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SSLeay(3)	      User Contributed Perl Documentation	     SSLeay(3)

NAME
       Net::SSLeay - Perl extension for using OpenSSL

SYNOPSIS
	 use Net::SSLeay, qw(get_https post_https sslcat make_headers make_form);

	 ($page) = get_https('www.bacus.pt', 443, '/');			# 1

	 ($page, $response, %reply_headers)
		= get_https('www.bacus.pt', 443, '/',			# 2
		       make_headers(User-Agent => 'Cryptozilla/5.0b1',
				    Referer    => 'https://www.bacus.pt'
		       ));

	 ($page, $result, %headers) =					# 2b
		= get_https('www.bacus.pt', 443, '/protected.html',
		     make_headers(Authorization =>
				  'Basic ' . MIME::Base64::encode("$user:$pass",''))
		     );

	 ($page, $response, %reply_headers)
		= post_https('www.bacus.pt', 443, '/foo.cgi', '',	# 3
		       make_form(OK   => '1',
				 name => 'Sampo'
		       ));

	 $reply = sslcat($host, $port, $request);			# 4

	 ($reply, $err, $server_cert) = sslcat($host, $port, $request); # 5

	 $Net::SSLeay::trace = 2;  # 0=no debugging, 1=ciphers, 2=trace, 3=dump data

DESCRIPTION
       There is a related module called Net::SSLeay::Handle included in this
       distribution that you might want to use instead. It has its own pod
       documentation.

       This module offers some high level convinience functions for accessing
       web pages on SSL servers (for symmetry, same API is offered for access‐
       ing http servers, too), a sslcat() function for writing your own
       clients, and finally access to the SSL api of SSLeay/OpenSSL package so
       you can write servers or clients for more complicated applications.

       For high level functions it is most convinient to import them to your
       main namespace as indicated in the synopsis.

       Case 1 demonstrates typical invocation of get_https() to fetch an HTML
       page from secure server. The first argument provides host name or ip in
       dotted decimal notation of the remote server to contact. Second argu‐
       ment is the TCP port at the remote end (your own port is picked arbi‐
       trarily from high numbered ports as usual for TCP). The third argument
       is the URL of the page without the host name part. If in doubt consult
       HTTP specifications at <http://www.w3c.org>

       Case 2 demonstrates full fledged use of get_https(). As can be seen,
       get_https() parses the response and response headers and returns them
       as a list, which can be captured in a hash for later reference. Also a
       fourth argument to get_https() is used to insert some additional head‐
       ers in the request. make_headers() is a function that will convert a
       list or hash to such headers. By default get_https() supplies Host
       (make virtual hosting easy) and Accept (reportedly needed by IIS) head‐
       ers.

       Case 2b demonstrates how to get password protected page. Refer to HTTP
       protocol specifications for further details (e.g. RFC2617).

       Case 3 invokes post_https() to submit a HTML/CGI form to secure server.
       First four arguments are equal to get_https() (note that empty string
       ('') is passed as header argument). The fifth argument is the contents
       of the form formatted according to CGI specification. In this case the
       helper function make_https() is used to do the formatting, but you
       could pass any string. The post_https() automatically adds Content-Type
       and Content-Length headers to the request.

       Case 4 shows the fundamental sslcat() function (inspired in spirit by
       netcat utility :-). Its your swiss army knife that allows you to easily
       contact servers, send some data, and then get the response. You are
       responsible for formatting the data and parsing the response - sslcat()
       is just a transport.

       Case 5 is a full invocation of sslcat() which allows return of errors
       as well as the server (peer) certificate.

       The $trace global variable can be used to control the verbosity of high
       level functions. Level 0 guarantees silence, level 1 (the default) only
       emits error messages.

       Alternate versions of the API

       The above mentioned functions actually return the response headers as a
       list, which only gets converted to hash upon assignment (this assign‐
       ment looses information if the same header occurs twice, as may be the
       case with cookies). There are also other variants of the functions that
       return unprocessed headers and that return a reference to a hash.

	 ($page, $response, @headers) = get_https('www.bacus.pt', 443, '/');
	 for ($i = 0; $i < $#headers; $i+=2) {
	     print "$headers[$i] = " . $headers[$i+1] . "\n";
	 }

	 ($page, $response, $headers, $server_cert)
	   = get_https3('www.bacus.pt', 443, '/');
	 print "$headers\n";

	 ($page, $response, %headers_ref, $server_cert)
	   = get_https4('www.bacus.pt', 443, '/');
	 for $k (sort keys %{headers_ref}) {
	     for $v (@{$headers_ref{$k}}) {
		 print "$k = $v\n";
	     }
	 }

       All of the above code fragments accomplish the same thing: display all
       values of all headers. The API functions ending in "3" return the head‐
       ers simply as a scalar string and it is up to the application to split
       them up. The functions ending in "4" return a reference to hash of
       arrays (see perlref and perllol manual pages if you are not familiar
       with complex perl data structures). To access single value of such
       header hash you would do something like

	 print $headers_ref{COOKIE}[0];

       The variants 3 and 4 also allow you to discover the server certificate
       in case you would like to store or display it, e.g.

	 ($p, $resp, $hdrs, $server_cert) = get_https3('www.bacus.pt', 443, '/');
	 if (!defined($server_cert) ⎪⎪ ($server_cert == 0)) {
	     warn "Subject Name: undefined, Issuer  Name: undefined";
	 } else {
	     warn 'Subject Name: '
		 . Net::SSLeay::X509_NAME_oneline(
			Net::SSLeay::X509_get_subject_name($server_cert))
		     . 'Issuer	Name: '
			 . Net::SSLeay::X509_NAME_oneline(
				Net::SSLeay::X509_get_issuer_name($server_cert));
	 }

       Beware that this method only allows after the fact verification of the
       certificate: by the time get_https3() has returned the https request
       has already been sent to the server, whether you decide to tryst it or
       not. To do the verification correctly you must either employ the
       OpenSSL certificate verification framework or use the lower level API
       to first connect and verify the certificate and only then send the http
       data. See implementation of ds_https3() for guidance on how to do this.

       Using client certificates

       Secure web communications are encrypted using symmetric crypto keys
       exchanged using encryption based on the certificate of the server.
       Therefore in all SSL connections the server must have a certificate.
       This serves both to authenticate the server to the clients and to per‐
       form the key exchange.

       Sometimes it is necessary to authenticate the client as well. Two
       options are available: http basic authentication and client side cer‐
       tificate. The basic authentication over https is actually quite safe
       because https guarantees that the password will not travel in clear.
       Never-the-less, problems like easily guessable passwords remain. The
       client certificate method involves authentication of the client at SSL
       level using a certificate. For this to work, both the client and the
       server will have certificates (which typically are different) and pri‐
       vate keys.

       The API functions outlined above accept additional arguments that allow
       one to supply the client side certificate and key files. The format of
       these files is the same as used for server certificates and the caveat
       about encrypting private key applies.

	 ($page, $result, %headers) =					# 2c
		= get_https('www.bacus.pt', 443, '/protected.html',
		     make_headers(Authorization =>
				  'Basic ' . MIME::Base64::encode("$user:$pass",'')),
		     '', $mime_type6, $path_to_crt7, $path_to_key8);

	 ($page, $response, %reply_headers)
		= post_https('www.bacus.pt', 443, '/foo.cgi',		# 3b
		     make_headers('Authorization' =>
				  'Basic ' . MIME::Base64::encode("$user:$pass",'')),
		     make_form(OK   => '1', name => 'Sampo'),
		     $mime_type6, $path_to_crt7, $path_to_key8);

       Case 2c demonstrates getting password protected page that also requires
       client certificate, i.e. it is possible to use both authentication
       methods simultaneously.

       Case 3b is full blown post to secure server that requires both password
       authentication and client certificate, just like in case 2c.

       Note: Client will not send a certificate unless the server requests
       one.  This is typically achieved by setting verify mode to VERIFY_PEER
       on the server:

	 Net::SSLeay::set_verify(ssl, Net::SSLeay::VERIFY_PEER, 0);

       See perldoc ~openssl/doc/ssl/SSL_CTX_set_verify.pod for full descrip‐
       tion.

       Working through Web proxy

       Net::SSLeay can use a web proxy to make its connections. You need to
       first set the proxy host and port using set_proxy() and then just use
       the normal API functions, e.g:

	 Net::SSLeay::set_proxy('gateway.myorg.com', 8080);
	 ($page) = get_https('www.bacus.pt', 443, '/');

       If your proxy requires authentication, you can supply username and
       password as well

	 Net::SSLeay::set_proxy('gateway.myorg.com', 8080, 'joe', 'salainen');
	 ($page, $result, %headers) =
		= get_https('www.bacus.pt', 443, '/protected.html',
		     make_headers(Authorization =>
				  'Basic ' . MIME::Base64::encode("susie:pass",''))
		     );

       This example demonstrates case where we authenticate to the proxy as
       "joe" and to the final web server as "susie". Proxy authentication
       requires MIME::Base64 module to work.

       Certificate verification and Certificate Revoocation Lists (CRLs)

       OpenSSL supports the ability to verify peer certificates. It can also
       optionally check the peer certificate against a Certificate Revocation
       List (CRL) from the certificates issuer. A CRL is a file, created by
       the certificate issuer that lists all the certificates that it previ‐
       ously signed, but which it now revokes. CRLs are in PEM format.

       You can enable Net::SSLeay CRL checking like this:

		   &Net::SSLeay::X509_STORE_CTX_set_flags
		       (&Net::SSLeay::CTX_get_cert_store($ssl),
			&Net::SSLeay::X509_V_FLAG_CRL_CHECK);

       After setting this flag, if OpenSSL checks a peer's certificate, then
       it will attempt to find a CRL for the issuer. It does this by looking
       for a specially named file in the search directory specified by
       CTX_load_verify_locations.  CRL files are named with the hash of the
       issuer's subject name, followed by .r0, .r1 etc.	 For example
       ab1331b2.r0, ab1331b2.r1. It will read all the .r files for the issuer,
       and then check for a revocation of the peer cerificate in all of them.
       (You can also force it to look in a specific named CRL file., see
       below).	You can find out the hash of the issuer subject name in a CRL
       with

	       openssl crl -in crl.pem -hash -noout

       If the peer certificate does not pass the revocation list, or if no CRL
       is found, then the handshaking fails with an error.

       You can also force OpenSSL to look for CRLs in one or more arbitrarily
       named files.

       my $bio = &Net::SSLeay::BIO_new_file($crlfilename, 'r'); my $crl =
       &Net::SSLeay::PEM_read_bio_X509_CRL($bio); if ($crl) {
	   &Net::SSLeay::X509_STORE_add_crl(&Net::SSLeay::CTX_get_cert_store($ssl,
       $crl); } else {
	   error reading CRL....  }

       Convenience routines

       To be used with Low level API

	   Net::SSLeay::randomize($rn_seed_file,$additional_seed);
	   Net::SSLeay::set_cert_and_key($ctx, $cert_path, $key_path);
	   $cert = Net::SSLeay::dump_peer_certificate($ssl);
	   Net::SSLeay::ssl_write_all($ssl, $message) or die "ssl write failure";
	   $got = Net::SSLeay::ssl_read_all($ssl) or die "ssl read failure";

	   $got = Net::SSLeay::ssl_read_CRLF($ssl [, $max_length]);
	   $got = Net::SSLeay::ssl_read_until($ssl [, $delimit [, $max_length]]);
	   Net::SSLeay::ssl_write_CRLF($ssl, $message);

       randomize() seeds the eay PRNG with /dev/urandom (see top of SSLeay.pm
       for how to change or configure this) and optionally with user provided
       data. It is very important to properly seed your random numbers, so do
       not forget to call this. The high level API functions automatically
       call randomize() so it is not needed with them. See also caveats.

       set_cert_and_key() takes two file names as arguments and sets the cer‐
       tificate and private key to those. This can be used to set either
       cerver certificates or client certificates.

       dump_peer_certificate() allows you to get plaintext description of the
       certificate the peer (usually server) presented to us.

       ssl_read_all() and ssl_write_all() provide true blocking semantics for
       these operations (see limitation, below, for explanation). These are
       much preferred to the low level API equivalents (which implement BSD
       blocking semantics). The message argument to ssl_write_all() can be
       reference. This is helpful to avoid unnecessary copy when writing some‐
       thing big, e.g:

	   $data = 'A' x 1000000000;
	   Net::SSLeay::ssl_write_all($ssl, \$data) or die "ssl write failed";

       ssl_read_CRLF() uses ssl_read_all() to read in a line terminated with a
       carriage return followed by a linefeed (CRLF).  The CRLF is included in
       the returned scalar.

       ssl_read_until() uses ssl_read_all() to read from the SSL input stream
       until it encounters a programmer specified delimiter.  If the delimiter
       is undefined, $/ is used.  If $/ is undefined, \n is used.  One can
       optionally set a maximum length of bytes to read from the SSL input
       stream.

       ssl_write_CRLF() writes $message and appends CRLF to the SSL output
       stream.

       Low level API

       In addition to the high level functions outlined above, this module
       contains straight forward access to SSL part of OpenSSL C api. Only the
       SSL subpart of OpenSSL is implemented (if anyone wants to implement
       other parts, feel free to submit patches).

       See ssl.h header from OpenSSL C distribution for list of low lever
       SSLeay functions to call (to check if some function has been imple‐
       mented see directly in SSLeay.xs). The module strips SSLeay names of
       the initial "SSL_", generally you should use Net::SSLeay:: in place.
       For example:

       In C:

	       #include <ssl.h>

	       err = SSL_set_verify (ssl, SSL_VERIFY_CLIENT_ONCE,
					  &your_call_back_here);

       In perl:

	       use Net::SSLeay;

	       $err = Net::SSLeay::set_verify ($ssl,
					       &Net::SSLeay::VERIFY_CLIENT_ONCE,
					       \&your_call_back_here);

       If the function does not start by SSL_ you should use the full function
       name, e.g.:

	       $err = &Net::SSLeay::ERR_get_error;

       Following new functions behave in perlish way:

	       $got = Net::SSLeay::read($ssl);
					   # Performs SSL_read, but returns $got
					   # resized according to data received.
					   # Returns undef on failure.

	       Net::SSLeay::write($ssl, $foo) ⎪⎪ die;
					   # Performs SSL_write, but automatically
					   # figures out the size of $foo

       In order to use the low level API you should start your programs with
       the following encantation:

	       use Net::SSLeay qw(die_now die_if_ssl_error);
	       Net::SSLeay::load_error_strings();
	       Net::SSLeay::SSLeay_add_ssl_algorithms();   # Important!
	       Net::SSLeay::randomize();

       die_now() and die_if_ssl_error() are used to conveniently print SSLeay
       error stack when something goes wrong, thusly:

	       Net::SSLeay:connect($ssl) or die_now("Failed SSL connect ($!)");
	       Net::SSLeay::write($ssl, "foo") or die_if_ssl_error("SSL write ($!)");

       You can also use Net::SSLeay::print_errs() to dump the error stack
       without exiting the program. As can be seen, your code becomes much
       more readable if you import the error reporting functions to your main
       name space.

       I can not emphasize enough the need to check error returns. Use these
       functions even in most simple programs, they will reduce debugging time
       greatly. Do not ask questions in mailing list without having first
       sprinkled these in your code.

       Sockets

       Perl uses file handles for all I/O. While SSLeay has quite flexible BIO
       mechanism and perl has evolved PerlIO mechanism, this module still
       sticks to using file descriptors. Thus to attach SSLeay to socket you
       should use fileno() to extract the underlying file descriptor:

	   Net::SSLeay::set_fd($ssl, fileno(S));   # Must use fileno

       You should also use "$⎪=1;" to eliminate STDIO buffering so you do not
       get confused if you use perl I/O functions to manipulate your socket
       handle.

       If you need to select(2) on the socket, go right ahead, but be warned
       that OpenSSL does some internal buffering so SSL_read does not always
       return data even if socket selected for reading (just keep on selecting
       and trying to read). Net::SSLeay.pm is no different from the C language
       OpenSSL in this respect.

       Callbacks

       At this moment the implementation of verify_callback is crippeled in
       the sense that at any given time there can be only one call back which
       is shared by all SSL contexts, sessions and connections. This is due to
       having to keep the reference to the perl call back in a static variable
       so that the callback C glue can find it. To remove this restriction
       would require either a more complex data structure (like a hash?) in
       XSUB to map the call backs to their owners or, cleaner, adding a con‐
       text pointer in the SSL structure. This context would then be passed to
       the C callback, which in our case would be the glue to look up the
       proper Perl function from the context and call it.

       ---- inaccurate ---- The verify call back looks like this in C:

	       int (*callback)(int ok,X509 *subj_cert,X509 *issuer_cert,
			       int depth,int errorcode,char *arg,STACK *cert_chain)

       The corresponding Perl function should be something like this:

	       sub verify {
		   my ($ok, $subj_cert, $issuer_cert, $depth, $errorcode,
		       $arg, $chain) = @_;
		   print "Verifying certificate...\n";
		       ...
		   return $ok;
	       }

       It is used like this:

	       Net::SSLeay::set_verify ($ssl, Net::SSLeay::VERIFY_PEER, \&verify);

       Callbacks for decrypting private keys are implemented, but have the
       same limitation as the verify_callback implementation (one password
       callback shared between all contexts.)  You might use it something like
       this:

	       Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_default_passwd_cb($ctx, sub { "top-secret" });
	       Net::SSLeay::CTX_use_PrivateKey_file($ctx, "key.pem",
						    Net::SSLeay::FILETYPE_PEM)
		   or die "Error reading private key";
	       Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_default_passwd_cb($ctx, undef);

       No other callbacks are implemented. You do not need to use any callback
       for simple (i.e. normal) cases where the SSLeay built-in verify mecha‐
       nism satisfies your needs.

       It is desirable to reset these callbacks to undef immediately after use
       to prevent thread safety problems and crashes on exit that can occur if
       different threads set different callbacks.

       ---- end inaccurate ----

       If you want to use callback stuff, see examples/callback.pl! Its the
       only one I am able to make work reliably.

       X509 and RAND stuff

       This module largely lacks interface to the X509 and RAND routines, but
       as I was lazy and needed them, the following kludges are implemented:

	   $x509_name = Net::SSLeay::X509_get_subject_name($x509_cert);
	   $x509_name = Net::SSLeay::X509_get_issuer_name($x509_cert);
	   print Net::SSLeay::X509_NAME_oneline($x509_name);
	   $text = Net::SSLeay::X509_NAME_get_text_by_NID($name, $nid);

	   Net::SSLeay::RAND_seed($buf);   # Perlishly figures out buf size
	   Net::SSLeay::RAND_bytes($buf, $num);
	   Net::SSLeay::RAND_pseudo_bytes($buf, $num);
	   Net::SSLeay::RAND_add($buf, $num, $entropy);
	   Net::SSLeay::RAND_poll();
	   Net::SSLeay::RAND_status();
	   Net::SSLeay::RAND_cleanup();
	   Net::SSLeay::RAND_file_name($num);
	   Net::SSLeay::RAND_load_file($file_name, $how_many_bytes);
	   Net::SSLeay::RAND_write_file($file_name);
	   Net::SSLeay::RAND_egd($path);
	   Net::SSLeay::RAND_egd_bytes($path, $bytes);

       Actually you should consider using the following helper functions:

	   print Net::SSLeay::dump_peer_certificate($ssl);
	   Net::SSLeay::randomize();

       RSA interface

       Some RSA functions are available:

       $rsakey = Net::SSLeay::RSA_generate_key();
       Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_tmp_rsa($ctx, $rsakey);
       Net::SSLeay::RSA_free($rsakey);

       BIO interface

       Some BIO functions are available:

	 Net::SSLeay::BIO_s_mem();
	 $bio = Net::SSLeay::BIO_new(BIO_s_mem())
	 $bio = Net::SSLeay::BIO_new_file($filename, $mode);
	 Net::SSLeay::BIO_free($bio)
	 $count = Net::SSLeay::BIO_write($data);
	 $data = Net::SSLeay::BIO_read($bio);
	 $data = Net::SSLeay::BIO_read($bio, $maxbytes);
	 $is_eof = Net::SSLeay::BIO_eof($bio);
	 $count = Net::SSLeay::BIO_pending($bio);
	 $count = Net::SSLeay::BIO_wpending ($bio);

       Low level API

       Some very low level API functions are available:
	   $client_random = &Net::SSLeay::get_client_random($ssl);
	   $server_random = &Net::SSLeay::get_server_random($ssl);
	   $session = &Net::SSLeay::get_session($ssl);
	   $master_key = &Net::SSLeay::SESSION_get_master_key($session);

       HTTP (without S) API

       Over the years it has become clear that it would be convenient to use
       the light weight flavour API of Net::SSLeay also for normal http (see
       LWP for heavy weight object oriented approach). In fact it would be
       nice to be able to flip https on and off on the fly. Thus regular http
       support was evolved.

	 use Net::SSLeay, qw(get_http post_http tcpcat
			     get_httpx post_httpx tcpxcat
			     make_headers make_form);

	 ($page, $result, %headers) =
		= get_http('www.bacus.pt', 443, '/protected.html',
		     make_headers(Authorization =>
				  'Basic ' . MIME::Base64::encode("$user:$pass",''))
		     );

	 ($page, $response, %reply_headers)
		= post_http('www.bacus.pt', 443, '/foo.cgi', '',
		       make_form(OK   => '1',
				 name => 'Sampo'
		       ));

	 ($reply, $err) = tcpcat($host, $port, $request);

	 ($page, $result, %headers) =
		= get_httpx($usessl, 'www.bacus.pt', 443, '/protected.html',
		     make_headers(Authorization =>
				  'Basic ' . MIME::Base64::encode("$user:$pass",''))
		     );

	 ($page, $response, %reply_headers)
		= post_httpx($usessl, 'www.bacus.pt', 443, '/foo.cgi', '',
		       make_form(OK   => '1',  name => 'Sampo' ));

	 ($reply, $err, $server_cert) = tcpxcat($usessl, $host, $port, $request);

       As can be seen, the "x" family of APIs takes as first argument a flag
       which indicated whether SSL is used or not.

EXAMPLES
       One very good example is to look at the implementation of sslcat() in
       the SSLeay.pm file.

       Following is a simple SSLeay client (with too little error checking :-(

	   #!/usr/local/bin/perl
	   use Socket;
	   use Net::SSLeay qw(die_now die_if_ssl_error) ;
	   Net::SSLeay::load_error_strings();
	   Net::SSLeay::SSLeay_add_ssl_algorithms();
	   Net::SSLeay::randomize();

	   ($dest_serv, $port, $msg) = @ARGV;	   # Read command line
	   $port = getservbyname ($port, 'tcp') unless $port =~ /^\d+$/;
	   $dest_ip = gethostbyname ($dest_serv);
	   $dest_serv_params  = sockaddr_in($port, $dest_ip);

	   socket  (S, &AF_INET, &SOCK_STREAM, 0)  or die "socket: $!";
	   connect (S, $dest_serv_params)	   or die "connect: $!";
	   select  (S); $⎪ = 1; select (STDOUT);   # Eliminate STDIO buffering

	   # The network connection is now open, lets fire up SSL

	   $ctx = Net::SSLeay::CTX_new() or die_now("Failed to create SSL_CTX $!");
	   Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_options($ctx, &Net::SSLeay::OP_ALL)
		and die_if_ssl_error("ssl ctx set options");
	   $ssl = Net::SSLeay::new($ctx) or die_now("Failed to create SSL $!");
	   Net::SSLeay::set_fd($ssl, fileno(S));   # Must use fileno
	   $res = Net::SSLeay::connect($ssl) and die_if_ssl_error("ssl connect");
	   print "Cipher `" . Net::SSLeay::get_cipher($ssl) . "'\n";

	   # Exchange data

	   $res = Net::SSLeay::write($ssl, $msg);  # Perl knows how long $msg is
	   die_if_ssl_error("ssl write");
	   CORE::shutdown S, 1;	 # Half close --> No more output, sends EOF to server
	   $got = Net::SSLeay::read($ssl);	   # Perl returns undef on failure
	   die_if_ssl_error("ssl read");
	   print $got;

	   Net::SSLeay::free ($ssl);		   # Tear down connection
	   Net::SSLeay::CTX_free ($ctx);
	   close S;

       Following is a simple SSLeay echo server (non forking):

	   #!/usr/local/bin/perl -w
	   use Socket;
	   use Net::SSLeay qw(die_now die_if_ssl_error);
	   Net::SSLeay::load_error_strings();
	   Net::SSLeay::SSLeay_add_ssl_algorithms();
	   Net::SSLeay::randomize();

	   $our_ip = "\0\0\0\0"; # Bind to all interfaces
	   $port = 1235;
	   $sockaddr_template = 'S n a4 x8';
	   $our_serv_params = pack ($sockaddr_template, &AF_INET, $port, $our_ip);

	   socket (S, &AF_INET, &SOCK_STREAM, 0)  or die "socket: $!";
	   bind (S, $our_serv_params)		  or die "bind:	  $!";
	   listen (S, 5)			  or die "listen: $!";
	   $ctx = Net::SSLeay::CTX_new ()	  or die_now("CTX_new ($ctx): $!");
	   Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_options($ctx, &Net::SSLeay::OP_ALL)
		and die_if_ssl_error("ssl ctx set options");

	   # Following will ask password unless private key is not encrypted
	   Net::SSLeay::CTX_use_RSAPrivateKey_file ($ctx, 'plain-rsa.pem',
						    &Net::SSLeay::FILETYPE_PEM);
	   die_if_ssl_error("private key");
	   Net::SSLeay::CTX_use_certificate_file ($ctx, 'plain-cert.pem',
						  &Net::SSLeay::FILETYPE_PEM);
	   die_if_ssl_error("certificate");

	   while (1) {
	       print "Accepting connections...\n";
	       ($addr = accept (NS, S))		  or die "accept: $!";
	       select (NS); $⎪ = 1; select (STDOUT);  # Piping hot!

	       ($af,$client_port,$client_ip) = unpack($sockaddr_template,$addr);
	       @inetaddr = unpack('C4',$client_ip);
	       print "$af connection from " .
		   join ('.', @inetaddr) . ":$client_port\n";

	       # We now have a network connection, lets fire up SSLeay...

	       $ssl = Net::SSLeay::new($ctx)	  or die_now("SSL_new ($ssl): $!");
	       Net::SSLeay::set_fd($ssl, fileno(NS));

	       $err = Net::SSLeay::accept($ssl) and die_if_ssl_error('ssl accept');
	       print "Cipher `" . Net::SSLeay::get_cipher($ssl) . "'\n";

	       # Connected. Exchange some data.

	       $got = Net::SSLeay::read($ssl);	   # Returns undef on fail
	       die_if_ssl_error("ssl read");
	       print "Got `$got' (" . length ($got) . " chars)\n";

	       Net::SSLeay::write ($ssl, uc ($got)) or die "write: $!";
	       die_if_ssl_error("ssl write");

	       Net::SSLeay::free ($ssl);	   # Tear down connection
	       close NS;
	   }

       Yet another echo server. This one runs from /etc/inetd.conf so it
       avoids all the socket code overhead. Only caveat is opening rsa key
       file - it had better be without any encryption or else it will not know
       where to ask for the password. Note how STDIN and STDOUT are wired to
       SSL.

	   #!/usr/local/bin/perl
	   # /etc/inetd.conf
	   #	ssltst stream tcp nowait root /path/to/server.pl server.pl
	   # /etc/services
	   #	ssltst	       1234/tcp

	   use Net::SSLeay qw(die_now die_if_ssl_error);
	   Net::SSLeay::load_error_strings();
	   Net::SSLeay::SSLeay_add_ssl_algorithms();
	   Net::SSLeay::randomize();

	   chdir '/key/dir' or die "chdir: $!";
	   $⎪ = 1;  # Piping hot!
	   open LOG, ">>/dev/console" or die "Can't open log file $!";
	   select LOG; print "server.pl started\n";

	   $ctx = Net::SSLeay::CTX_new()     or die_now "CTX_new ($ctx) ($!)";
	   $ssl = Net::SSLeay::new($ctx)     or die_now "new ($ssl) ($!)";
	   Net::SSLeay::set_options($ssl, &Net::SSLeay::OP_ALL)
		and die_if_ssl_error("ssl set options");

	   # We get already open network connection from inetd, now we just
	   # need to attach SSLeay to STDIN and STDOUT
	   Net::SSLeay::set_rfd($ssl, fileno(STDIN));
	   Net::SSLeay::set_wfd($ssl, fileno(STDOUT));

	   Net::SSLeay::use_RSAPrivateKey_file ($ssl, 'plain-rsa.pem',
						&Net::SSLeay::FILETYPE_PEM);
	   die_if_ssl_error("private key");
	   Net::SSLeay::use_certificate_file ($ssl, 'plain-cert.pem',
					      &Net::SSLeay::FILETYPE_PEM);
	   die_if_ssl_error("certificate");

	   Net::SSLeay::accept($ssl) and die_if_ssl_err("ssl accept: $!");
	   print "Cipher `" . Net::SSLeay::get_cipher($ssl) . "'\n";

	   $got = Net::SSLeay::read($ssl);
	   die_if_ssl_error("ssl read");
	   print "Got `$got' (" . length ($got) . " chars)\n";

	   Net::SSLeay::write ($ssl, uc($got)) or die "write: $!";
	   die_if_ssl_error("ssl write");

	   Net::SSLeay::free ($ssl);	     # Tear down the connection
	   Net::SSLeay::CTX_free ($ctx);
	   close LOG;

       There are also a number of example/test programs in the examples direc‐
       tory:

	   sslecho.pl	-  A simple server, not unlike the one above
	   minicli.pl	-  Implements a client using low level SSLeay routines
	   sslcat.pl	-  Demonstrates using high level sslcat utility function
	   get_page.pl	-  Is a utility for getting html pages from secure servers
	   callback.pl	-  Demonstrates certificate verification and callback usage
	   stdio_bulk.pl       - Does SSL over Unix pipes
	   ssl-inetd-serv.pl   - SSL server that can be invoked from inetd.conf
	   httpd-proxy-snif.pl - Utility that allows you to see how a browser
				 sends https request to given server and what reply
				 it gets back (very educative :-)
	   makecert.pl	-  Creates a self signed cert (does not use this module)

LIMITATIONS
       Net::SSLeay::read uses internal buffer of 32KB, thus no single read
       will return more. In practice one read returns much less, usually as
       much as fits in one network packet. To work around this, you should use
       a loop like this:

	   $reply = '';
	   while ($got = Net::SSLeay::read($ssl)) {
	       last if print_errs('SSL_read');
	       $reply .= $got;
	   }

       Although there is no built-in limit in Net::SSLeay::write, the network
       packet size limitation applies here as well, thus use:

	   $written = 0;

	   while ($written < length($message)) {
	       $written += Net::SSLeay::write($ssl, substr($message, $written));
	       last if print_errs('SSL_write');
	   }

       Or alternatively you can just use the following convinence functions:

	   Net::SSLeay::ssl_write_all($ssl, $message) or die "ssl write failure";
	   $got = Net::SSLeay::ssl_read_all($ssl) or die "ssl read failure";

KNOWN BUGS AND CAVEATS
       Autoloader emits

	   Argument "xxx" isn't numeric in entersub at blib/lib/Net/SSLeay.pm'

       warning if die_if_ssl_error is made autoloadable. If you figure out
       why, drop me a line.

       Callback set using SSL_set_verify() does not appear to work. This may
       well be eay problem (e.g. see ssl/ssl_lib.c line 1029). Try using
       SSL_CTX_set_verify() instead and do not be surprised if even this stops
       working in future versions.

       Callback and certificate verification stuff is generally too little
       tested.

       Random numbers are not initialized randomly enough, especially if you
       do not have /dev/random and/or /dev/urandom (such as in Solaris plat‐
       forms - but I've been suggested that cryptorand daemon from SUNski
       package solves this). In this case you should investigate third party
       software that can emulate these devices, e.g. by way of a named pipe to
       some program.

       Another gotcha with random number initialization is randomness deple‐
       tion. This phenomenon, which has been extensively discussed in OpenSSL,
       Apache-SSL, and Apache-mod_ssl forums, can cause your script to block
       if you use /dev/random or to operate insecurely if you use /dev/uran‐
       dom. What happens is that when too much randomness is drawn from the
       operating system's randomness pool then randomness can temporarily be
       unavailable. /dev/random solves this problem by waiting until enough
       randomness can be gathered - and this can take a long time since block‐
       ing reduces activity in the machine and less activity provides less
       random events: a vicious circle.	 /dev/urandom solves this dilemma more
       pragmatically by simply returning predictable "random" numbers. Some
       /dev/urandom emulation software however actually seems to implement
       /dev/random semantics. Caveat emptor.

       I've been pointed to two such daemons by Mik Firestone
       <mik@@speed.stdio._com> who has used them on Solaris 8

	  1. Entropy Gathering Daemon (EGD) at http://www.lothar.com/tech/crypto/
	  2. Pseudo-random number generating daemon (PRNGD) at
	       http://www.aet.tu-cottbus.de/personen/jaenicke/postfix_tls/prngd.html

       If you are using the low level API functions to communicate with other
       SSL implementations, you would do well to call

	   Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_options($ctx, &Net::SSLeay::OP_ALL)
		and die_if_ssl_error("ssl ctx set options");

       to cope with some well know bugs in some other SSL implementations. The
       high level API functions always set all known compatibility options.

       Sometimes sslcat (and the high level https functions that build on it)
       is too fast in signaling the EOF to legacy https servers. This causes
       the server to return empty page. To work around this problem you can
       set global variable

	   $Net::SSLeay::slowly = 1;   # Add sleep so broken servers can keep up

       http/1.1 is not supported. Specifically this module does not know to
       issue or serve multiple http requests per connection. This is a serious
       short coming, but using SSL session cache on your server helps to alle‐
       viate the CPU load somewhat.

       As of version 1.09 many newer OpenSSL auxiliary functions were added
       (from REM_AUTOMATICALLY_GENERATED_1_09 onwards in SSLeay.xs).  Unfortu‐
       nately I have not had any opportunity to test these. Some of them are
       trivial enough that I believe they "just work", but others have rather
       complex interfaces with function pointers and all. In these cases you
       should proceed wit great caution.

       This module defaults to using OpenSSL automatic protocol negotiation
       code for automatically detecting the version of the SSL protocol that
       the other end talks. With most web servers this works just fine, but
       once in a while I get complaints from people that the module does not
       work with some web servers. Usually this can be solved by explicitly
       setting the protocol version, e.g.

	  $Net::SSLeay::ssl_version = 2;  # Insist on SSLv2
	  $Net::SSLeay::ssl_version = 3;  # Insist on SSLv3
	  $Net::SSLeay::ssl_version = 10; # Insist on TLSv1

       Although the autonegotiation is nice to have, the SSL standards do not
       formally specify any such mechanism. Most of the world has accepted the
       SSLeay/OpenSSL way of doing it as the de facto standard. But for the
       few that think differently, you have to explicitly speak the correct
       version. This is not really a bug, but rather a deficiency in the stan‐
       dards. If a site refuses to respond or sends back some nonsensical
       error codes (at SSL handshake level), try this option before mailing
       me.

       The high level API returns the certificate of the peer, thus allowing
       one to check what certificate was supplied. However, you will only be
       able to check the certificate after the fact, i.e. you already sent
       your form data by the time you find out that you did not trust them,
       oops.

       So, while being able to know the certificate after the fact is surely
       useful, the security minded would still choose to do the connection and
       certificate verification first and only after that exchange data with
       the site. Currently none of the high level API functions do this, thus
       you would have to program it using the low level API. A good place to
       start is to see how Net::SSLeay::http_cat() function is implemented.

       The high level API functions use a global file handle SSLCAT_S inter‐
       nally. This really should not be a problem because there is no way to
       interleave the high level API functions, unless you use threads (but
       threads are not very well supported in perl anyway (as of version
       5.6.1). However, you may run into problems if you call undocumented
       internal functions in an interleaved fashion.

DIAGNOSTICS
       "Random number generator not seeded!!!"
	 This warning indicates that randomize() was not able to read
	 /dev/random or /dev/urandom, possibly because your system does not
	 have them or they are differently named. You can still use SSL, but
	 the encryption will not be as strong.

       "open_tcp_connection: destination host not found:`server' (port 123)
       ($!)"
	 Name lookup for host named `server' failed.

       "open_tcp_connection: failed `server', 123 ($!)"
	 The name was resolved, but establising the TCP connection failed.

       "msg 123: 1 - error:140770F8:SSL rou‐
       tines:SSL23_GET_SERVER_HELLO:unknown proto"
	 SSLeay error string. First (123) number is PID, second number (1)
       indicates
	 the position of the error message in SSLeay error stack. You often
       see
	 a pile of these messages as errors cascade.

       "msg 123: 1 - error:02001002::lib(2) :func(1) :reason(2)"
	 The same as above, but you didn't call load_error_strings() so SSLeay
	 couldn't verbosely explain the error. You can still find out what it
	 means with this command:

	    /usr/local/ssl/bin/ssleay errstr 02001002

       Password is being asked for private key
	 This is normal behaviour if your private key is encrypted. Either
	 you have to supply the password or you have to use unencrypted
	 private key. Scan OpenSSL.org for the FAQ that explains how to
	 do this (or just study examples/makecert.pl which is used
	 during `make test' to do just that).

REPORTING BUGS AND SUPPORT
       Bug reports, patch submission, feature requests, subversion access to
       the latest source code etc can be obtained at
       http://alioth.debian.org/projects/net-ssleay

       The developer mailing list (for people interested in contributin to the
       source code) can be found at http://lists.alioth.debian.org/mail‐
       man/listinfo/net-ssleay-devel

       Commercial support for Net::SSLeay may be obtained from

	  Symlabs (netssleay@symlabs.com)
	  Tel: +351-214.222.630
	  Fax: +351-214.222.637

VERSION
       This man page documents version 1.24, released on 18.8.2003.

       There are currently two perl modules for using OpenSSL C library:
       Net::SSLeay (maintaned by me) and SSLeay (maintained by OpenSSL team).
       This module is the Net::SSLeay variant.

       At the time of making this release, Eric's module was still quite
       sketchy and could not be used for real work, thus I felt motivated to
       make this maintenance release. This module is not planned to evolve to
       contain any further functionality, i.e. I will concentrate on just mak‐
       ing a simple SSL connection over TCP socket. Presumably Eric's own mod‐
       ule will offer full SSLeay API one day.

       This module uses OpenSSL-0.9.6c. It does not work with any earlier ver‐
       sion and there is no guarantee that it will work with later versions
       either, though as long as C API does not change, it should. This module
       requires perl5.005, or 5.6.0 (or better?) though I believe it would
       build with any perl5.002 or newer.

AUTHOR
       Originally written by Sampo Kellomäki <sampo@symlabs.com> Maintained by
       Mike McCauley and Florian Ragwitz since November 2005

COPYRIGHT
       Copyright (c) 1996-2003 Sampo Kellomäki <sampo@symlabs.com> Copyright
       (C) 2005 Florian Ragwitz <rafl@debian.org> Copyright (C) 2005 Mike
       McCauley <mikem@open.com.au> All Rights Reserved.

       Distribution and use of this module is under the same terms as the
       OpenSSL package itself (i.e. free, but mandatory attribution; NO WAR‐
       RANTY). Please consult LICENSE file in the root of the OpenSSL distri‐
       bution.

       While the source distribution of this perl module does not contain
       Eric's or OpenSSL's code, if you use this module you will use OpenSSL
       library. Please give Eric and OpenSSL team credit (as required by their
       licenses).

       And remember, you, and nobody else but you, are responsible for audit‐
       ing this module and OpenSSL library for security problems, backdoors,
       and general suitability for your application.

SEE ALSO
	 Net::SSLeay::Handle			  - File handle interface
	 ./Net_SSLeay/examples			  - Example servers and a clients
	 <http://symlabs.com/Net_SSLeay/index.html>  - Net::SSLeay.pm home
	 <http://symlabs.com/Net_SSLeay/smime.html>  - Another module using OpenSSL
	 <http://www.openssl.org/>		  - OpenSSL source, documentation, etc
	 openssl-users-request@openssl.org	  - General OpenSSL mailing list
	 <http://home.netscape.com/newsref/std/SSL.html>  - SSL Draft specification
	 <http://www.w3c.org>			  - HTTP specifications
	 <http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2617.txt>	  - How to send password
	 <http://www.lothar.com/tech/crypto/>	  - Entropy Gathering Daemon (EGD)
	 <http://www.aet.tu-cottbus.de/personen/jaenicke/postfix_tls/prngd.html>
				  - pseudo-random number generating daemon (PRNGD)
	 perl(1)
	 perlref(1)
	 perllol(1)
	 perldoc ~openssl/doc/ssl/SSL_CTX_set_verify.pod

perl v5.8.8			  2007-01-09			     SSLeay(3)
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