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animate(1)							    animate(1)

NAME
       animate - display a sequence of images on any workstation running X

SYNOPSIS
       animate [ options ...] file [ [ options ...] file ...]

DESCRIPTION
       animate displays a sequence of images on any workstation display run‐
       ning an X server.  animate first determines the hardware capabilities
       of the workstation.  If the number of unique colors in an image is less
       than or equal to the number the workstation can support, the image is
       displayed in an X window.  Otherwise the number of colors in the image
       is first reduced to match the color resolution of the workstation
       before it is displayed.

       This means that a continuous-tone 24 bits-per-pixel image can display
       on a 8 bit pseudo-color device or monochrome device.  In most instances
       the reduced color image closely resembles the original.	Alternatively,
       a monochrome or pseudo-color image sequence can display on a continu‐
       ous-tone 24 bits-per-pixel device.

       To help prevent color flashing on X server visuals that have colormaps,
       animate creates a single colormap from the image sequence.  This can be
       rather time consuming.  You can speed this operation up by reducing the
       colors in the image before you `animate' them.  Use mogrify to color
       reduce the images to a single colormap.	See mogrify(1) for details.
       Alternatively, you can use a Standard Colormap; or a static, direct, or
       true color visual.  You can define a Standard Colormap with xstdcmap.
       See XSTDCMAP(1) for details.  This method is recommended for col‐
       ormapped X server because it eliminates the need to compute a global
       colormap.

EXAMPLES
       To animate a set of images of a cockatoo, use:

	    animate cockatoo.*

       To animate a cockatoo image sequence while using the Standard Colormap
       "best", use:

	    xstdcmap -best
	    animate -map best cockatoo.*

       To animate an image of a cockatoo without a border centered on a back‐
       drop, use:

	    animate +borderwidth -backdrop cockatoo.*

OPTIONS
       -backdrop
	      display the image centered on a backdrop.

	      This backdrop covers the entire workstation screen and is useful
	      for hiding other X window activity while viewing the image
	      sequence.	  The color of the backdrop is specified as the back‐
	      ground color.  Refer to X RESOURCES for details.

       -cache threshold
	      megabytes of memory available to the pixel cache.

	      Image pixels are stored in memory until 80 megabytes of memory
	      have been consumed.  Subsequent pixel operations are cached on
	      disk.  Operations to memory are significantly faster but if your
	      computer does not have a sufficient amount of free memory you
	      may want to adjust this threshold value.

       -colormap type
	      the type of colormap: Shared or Private.

	      This option only applies when the default X server visual is
	      PseudoColor or GrayScale.	 Refer to -visual for more details.
	      By default, a shared colormap is allocated.  The image shares
	      colors with other X clients.  Some image colors could be approx‐
	      imated, therefore your image may look very different than
	      intended.	 Choose Private and the image colors appear exactly as
	      they are defined.	 However, other clients may go "technicolor"
	      when the image colormap is installed.

       -colors value
	      preferred number of colors in the image.

	      The actual number of colors in the image may be less than your
	      request, but never more.	Note, this is a color reduction
	      option.  Images with less unique colors than specified with this
	      option will have any duplicate or unused colors removed.	Refer
	      to quantize(9) for more details.

	      Note, options -dither, -colorspace, and -treedepth affect the
	      color reduction algorithm.

       -colorspace value
	      the type of colorspace: GRAY, OHTA, RGB, Transparent, XYZ,
	      YCbCr, YIQ, YPbPr, YUV, or CMYK.

	      Color reduction, by default, takes place in the RGB color space.
	      Empirical evidence suggests that distances in color spaces such
	      as YUV or YIQ correspond to perceptual color differences more
	      closely than do distances in RGB space.  These color spaces may
	      give better results when color reducing an image.	 Refer to
	      quantize(9) for more details.

	      The Transparent color space behaves uniquely in that it pre‐
	      serves the matte channel of the image if it exists.

	      The -colors or -monochrome option is required for this option to
	      take effect.

       -crop <width>x<height>{+-}<x offset>{+-}<y offset>{%}
	      preferred size and location of the cropped image.	 See X(1) for
	      details about the geometry specification.

	      To specify a percentage width or height instead, append %.  For
	      example to crop the image by ten percent on all sides of the
	      image, use -crop 10%.

	      Use cropping to apply image processing options, or display, only
	      a particular area of an image.

	      Use cropping to crop a particular area of an image.   Use -crop
	      0x0 to trim edges that are the background color.	Add an x and y
	      offset to leave a portion of the trimmed edges with the image.

	      The equivalent X resource for this option is cropGeometry (class
	      CropGeometry).  See X RESOURCES for details.

       -delay <1/100ths of a second>
	      display the next image after pausing.

	      This option is useful for regulating the animation of a sequence
	      of GIF images within Netscape.  1/100ths of a second must expire
	      before the redisplay of the image sequence.  The default is no
	      delay between each showing of the image sequence.

	      You can specify a delay range (e.g. -delay 10-500) which sets
	      the minimum and maximum delay.

       -density <width>x<height>
	      vertical and horizontal resolution in pixels of the image.

	      This option specifies an image density when decoding a Post‐
	      script or Portable Document page.	 The default is 72 pixels per
	      inch in the horizontal and vertical direction.

       -display host:display[.screen]
	      specifies the X server to contact; see X(1).

       -dither
	      apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image.

	      The basic strategy of dithering is to trade intensity resolution
	      for spatial resolution by averaging the intensities of several
	      neighboring pixels.  Images which suffer from severe contouring
	      when reducing colors can be improved with this option.

	      The -colors or -monochrome option is required for this option to
	      take effect.

	      Use +dither to render Postscript without text or graphic alias‐
	      ing.

       -gamma value
	      level of gamma correction.

	      The same color image displayed on two different workstations may
	      look different due to differences in the display monitor.	 Use
	      gamma correction to adjust for this color difference.  Reason‐
	      able values extend from 0.8 to 2.3.

	      You can apply separate gamma values to the red, green, and blue
	      channels of the image with a gamma value list delineated with
	      slashes (i.e. 1.7/2.3/1.2).

	      Use +gamma to set the image gamma level without actually adjust‐
	      ing the image pixels.  This option is useful if the image is of
	      a known gamma but not set as an image attribute (e.g. PNG
	      images).

       -geometry <width>x<height>{+-}<x offset>{+-}<y offset>{%}{!}{<}{>}
	      preferred size and location of the Image window.	See X(1) for
	      details about the geometry specification.	 By default, the win‐
	      dow size is the image size and the location is chosen by you
	      when it is mapped.

	      By default, the width and height are maximum values.  That is,
	      the image is expanded or contracted to fit the width and height
	      value while maintaining the aspect ratio of the image.  Append
	      an exclamation point to the geometry to force the image size to
	      exactly the size you specify.  For example, if you specify
	      640x480! the image width is set to 640 pixels and height to 480.
	      If only one factor is specified, both the width and height
	      assume the value.

	      To specify a percentage width or height instead, append %.  The
	      image size is multiplied by the width and height percentages to
	      obtain the final image dimensions.  To increase the size of an
	      image, use a value greater than 100 (e.g. 125%).	To decrease an
	      image's size, use a percentage less than 100.

	      Use > to change the dimensions of the image only if its size
	      exceeds the geometry specification.  <> resizes the image only
	      if its dimensions is less than the geometry specification.  For
	      example, if you specify 640x480> and the image size is 512x512,
	      the image size does not change.  However, if the image is
	      1024x1024, it is resized to 640x480.

	      When displaying an image on an X server, <x offset> and <y off‐
	      set> is relative to the root window.

	      The equivalent X resource for this option is geometry (class
	      Geometry).  See X RESOURCES for details.

       -interlace type
	      the type of interlacing scheme: None, Line, Plane, or Partition.
	      The default is None.

	      This option is used to specify the type of interlacing scheme
	      for raw image formats such as RGB or YUV.	 None means do not
	      interlace (RGBRGBRGBRGBRGBRGB...), Line uses scanline interlac‐
	      ing (RRR...GGG...BBB...RRR...GGG...BBB...), and Plane uses plane
	      interlacing (RRRRRR...GGGGGG...BBBBBB...).  Partition is like
	      plane except the different planes are saved to individual files
	      (e.g.  image.R, image.G, and image.B).

	      Use Line, or Plane to create an interlaced GIF or progressive
	      JPEG image.

       -map type
	      display image using this Standard Colormap type.

	      Choose from these Standard Colormap types:

		  best
		  default
		  gray
		  red
		  green
		  blue

	      The X server must support the Standard Colormap you choose, oth‐
	      erwise an error occurs.  Use list as the type and animate(1)
	      searches the list of colormap types in top-to-bottom order until
	      one is located. See xstdcmap(1) for one way of creating Standard
	      Colormaps.

       -monochrome
	      transform the image to black and white.

       -pause <seconds>
	      the number of seconds to pause before repeating your animation
	      sequence.

       -remote string
	      execute a command in an remote display process.

	      The only command recognized at this time is the name of an image
	      file to load.

       -rotate degrees{<}{>}
	      apply Paeth image rotation to the image.

	      Use > to rotate the image only if its width exceeds the height.
	      < rotates the image only if its width is less than the height.
	      For example, if you specify -90> and the image size is 480x640,
	      the image is not rotated by the specified angle.	However, if
	      the image is 640x480, it is rotated by -90 degrees.

	      Empty triangles left over from rotating the image are filled
	      with the color defined as bordercolor (class borderColor).

       -scene value{-value}
	      image scene number.

	      Use this option to specify an image sequence with a single file‐
	      name. See the discussion of file below for details.

       -size <width>x<height>{+offset}
	      width and height of the image.

	      Use this option to specify the width and height of raw images
	      whose dimensions are unknown such as GRAY, RGB, or CMYK.	In
	      addition to width and height, use -size to skip any header
	      information in the image or tell the number of colors in a MAP
	      image file, (e.g. -size 640x512+256).

       -title string
	      assign a title to the displayed image.

	      Use this option to assign a specific title to the image.	This
	      is assigned to the image window and is typically displayed in
	      the window title bar.  Optionally you can include the image
	      filename, type, width, height, or other image attributes by
	      embedding special format characters:

		  %b   file size
		  %c   comment
		  %d   directory
		  %e   filename extention
		  %f   filename
		  %h   height
		  %i   input filename
		  %l   label
		  %m   magick
		  %n   number of scenes
		  %o   output filename
		  %p   page number
		  %q   quantum depth
		  %s   scene number
		  %t   top of filename
		  %u   unique temporary filename
		  %w   width
		  %x   x resolution
		  %y   y resolution
		  \n   newline
		  \r   carriage return

	      For example,

		   -title "%m:%f %wx%h"

	      produces an image title of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image
	      titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and height is 480.

	      If the first character of string is @, the image title is read
	      from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string.

       -treedepth value
	      Normally, this integer value is zero or one.  A zero or one
	      tells animate to choose a optimal tree depth for the color
	      reduction algorithm.

	      An optimal depth generally allows the best representation of the
	      source image with the fastest computational speed and the least
	      amount of memory.	 However, the default depth is inappropriate
	      for some images.	To assure the best representation, try values
	      between 2 and 8 for this parameter.  Refer to quantize(9) for
	      more details.

	      The -colors or -monochrome option is required for this option to
	      take effect.

       -verbose
	      print detailed information about the image.

	      This information is printed: image scene number;	image name;
	      image size; the image class (DirectClass or PseudoClass);	 the
	      total number of unique colors;  and the number of seconds to
	      read and transform the image.  Refer to miff(5) for a descrip‐
	      tion of the image class.

	      If -colors is also specified, the total unique colors in the
	      image and color reduction error values are printed.  Refer to
	      quantize(9) for a description of these values.

       -visual type
	      animate images using this visual type.

	      Choose from these visual classes:

		  StaticGray
		  GrayScale
		  StaticColor
		  PseudoColor
		  TrueColor
		  DirectColor
		  default
		  visual id

	      The X server must support the visual you choose, otherwise an
	      error occurs.  If a visual is not specified, the visual class
	      that can display the most simultaneous colors on the default
	      screen is chosen.

       -window id
	      set the background pixmap of this window to the image.

	      id can be a window id or name.  Specify root to select X's root
	      window as the target window.

	      By default the image is tiled onto the background of the target
	      window.	If -backdrop or -geometry are specified, the image is
	      surrounded by the background color.  Refer to X RESOURCES for
	      details.

	      The image will not display on the root window if the image has
	      more unique colors than the target window colormap allows.  Use
	      -colors to reduce the number of colors.

       In addition to those listed above, you can specify these standard X
       resources as command line options:  -background, -bordercolor, -border‐
       width,  -font, -foreground, -iconGeometry, -iconic, -mattecolor, -name,
       or -title.  See X RESOURCES for details.

       Any option you specify on the command line remains in effect until it
       is explicitly changed by specifying the option again with a different
       effect.	For example, to animate two images, the first with 32 colors
       and the second with only 16 colors, use:

	    animate -colors 32 cockatoo.1 -colors 16 cockatoo.2

       Options are processed in command line order.  Any option you specify on
       the command line remains in effect until it is explicitly changed by
       specifying the option again with a different effect.

       By default, the image format is determined by its magic number. To
       specify a particular image format, precede the filename with an image
       format name and a colon (i.e. ps:image) or specify the image type as
       the filename suffix (i.e. image.ps).  See convert(1) for a list of
       valid image formats.

       When you specify X as your image type, the filename has special mean‐
       ing.  It specifies an X window by id, name, or root.  If no filename is
       specified, the window is selected by clicking the mouse in the desired
       window.

       Specify file as - for standard input, If file has the extension .Z or
       .gz, the file is uncompressed with uncompress or gunzip respectively.
       Precede the image file name with | to pipe from a system command.

       Use an optional index enclosed in brackets after a file name to specify
       a desired subimage of a multi-resolution image format like Photo CD
       (e.g. img0001.pcd[4]) or a range for MPEG images (e.g.
       video.mpg[50-75]).  A subimage specification can be disjoint (e.g.
       image.tiff[2,7,4]).  For raw images, specify a subimage with a geometry
       (e.g.  -size 640x512 image.rgb[320x256+50+50]).

       Single images are read with the filename you specify.  Alternatively,
       you can animate an image sequence with a single filename.  Define the
       range of the image sequence with -scene.	 Each image in the range is
       read with the filename followed by a period (.)	and the scene number.
       You can change this behavior by embedding a printf format specification
       in the file name.  For example,

	    -scene 0-9 image%02d.miff

       animates files image00.miff, image01.miff, through image09.miff.

       Image filenames may appear in any order on the command line if the
       image format is MIFF (refer to miff(5) and the scene keyword is speci‐
       fied in the image.  Otherwise the images will display in the order they
       appear on the command line.

BUTTONS
       Press any button to map or unmap the Command widget.  See the next sec‐
       tion for more information about the Command widget.

COMMAND WIDGET
       The Command widget lists a number of sub-menus and commands.  They are

	   Animate
	     Open
	     Play
	     Step
	     Repeat
	     Auto Reverse
	   Speed
	     Faster
	     Slower
	   Direction
	     Forward
	     Reverse
	   Help
	     Help
	     Browse Documentation
	     About Display
	   Image Info
	   Quit

       Menu items with a indented triangle have a sub-menu.  They are repre‐
       sented above as the indented items.  To access a sub-menu item, move
       the pointer to the appropriate menu and press a button and drag.	 When
       you find the desired sub-menu item, release the button and the command
       is executed.  Move the pointer away from the sub-menu if you decide not
       to execute a particular command.

KEYBOARD ACCELERATORS
       Accelerators are one or two key presses that effect a particular com‐
       mand.  The keyboard accelerators that animate(1) understands is:

       Ctl+O  Press to load an image from a file.

       space  Press to display the next image in the sequence.

       <      Press to speed-up the display of the images.  Refer to -delay
	      for more information.

       >      Press to slow the display of the images.	Refer to -delay for
	      more information.

       F1     Press to display helpful information about animate(1).

       Find   Press to browse documentation about ImageMagick.

       ?      Press to display information about the image.  Press any key or
	      button to erase the information.

	      This information is printed: image name;	image size; and the
	      total number of unique colors in the image.

       Ctl-q  Press to discard all images and exit program.

X RESOURCES
       animate options can appear on the command line or in your X resource
       file.  Options on the command line supersede values specified in your X
       resource file.  See X(1) for more information on X resources.

       All animate options have a corresponding X resource.  In addition, the
       animate program uses the following X resources:

       background (class Background)
	      Specifies the preferred color to use for the Image window back‐
	      ground.  The default is #ccc.

       borderColor (class BorderColor)
	      Specifies the preferred color to use for the Image window bor‐
	      der.  The default is #ccc.

       borderWidth (class BorderWidth)
	      Specifies the width in pixels of the Image window border.	 The
	      default is 2.

       font (class Font or FontList)
	      Specifies the name of the preferred font to use in normal for‐
	      matted text.  The default is 14 point Helvetica.

       foreground (class Foreground)
	      Specifies the preferred color to use for text within the Image
	      window.  The default is black.

       geometry (class geometry)
	      Specifies the preferred size and position of the image window.
	      It is not necessarily obeyed by all window managers.

       iconGeometry (class IconGeometry)
	      Specifies the preferred size and position of the application
	      when iconified.  It is not necessarily obeyed by all window man‐
	      agers.

       iconic (class Iconic)
	      This resource indicates that you would prefer that the applica‐
	      tion's windows initially not be visible as if the windows had be
	      immediately iconified by you.  Window managers may choose not to
	      honor the application's request.

       matteColor (class MatteColor)
	      Specify the color of windows.  It is used for the backgrounds of
	      windows, menus, and notices.  A  3D  effect  is achieved	by
	      using highlight and shadow colors derived from this color.
	      Default value: #ddd.

       name (class Name)
	      This resource specifies the name under which resources for the
	      application should be found.  This resource is useful in shell
	      aliases to distinguish between invocations of an application,
	      without resorting to creating links to alter the executable file
	      name.  The default is the application name.

       sharedMemory (class SharedMemory)
	      This resource specifies whether animate should attempt use
	      shared memory for pixmaps.  ImageMagick must be compiled with
	      shared memory support, and the display must support the MIT-SHM
	      extension.  Otherwise, this resource is ignored.	The default is
	      True.

       text_font (class textFont)
	      Specifies the name of the preferred font to use in fixed (type‐
	      writer style) formatted text.  The default is 14 point Courier.

       title (class Title)
	      This resource specifies the title to be used for the Image win‐
	      dow.  This information is sometimes used by a window manager to
	      provide some sort of header identifying the window.  The default
	      is the image file name.

ENVIRONMENT
       display
	      To get the default host, display number, and screen.

SEE ALSO
       display(1), import(1), montage(1), mogrify(1), convert(1), combine(1),
       xtp(1)

COPYRIGHT
       Copyright (C) 2001 ImageMagick Studio, a non-profit organization dedi‐
       cated to making software imaging solutions freely available.

       Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
       copy of this software and associated documentation files ("ImageMag‐
       ick"), to deal in ImageMagick without restriction, including without
       limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute,
       sublicense, and/or sell copies of ImageMagick, and to permit persons to
       whom the ImageMagick is furnished to do so, subject to the following
       conditions:

       The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
       in all copies or substantial portions of ImageMagick.

       The software is provided "as is", without warranty of any kind, express
       or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of mer‐
       chantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement.  In
       no event shall ImageMagick Studio be liable for any claim, damages or
       other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise,
       arising from, out of or in connection with ImageMagick or the use or
       other dealings in ImageMagick.

       Except as contained in this notice, the name of the ImageMagick Studio
       shall not be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale, use
       or other dealings in ImageMagick without prior written authorization
       from the ImageMagick Studio.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
       The MIT X Consortium for making network transparent graphics a reality.

       Michael Halle, Spatial Imaging Group at MIT, for the initial implemen‐
       tation of Alan Paeth's image rotation algorithm.

       David Pensak, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, for providing a
       computing environment that made this program possible.

       Paul Raveling, USC Information Sciences Institute, for the original
       idea of using space subdivision for the color reduction algorithm.

AUTHORS
       John Cristy, ImageMagick Studio

ImageMagick			  1 May 1994			    animate(1)
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