boot man page on Xenix

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     BOOT(HW)		      XENIX System V		      BOOT(HW)

     Name
	  boot - XENIX boot program.

     Description
	  boot is an interactive program used to load and execute
	  standalone XENIX programs.  It is used primarily for loading
	  and executing the XENIX kernel, but can load and execute any
	  other programs that are linked for standalone execution.
	  boot is a required part of the XENIX Operating System and
	  must be present in the root directory of the root file
	  system to ensure successful loading of the XENIX kernel.

	  The boot program is invoked by the system each time the
	  computer is started.	To restart the system without going
	  through lengthy shutdown procedures, you can use the reboot
	  command.  This causes the system to reboot after shutting
	  down without waiting for keyboard input.  See haltsys (C)
	  for more information.

	  For diskette boot, the procedure has three stages:

	  1.   The ROMs load the boot block from sector 0 of the
	       floppy, where sector 0 of the disk is the same as
	       sector 0 of the filesystem.

	  2.   The boot block-loads /boot from the floppy filesystem.

	  3.   /boot executes and prompts the user.

	  For fixed disk boot, the procedure has five stages:

	  0 of the filesystem.
	       The ROMs load in the masterboot block from sector 0 on
	       the hard disk.

	  2.   The masterboot block then loads the partition boot
	       block from sector 0 of the active partition (see
	       fdisk(C)).

	  3.   Then, boot1 is loaded from the next four tracks.

	  4.   boot1 loads /boot from the XENIX file system.

	  5.   /boot executes and prompts the user.

	  /boot and /xenix may lie on tracks that have been mapped by
	  badtrk(M) .

	  The fixed disk boot procedure is invoked if the diskette
	  drive is empty.

     Page 1					      (printed 8/7/87)

     BOOT(HW)		      XENIX System V		      BOOT(HW)

	  When first invoked, boot prompts for the location of a
	  program to load by displaying the message:

	       XENIX System V

	       Boot
	       :

	  To specify the location of a program, a device and filename
	  must be given.  The filename must include the full pathname
	  of the file containing the standalone program. You can
	  display a list of the current allowable device names by
	  typing a question mark (?).

	  The format for the device and pathname is as follows:

	       xx(m,o)filename
		   or
	       xx(m)filename

	       where:
		 xx = device name
		    (`hd' for the hard disk or `fd' for diskette device)
		 m = minor device number
		    (40 for the root filesystem on the hard disk)
		 o = offset in the partition (usually 0).  This is optional.
		 filename = standard  pathname.	 Must start with a
		 slash if the program is not in the root directory.

	  All numbers are in decimal. See the manual pages for hd(HW)
	  and fd(HW) for minor device numbers of these devices.
	  Specifying the offset is optional.  The location of the
	  program to be loaded must always be entered first on the
	  command line and be present if other boot options are
	  specified either on the command line or in
	  /etc/default/boot.

	  If you want boot to pause and wait for a <RETURN> before
	  executing the program that it loads, enter the word
	  ``prompt'' on the command line.  For example, if you enter
	  ``prompt'' and press <RETURN>, boot prints the following
	  message and waits for you to press the return key again:

	       Loaded, press <RETURN>.

	  The prompt can be changed to another string as in this
	  example:

	       prompt="change diskettes now"

	  boot loads xenix from the diskette, prints the message
	  ``change diskettes now'', and waits for <RETURN> to be

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     BOOT(HW)		      XENIX System V		      BOOT(HW)

	  pressed. No other characters can appear between prompt, the
	  ``='' sign and the prompt string, although string may
	  contain spaces.  When you press <RETURN>, xenix will begin
	  execution.  ``Prompt'' can be set either on the command line
	  or in /etc/default/boot.  If a prompt is not specified, boot
	  executes the loaded program without pausing.

	  If you have just loaded the boot program from the
	  distribution diskette, simply press <RETURN> and boot
	  defaults to the correct values.

	  To load  from a hard disk, enter:

	       hd(40,0)xenix

	  To use the default boot string specified in
	  /etc/default/boot, simply press <RETURN> when the system
	  displays the boot prompt, and boot uses the values specified
	  by DEFBOOTSTR in /etc/default/boot.

	  If nothing is typed after a short while and LOADXENIX is set
	  to YES in the default root file system's /etc/default/boot
	  file, boot times out and behaves as though a <RETURN> had
	  been pressed, except that an ``auto'' is added to the boot
	  string.  boot proceeds through the boot procedure, and
	  init(M) is passed a -a flag with no ``prompt''.

	  It is recommended that you install DOS on the hard disk
	  before However, once you install DOS you can boot it at the
	  XENIX ``Boot'' prompt by entering ``dos''.

	  During  installation, a custom masterboot is placed on the
	  hard disk.  If a non-standard disk is specified, its
	  parameters are stored and enabled in this masterboot.

     Configuring The Kernel
	  boot passes any boot string typed at the boot prompt to the
	  kernel, except for the ``prompt'' string.

	  The kernel reads the boot string to determine which
	  peripherals are the root, pipe and swap devices.  If no
	  devices are specified in either the /etc/default/boot
	  description or on the command line, the default devices
	  compiled into the kernel are used.

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     BOOT(HW)		      XENIX System V		      BOOT(HW)

	  Additional arguments in the boot string can alter this
	  default action.  These arguments have the form:

	       dev=xx(m,o)
		  or
	       dev=xx(m)
	       where:
		 dev = The desired system device (root[dev], pipe[dev],
		      or swap[dev])
		 xx, m, o = same as for the boot device

	  If any combination of root, pipe or swap is specified, then
	  those system devices will reside on that device, with the
	  unspecified system devices using the defaults compiled in
	  the kernel. Setting one device does not affect the default
	  values for the other system devices.

     Selecting The System Console
	  You can select the system console at boot time either by
	  entering the command systty=x at the boot prompt, or by
	  placing the keywords SYSTTY=x in the file /etc/default/boot.
	  The letter x represents either a number or a string
	  parameter.

	  If you use the stty=x command at boot time, boot uses the
	  string parameter x to pass the selected console device to
	  the kernel.  The values of the boot string parameter systty
	  are:

	    sio	   Serial port COM1
	    scrn   Display adapter

	  For example, to assign the system console to the serial port
	  at COM1, enter this command at the boot prompt:

	    systty=sio

	  If you do not specifically set the system console at boot
	  time, the boot program follows these steps to determine the
	  system console:

	  -    boot reads /etc/default/boot and looks for the keywords
	       SYSTTY=x where x is a number that specifies the system
	       console device.

		 0  indicates the serial adapter at COM1.
		 1  indicates the display adapter.

	  -    If SYSTTY is not found or /etc/default/boot is
	       unreadable, boot checks for a display adapter and
	       assigns it as the system console.

     Page 4					      (printed 8/7/87)

     BOOT(HW)		      XENIX System V		      BOOT(HW)

	  -    If no display adapter is found, boot looks for COM1,
	       sets the serial port to 9600 baud, 8 data bits, 1 stop
	       bit, and no parity, and uses it as the system console.

	  Thus, to have boot automatically set the system console to
	  the serial port at COM1, enter this line in
	  /etc/default/boot:

		 STTY=0

     Aliasing
	  A set of system devices can be aliased to a single keyword
	  by defining the keyword in the file /etc/default/boot.  This
	  keyword can then be entered on the ``Boot'' command line and
	  the boot program then reads the corresponding system devices
	  from /etc/default/boot and pass them to the kernel.  An
	  alias has the following form:

	       key=file [root=xx(m) pipe=xx(m) swap=xx(m) prompt[="string"]]

	  In all cases, the device specification can also have the
	  format dev=xx(m,o), where o is the offset.

	  For example, if you have a root file system on a second hard
	  disk and want to use it, but want to boot using the xenix
	  located on the first hard disk, enter the following line
	  into the /etc/default/boot description:

	       disk2=hd(40,0)xenix root=hd(104,0) prompt="Using second disk"

	  The next time you boot the system from the first hard disk,
	  enter ``disk2'' in response to the ``Boot'' prompt.  xenix
	  will be loaded from the first hard disk, and when you see
	  the message, ``Using second disk'', press <RETURN> .	xenix
	  will now boot and use the root file system on the second
	  hard disk.  Note that you must edit the /etc/default/boot
	  file in the root file system on the device from which boot
	  will be read, in this case the first hard disk.

     Boot options
	  Boot options can be changed via keywords in
	  /etc/default/boot.  The following keywords are recognized by
	  boot:

	  LOADXENIX=YES	      If YES, boot automatically loads
			      XENIX after a moderate delay.

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     BOOT(HW)		      XENIX System V		      BOOT(HW)

	  DEFBOOTSTR=string   string is used as the default
			      boot string for timeouts and for
			      no input on the command line.
			      There can be no white space
			      between DEFBOOTSTR, the ``=''
			      sign and string.

	  SYSTTY=x	      If x is zero (0), the system
			      console device is set to the
			      serial adapter at COM1.  If x is
			      one (1), the system console is
			      set to the main display adapter.

	  RONLYROOT=NO	      Whether or not the root
			      filesystem is to be mounted
			      readonly.	 This should only be
			      set to ``yes'' during
			      installation.

     Diagnostics
	  If an error occurs, masterboot displays an error message,
	  and locks the system.	 The following is a list of the most
	  common messages and their meanings:

	  IO ERR
	       An error occurred when masterboot tried to read in the
	       partition boot of the active operating system.

	  BAD TBL
	       The bootable partition indicator of at least one of the
	       operating systems in the fdisk table contains an
	       unrecognizable code.

	  NO OS
	       There was an unrecoverable error that prevented the
	       active operating system's partition boot from
	       executing.

	  When boot displays error messages, it returns to the
	  ``Boot'' prompt.  The following is a list of the most common
	  messages and their meanings:

	  bad magic number
	       The given file is not an executable program.

	  can't open <pathname>
	       The supplied pathname does not correspond to an
	       existing file, or the device is unknown.

	  Stage 1 boot failure
	       The bootstrap loader cannot find or read the boot file.

     Page 6					      (printed 8/7/87)

     BOOT(HW)		      XENIX System V		      BOOT(HW)

	       You must restart the computer and supply a file system
	       disk with the boot file in the root directory.

	  not a directory
	       The specified area on the device does not contain a
	       valid
		filesystem.

	  zero length directory
	       Although an otherwise valid filesystem was found, it
	       contains a directory of apparently zero length.	This
	       most often occurs when a pre- System V  filesystem
	       (with incorrect, or incompatible word ordering) is in
	       the specified area.

	  fload:read(x)=y
	       An attempted read of x bytes of the file returned only
	       y bytes.	 This is probably due to a premature end-of-
	       file.  It could also be caused by a corrupted file, or
	       incorrect word ordering in the header.

     Files
	  /boot
	  /etc/default/boot
	  /etc/masterboot
	  /etc/hdboot0
	  /etc/hdboot1

     See Also
	  autoboot(M), badtrk(M), fd(HW), fdisk(M), haltsys(C),
	  hd(HW), init(M), sulogin(M)

     Notes
	  The computer tries to boot off any diskette in the drive.
	  If the diskette does not contain a valid bootstrap program,
	  errors occur.

	  The boot program cannot be used to load programs that have
	  not been linked for standalone execution.  To create
	  standalone programs, the -A option of the XENIX linker
	  (ld(CP)) and special standalone libraries must be used.

	  Standalone programs can operate in real or protected mode,
	  but they must not be large or huge models. Programs in real
	  mode can use the input/output routines of the computer's
	  startup ROM.

	  RONLYROOT should only be set to ``yes'' for installation. If
	  it is set to ``yes'' during day-to-day operations, it will
	  prevent you making changes to the root filesystem.  You will
	  then be required to boot from the floppy drive, edit the
	  /etc/default/boot file and reboot.

     Page 7					      (printed 8/7/87)

     BOOT(HW)		      XENIX System V		      BOOT(HW)

     Page 8					      (printed 8/7/87)

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