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AFS(1)			     AFS Command Reference			AFS(1)

NAME
       afs - Introduction to AFS commands

DESCRIPTION
       AFS provides many commands that enable users and system administrators
       to use and customize its features. Many of the commands belong to the
       following categories, called command suites.

       backup
	   Interface for configuring and operating the AFS Backup System.

       bos Interface to the Basic Overseer (BOS) Server for administering
	   server processes and configuration files.

       fs  Interface for administering access control lists (ACLs), the Cache
	   Manager, and other miscellaneous file system functions.

       fstrace
	   Interface for tracing Cache Manager operations when debugging
	   problems.

       kas Interface to the Authentication Server for administering security
	   and authentication information. This aspect of OpenAFS has been
	   deprecated.

       pts Interface to the Protection Server for administering AFS ID and
	   group membership information.

       uss Interface for automated administration of user accounts.
	   Deprecated, may be removed from a future version of OpenAFS. See
	   uss man page for more detail.

       vos Interface to the Volume Server and Volume Location (VL) Server for
	   administering volumes.

       In addition, there are several commands that do not belong to suites.

   AFS Command Syntax
       AFS commands that belong to suites have the following structure:

       command_suite operation_code -switch <value>[+] [-flag]

       Command Names

       Together, the command_suite and operation_code make up the command
       name.

       The command_suite specifies the group of related commands to which the
       command belongs, and indicates which command interpreter and server
       process perform the command.  AFS has several command suites, including
       bos, fs, kas, package, pts, uss (deprecated) and vos.  Some of these
       suites have an interactive mode in which the issuer omits the
       operation_code portion of the command name.

       The operation_code tells the command interpreter and server process
       which action to perform. Most command suites include several operation
       codes. The man pages for each command name describe each operation code
       in detail, and the OpenAFS Administration Guide describes how to use
       them in the context of performing administrative tasks.

       Several AFS commands do not belong to a suite and so their names do not
       have a command_suite portion. Their structure is otherwise similar to
       the commands in the suites.

       Options

       The term option refers to both arguments and flags, which are described
       in the following sections.

       Arguments

       One or more arguments can follow the command name. Arguments specify
       the entities on which to act while performing the command (for example,
       which server machine, server process, or file). To minimize the
       potential for error, provide a command's arguments in the order
       prescribed in its syntax definition.

       Each argument has two parts, which appear in the indicated order:

       ·   The switch specifies the argument's type and is preceded by a
	   hyphen (-). For instance, the switch -server usually indicates that
	   the argument names a server machine. Switches can often be omitted,
	   subject to the rules outlined in "Conditions for Omitting
	   Switches".

       ·   The value names a particular entity of the type specified by the
	   preceding switch. For example, the proper value for a -server
	   switch is a server machine name like "fs3.abc.com". Unlike switches
	   (which have a required form), values vary depending on what the
	   issuer wants to accomplish. Values appear surrounded by angle
	   brackets ("<>") in command descriptions and the online help to show
	   that they are user-supplied variable information.

       Some arguments accept multiple values, as indicated by trailing plus
       sign ("+") in the command descriptions and online help. How many of a
       command's arguments take multiple values, and their ordering with
       respect to other arguments, determine when it is acceptable to omit
       switches. See "Conditions for Omitting Switches".

       Some commands have optional as well as required arguments; the command
       descriptions and online help show optional arguments in square brackets
       ("[]").

       Flags

       Some commands have one or more flags, which specify the manner in which
       the command interpreter and server process perform the command, or what
       kind of output it produces. Flags are preceded by hyphens like
       switches, but they take no values. Although the command descriptions
       and online help generally list a command's flags after its arguments,
       there is no prescribed order for flags. They can appear anywhere on the
       command line following the operation code, except in between the parts
       of an argument. Flags are always optional.

       An Example Command

       The following example illustrates the different parts of a command that
       belongs to an AFS command suite.

	  % bos getdate -server fs1.abc.com -file ptserver kaserver

       where

       ·   bos is the command suite. The BOS Server executes most of the
	   commands in this suite.

       ·   getdate is the operation code. It tells the BOS Server on the
	   specified server machine (in this case "fs1.abc.com") to report the
	   modification dates of binary files in the local /usr/afs/bin
	   directory.

       ·   "-server fs1.abc.com" is one argument, with -server as the switch
	   and "fs1.abc.com" as the value. This argument specifies the server
	   machine on which BOS Server is to collect and report binary dates.

       ·   "-file ptserver kaserver" is an argument that takes multiple
	   values. The switch is -file and the values are "ptserver" and
	   "kaserver". This argument tells the BOS Server to report the
	   modification dates on the files /usr/afs/bin/kaserver and
	   /usr/afs/bin/ptserver.

       Rules for Entering AFS Commands

       Enter each AFS command on a single line (press <Return> only at the end
       of the command). Some commands in this document appear broken across
       multiple lines, but that is for legibility only.

       Use a space to separate each element on a command line from its
       neighbors. Spaces rather than commas also separate multiple values of
       an argument.

       In many cases, the issuer of a command can reduce the amount of typing
       necessary by using one or both of the following methods:

       ·   Omitting switches.

       ·   Using accepted abbreviations for operation codes, switches (if they
	   are included at all), and some types of values.

       The following sections explain the conditions for omitting or
       shortening parts of the command line. It is always acceptable to type a
       command in full, with all of its switches and no abbreviations.

       Conditions for Omitting Switches

       It is always acceptable to type the switch part of an argument, but in
       many cases it is not necessary. Specifically, switches can be omitted
       if the following conditions are met.

       ·   All of the command's required arguments appear in the order
	   prescribed by the syntax statement.

       ·   No switch is provided for any argument.

       ·   There is only one value for each argument (but note the important
	   exception discussed in the following paragraph).

       Omitting switches is possible only because there is a prescribed order
       for each command's arguments. When the issuer does not include
       switches, the command interpreter relies instead on the order of
       arguments; it assumes that the first element after the operation code
       is the command's first argument, the next element is the command's
       second argument, and so on. The important exception is when a command's
       final required argument accepts multiple values. In this case, the
       command interpreter assumes that the issuer has correctly provided one
       value for each argument up through the final one, so any additional
       values at the end belong to the final argument.

       The following list describes the rules for omitting switches from the
       opposite perspective: an argument's switch must be provided when any of
       the following conditions apply.

       ·   The command's arguments do not appear in the prescribed order.

       ·   An optional argument is omitted but a subsequent optional argument
	   is provided.

       ·   A switch is provided for a preceding argument.

       ·   More than one value is supplied for a preceding argument (which
	   must take multiple values, of course); without a switch on the
	   current argument, the command interpreter assumes that the current
	   argument is another value for the preceding argument.

       An Example of Omitting Switches

       Consider again the example command from "An Example Command".

	  % bos getdate -server fs1.abc.com -file ptserver kaserver

       This command has two required arguments: the server machine name
       (identified by the -server switch) and binary file name (identified by
       the -file switch). The second argument accepts multiple values. By
       complying with all three conditions, the issuer can omit the switches:

	  % bos getdate fs1.abc.com ptserver kaserver

       Because there are no switches, the bos command interpreter relies on
       the order of arguments. It assumes that the first element following the
       operation code, "fs1.abc.com", is the server machine name, and that the
       next argument, "ptserver", is a binary file name. Then, because the
       command's second (and last) argument accepts multiple values, the
       command interpreter correctly interprets "kaserver" as an additional
       value for it.

       On the other hand, the following is not acceptable because it violates
       the first two conditions in "Conditions for Omitting Switches": even
       though there is only one value per argument, the arguments do not
       appear in the prescribed order, and a switch is provided for one
       argument but not the other.

	  % bos getdate ptserver -server fs1.abc.com

       Rules for Using Abbreviations and Aliases

       This section explains how to abbreviate operation codes, option names,
       server machine names, partition names, and cell names. It is not
       possible to abbreviate other types of values.

       Abbreviating Operation Codes

       It is acceptable to abbreviate an operation code to the shortest form
       that still distinguishes it from the other operation codes in its
       suite.

       For example, it is acceptable to shorten bos install to bos i because
       there are no other operation codes in the bos command suite that begin
       with the letter "i". In contrast, there are several bos operation codes
       that start with the letter "s", so the abbreviations must be longer to
       remain unambiguous:

       bos sa for bos salvage
       bos seta for bos setauth
       bos setc for bos setcellname
       bos setr for bos setrestart
       bos sh for bos shutdown
       bos start for bos start
       bos startu for bos startup
       bos stat for bos status
       bos sto for bos stop

       In addition to abbreviations, some operation codes have an alias, a
       short form that is not derived by abbreviating the operation code to
       its shortest unambiguous form. For example, the alias for the fs setacl
       command is fs sa, whereas the shortest unambiguous abbreviation is fs
       seta.

       There are two usual reasons an operation code has an alias:

       ·   Because the command is frequently issued, it is convenient to have
	   a form shorter than the one derived by abbreviating. The fs setacl
	   command is an example.

       ·   Because the command's name has changed, but users of previous
	   versions of AFS know the former name. For example, bos listhosts
	   has the alias bos getcell, its former name.	It is acceptable to
	   abbreviate aliases to their shortest unambiguous form (for example,
	   bos getcell to bos getc).

       Even if an operation code has an alias, it is still acceptable to use
       the shortest unambiguous form. Thus, the fs setacl command has three
       acceptable forms: fs setacl (the full form), fs seta (the shortest
       abbreviation), and fs sa (the alias).

       Abbreviating Switches and Flags

       It is acceptable to shorten a switch or flag to the shortest form that
       distinguishes it from the other switches and flags for its operation
       code. It is often possible to omit switches entirely, subject to the
       conditions listed in "Conditions for Omitting Switches".

       Abbreviating Server Machine Names

       AFS server machines must have fully-qualified Internet-style host names
       (for example, "fs1.abc.com"), but it is not always necessary to type
       the full name on the command line. AFS commands accept unambiguous
       shortened forms, but depend on the cell's name service (such as the
       Domain Name Service) or a local host table to resolve a shortened name
       to the fully-qualified equivalent when the command is issued.

       Most commands also accept the dotted decimal form of the machine's IP
       address as an identifier.

       Abbreviating Partition Names

       Partitions that house AFS volumes must have names of the form /vicepx
       or /vicepxx, where the variable final portion is one or two lowercase
       letters. By convention, the first server partition created on a file
       server machine is called /vicepa, the second /vicepb, and so on.	 The
       OpenAFS QuickStart Guide explains how to configure and name a file
       server machine's partitions in preparation for storing AFS volumes on
       them.

       When issuing AFS commands, you can abbreviate a partition name using
       any of the following forms:

	  /vicepa     =	    vicepa	=      a      =	     0
	  /vicepb     =	    vicepb	=      b      =	     1

       After /vicepz (for which the index is 25) comes

	  /vicepaa    =	    vicepaa	=      aa     =	     26
	  /vicepab    =	    vicepab	=      ab     =	     27

       and so on through

	  /vicepiv    =	    vicepiv	=      iv     =	     255

       /vicepiv is the last permissible AFS partition name. In practice it
       will not work well; stopping with /vicepiu is highly recommended.

       Abbreviating Cell Names

       A cell's full name usually matches its Internet domain name (such as
       stateu.edu for the State University or "abc.com" for ABC Corporation).
       Some AFS commands accept unambiguous shortened forms, usually with
       respect to the local /usr/vice/etc/CellServDB file but sometimes
       depending on the ability of the local name service to resolve the
       corresponding domain name.

       Displaying Online Help for AFS Commands

       To display online help for AFS commands that belong to suites, use the
       help and apropos operation codes.  A -help flag is also available on
       every almost every AFS command.

       The online help entry for a command consists of two or three lines:

       ·   The first line names the command and briefly describes what it
	   does.

       ·   If the command has aliases, they appear on the next line.

       ·   The final line, which begins with the string "Usage:", lists the
	   command's options in the prescribed order; online help entries use
	   the same typographical symbols (brackets and so on) as this
	   documentation.

       If no operation code is specified, the help operation code displays the
       first line (short description) for every operation code in the suite:

	  % <command_suite> help

       If the issuer specifies one or more operation codes, the help operation
       code displays each command's complete online entry (short description,
       alias if any, and syntax):

	  % <command_suite> help <operation_code>+

       The -help flag displays a command's syntax but not the short
       description or alias:

	  % <command_name> -help

       The apropos operation code displays the short description of any
       command in a suite whose operation code or short description includes
       the specified keyword:

	  % <command_suite> apropos "<help string>"

       The following example command displays the complete online help entry
       for the fs setacl command:

	  % fs help setacl
	  fs setacl: set access control list
	  aliases: sa
	  Usage: fs setacl -dir <directory>+ -acl <access list entries>+
	  [-clear] [-negative] [-id] [-if] [-help]

       To see only the syntax statement, use the -help flag:

	  % fs setacl -help
	  Usage: fs setacl -dir <directory>+ -acl <access list entries>+
	  [-clear] [-negative] [-id] [-if] [-help]

       In the following example, a user wants to display the quota for her
       home volume. She knows that the relevant command belongs to the fs
       suite, but cannot remember the operation code. She uses quota as the
       keyword:

	  % fs apropos quota
	  listquota: list volume quota
	  quota: show volume quota usage
	  setquota: set volume quota

       The following illustrates the error message that results if no command
       name or short description contains the keyword:

	  % fs apropos "list quota"
	  Sorry, no commands found

PRIVILEGE REQUIRED
       Many AFS commands require one or more types of administrative
       privilege. See the reference page for each command.

SEE ALSO
       afsd(8), afsmonitor(1), backup(8), bos(8), bosserver(8), buserver(8),
       butc(8), dlog(1), dpass(1), fileserver(8), fms(8), fs(1), fstrace(8),
       kadb_check(8), kas(8), kaserver(8), kdb(8), klog(1), knfs(1),
       kpasswd(1), kpwvalid(8), package(1), pagsh(1), prdb_check(8), pts(1),
       ptserver(8), rxdebug(1), salvager(8), scout(1), sys(1), tokens(1),
       translate_et(1), unlog(1), up(1), upclient(8), upserver(8), uss(8),
       vldb_check(8), vlserver(8), volinfo(8), volserver(8), vos(1),
       xfs_size_check(8), xstat_cm_test(1), xstat_fs_test(1)

COPYRIGHT
       IBM Corporation 2000. <http://www.ibm.com/> All Rights Reserved.

       This documentation is covered by the IBM Public License Version 1.0.
       It was converted from HTML to POD by software written by Chas Williams
       and Russ Allbery, based on work by Alf Wachsmann and Elizabeth Cassell.

OpenAFS				  2013-10-09				AFS(1)
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