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AS(1)									 AS(1)

NAME
     as - SGI MIPSpro Assembler

SYNOPSIS
     as [ -o32 | -n32 | -64 ] [ option ] ... file ...

DESCRIPTION
     as is the SGI assembler.  It assembles a symbolic assembly language
     source program, producing an object file in elf format.  The SGI
     assembler support three different Application Binary Interfaces
     controlled by the options -o32 , -n32 , and -64 (see abi(5) ) As never
     runs the loader.

     as always defines the preprocessor symbols:  _LANGUAGE_ASSEMBLY, __sgi,
     __mips, __host_mips, __unix, _MIPSEB, _SYSTYPE_SVR4, _SVR4_SOURCE,
     _SGI_SOURCE, _MIPS_ISA, _MIPS_SIM, _MIPS_FPSET, _MIPS_SZINT,
     _MIPS_SZLONG, and _MIPS_SZPTR.  These are shown by the -show option to
     as(1).  The C preprocessor adds other standard definitions of its own
     (see cpp(1)).

     The following options are interpreted by as and have the same meaning in
     cc(1).  See ld(1) for load-time options.

     Commandline Options

     This first set of options control the choice of ABI and ISA (Instruction
     Set Architecture).

     -o32 or -32
	  Generate a 32-bit object.  This is the default on all systems that
	  are not based on the R8000.  This implies -mips2 if -mips1 has not
	  been specified.

     -64  Generate a 64-bit object. This is the default on R8000 systems.
	  This implies -mips4 if -mips3 has not been specified.

     -n32 Generate an n32 object. This implies -mips3 if -mips4 has not been
	  specified.

     -mips1
	  Generate code using the instruction set of the R3000 RISC
	  architecture.	 This implies -o32.

     -mips2
	  Generate code using the MIPS II instruction set (MIPS I + some R4000
	  specific extensions).	 This implies -o32.

     -mips3
	  Generate code using the full R4000 instruction set.  This implies
	  -n32 (except on R8000-based systems it implies -64)

									Page 1

AS(1)									 AS(1)

     -mips4
	  Generate code using the full MIPS IV instruction set (64-bit R8000
	  extensions).	This implies -n32 (except on R8000-based systems it
	  implies -64)

     Options valid in all three ABI's.

     -cpp Run the C macro preprocessor on assembly source files before
	  compiling.  This is the default.

     -Dname=def
     -Dname
	  Define the name to the C macro preprocessor, as if by `#define'.  If
	  no definition is given, the name is defined as "1".

     -E	  Run only the C macro preprocessor on the specified assembly source
	  files, and send the result to the standard output.

     -G num
	  Specify the maximum size, in bytes, of a data item that is to be
	  accessed from the global pointer.  Num is assumed to be a decimal
	  number.  If num is zero, no data is accessed from the global
	  pointer.  The default value for num is 8 bytes when using -64 or
	  -n32. The default value for num is 0 when using -o32.

     -g0  Have the assembler produce no symbol table information for symbolic
	  debugging.

     -g	  Have the assembler produce additional symbol table information for
	  full symbolic debugging.  This is the default.

     -Idir
	  `#include' files whose names do not begin with `/' are always sought
	  first in the directory of the file argument, then in directories
	  specified in -I options, and finally in the standard directory
	  (/usr/include).

     -I	  This option will cause `#include' files never to be searched for in
	  the standard directory (/usr/include).

     -keep
	  Build and use intermediate file names with the last component of the
	  source file's	 name replacing its suffix with the conventional
	  suffix for the type of file (for example `.i' file for preprocessed
	  source).  These intermediate files are not removed.  This option is
	  primarily for compiler debugging.

     -nocpp
	  Do not run the C macro preprocessor on assembly source before
	  compiling.

									Page 2

AS(1)									 AS(1)

     -non_shared
	  Don't generate position-independent code (PIC).

     -O0  Turn off all optimizations.  This is the default for -64 or -n32.

     -O1  Turn on all optimizations that can be done easily.  This is the
	  default for -o32.

     -O or -O2
	  Turn on all optimizations.  For -64 or -n32 this just means
	  scheduling the code; for -o32 this also means more aggressive
	  optimizations.

     -o output
	  Name the final output file output.  If this option is not used, the
	  output file is the input file name with a `.o' suffix rather than
	  the `.s' suffix.

     -P	  Run only the C macro preprocessor and put the result for each `.s'
	  file in a corresponding `.i' file.  The `.i' file has no `#' lines
	  in it.

     -show
	  Print the passes as they execute with their arguments and their
	  input and output files.

     -Uname
	  Remove any initial definition of name.

     Commandline Options (-n32 or -64 only)

     -help
	  This will not run the assembler, but will list all the available
	  options.

     -woff all
	  Suppress all warning messages.

     The options described below primarily aid compiler development and are
     not generally used:

     -Wa,arg1[,arg2...]
	  Pass the argument[s] argi to the assembler pass.  The commas between
	  the arguments are translated into spaces.

     -Ya,directory
	  Use the asm pass from the given directory.

     Commandline Options (-o32 only)

									Page 3

AS(1)									 AS(1)

     The options described below primarily aid compiler development and are
     not generally used:

     -fullasopt
	  Enable all the global optimizations done by the assembler. The
	  assembler can perform several global optimizations that are enabled
	  automatically for high level languages like C, Pascal and Fortran.
	  These optimizations are turned off by default while compiling an
	  assembly language source file. This is done because the
	  optimizations rely on the procedure calling convention to be
	  strictly followed. Several assembly language programs violate these
	  restrictions. The -fullasopt option allows enabling of these
	  optimizations for .s files.

     -Hc  Halt compiling after the pass specified by the character c,
	  producing an intermediate file for the next pass.  The c can be [ a
	  ]. It selects the assembler pass in the same way as the -t option.
	  If this option is used, the symbol table file produced and used by
	  the passes,is the last component of the source file with the suffix
	  changed to `.T' and is not removed.  Please note that this switch is
	  non-standard and may not be supported across product lines.

     -KPIC
	  Activates the assembler directives for generating position-
	  independent code (PIC).  This is the default.

     The options -t[hpab], -hpath, and -Bstring select a name to use for a
     particular pass.  These arguments are processed from left to right so
     their order is significant.  When the -B option is encountered, the
     selection of names takes place using the last -h and -t options.  These
     three options must be used together.

     -t[hpab]
	  Select the names.  The names selected are those designated by the
	  characters following the -t option according to the following table:
	  Name	   Character
	  include h
	  cpp	  p
	  as0	  a
	  as1	  b
	  If the character `h' is in the -t argument then a directory is added
	  to the list of directories to be used in searching for `#include'
	  files.  This directory name has the form /usr/includestring.	This
	  directory is to contain the include files for the string release of
	  the compiler.	 The standard directory is still searched.

     -hpath
	  Use path rather than the directory where the name is normally found.
	  Please note that this switch is non-standard and may not be
	  supported across product lines.

									Page 4

AS(1)									 AS(1)

     -Bstring
	  Append string to all names specified by the -t option.  If no -t
	  option has been processed before the -B, the -t option is assumed to
	  be ``hpab''.	This list designates all names.

     -Wc,arg1[,arg2...]
	  Pass the argument[s] argi to the assembler pass c. The c is one of [
	  pab ]. The c selects the assembler pass in the same way as the -t
	  option.  Of particular interest are several options to affect the
	  various optimizations done by the assembler. Most of these assembler
	  optimizations are fairly new and so are perhaps more likely to have
	  problems than other parts of the compiler:

	  -Wb,-noxbb
	       Turn off cross basic block instruction scheduling.

	  -Wb,-nopeep
	       Turn off peephole optimizations.

	  -Wb,-noswpipe
	       Turn off software pipelining.

	  -Wb,-nosymregs
	       Turn off symbolic register renaming.

     Note: these global optimizations are enabled only when optimization level
     -O2 or higher is selected for high level languages or the -fullasopt
     option is used for assembly language files.

     If the environment variable TMPDIR is set, the value is used as the
     directory to place any temporary files rather than the default /tmp.

FILES
     file.o		    object file output
     /usr/include	    standard `#include' file directory

			    (-o32 ONLY)
     /tmp/ctm*		    temporary files
     /usr/lib/cpp	    C macro preprocessor
     /usr/lib/as0	    symbolic assembly language translator
     /usr/lib/as1	    binary assembler and reorganizer

			    (-n32 and -64 ONLY)
     /tmp/cmplr*	    temporary files
     /usr/lib32/cmplrs/cpp  C macro preprocessor
     /usr/lib32/cmplrs/asm  symbolic assembler

BUGS
     The assembler attempts to continue after finding semantic errors.	These
     errors may result in internal errors.

									Page 5

AS(1)									 AS(1)

SEE ALSO
     MIPSpro Assembly Language Programmer's Guide,
     MIPSpro N32 ABI Guide,
     MIPSpro 64-bit Porting and Transition Guide,
     cc(1), what(1), getabi(3c)

DIAGNOSTICS
     The diagnostics produced by the assembler are intended to be self-
     explanatory.

NOTES:
     The environment variable SGI_ABI can be used to change the default ABI
     behavior to be -o32 , -n32 , or -64 ; see getabi(3c).  Also, the
     /etc/compiler.defaults file can be used to change default behavior.  See
     the cc(1) man page for more information.

     The environment variables COMP_TARGET_ROOT, TOOLROOT, RLS_ID_OBJECT are
     used by as while compiling the compiler itself.  Their meaning is left
     undefined intentionally.  They should not be set in your environment.

									Page 6

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