vconfig, make_directory, parse_mode, dirname, mode_string,
	   get_last_path_component, simplify_path, and a number trivial libbb routines

	   also bug fixes, partial rewrites, and size optimizations in
	   ash, basename, cal, cmp, cp, df, du, echo, env, ln, logname, md5sum, mkdir,
	   mv, realpath, rm, sort, tail, touch, uname, watch, arith, human_readable,
	   interface, dutmp, ifconfig, route

       Vladimir Oleynik <dzo@simtreas.ru>

	   cmdedit; xargs(current), httpd(current);
	   ports: ash, crond, fdisk, inetd, stty, traceroute, top;
	   locale, various fixes
	   and irreconcilable critic of everything not perfect.

       Bruce Perens <bruce@pixar.com>

	   Original author of BusyBox in 1995, 1996. Some of his code can
	   still be found hiding here and there...

       Tim Riker <Tim@Rikers.org>

	   bug fixes, member of fan club

       Kent Robotti <robotti@metconnect.com>

	   reset, tons and tons of bug reports and patches.

       Chip Rosenthal <chip@unicom.com>, <crosenth@covad.com>

	   wget - Contributed by permission of Covad Communications

       Pavel Roskin <proski@gnu.org>

	   Lots of bugs fixes and patches.

       Gyepi Sam <gyepi@praxis-sw.com>

	   Remote logging feature for syslogd

       Linus Torvalds <torvalds@transmeta.com>

	   mkswap, fsck.minix, mkfs.minix

       Mark Whitley <markw@codepoet.org>

	   grep, sed, cut, xargs(previous),
	   style-guide, new-applet-HOWTO, bug fixes, etc.

       Charles P. Wright <cpwright@villagenet.com>

	   gzip, mini-netcat(nc)

       Enrique Zanardi <ezanardi@ull.es>

	   tarcat (since removed), loadkmap, various fixes, Debian maintenance

       Tito Ragusa <farmatito@tiscali.it>

	       devfsd and size optimizations in strings, openvt and deallocvt.

version 1.2.2			  2007-10-24			    BUSYBOX(1)
[top]

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