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MIME::Tools(3pm)      User Contributed Perl Documentation     MIME::Tools(3pm)

NAME
       MIME-tools - modules for parsing (and creating!) MIME entities

SYNOPSIS
       Here's some pretty basic code for parsing a MIME message, and
       outputting its decoded components to a given directory:

	   use MIME::Parser;

	   ### Create parser, and set some parsing options:
	   my $parser = new MIME::Parser;
	   $parser->output_under("$ENV{HOME}/mimemail");

	   ### Parse input:
	   $entity = $parser->parse(\*STDIN) or die "parse failed\n";

	   ### Take a look at the top-level entity (and any parts it has):
	   $entity->dump_skeleton;

       Here's some code which composes and sends a MIME message containing
       three parts: a text file, an attached GIF, and some more text:

	   use MIME::Entity;

	   ### Create the top-level, and set up the mail headers:
	   $top = MIME::Entity->build(Type    =>"multipart/mixed",
				      From    => "me\@myhost.com",
				      To      => "you\@yourhost.com",
				      Subject => "Hello, nurse!");

	   ### Part #1: a simple text document:
	   $top->attach(Path=>"./testin/short.txt");

	   ### Part #2: a GIF file:
	   $top->attach(Path	    => "./docs/mime-sm.gif",
			Type	    => "image/gif",
			Encoding    => "base64");

	   ### Part #3: some literal text:
	   $top->attach(Data=>$message);

	   ### Send it:
	   open MAIL, "| /usr/lib/sendmail -t -oi -oem" or die "open: $!";
	   $top->print(\*MAIL);
	   close MAIL;

       For more examples, look at the scripts in the examples directory of the
       MIME-tools distribution.

DESCRIPTION
       MIME-tools is a collection of Perl5 MIME:: modules for parsing,
       decoding, and generating single- or multipart (even nested multipart)
       MIME messages.  (Yes, kids, that means you can send messages with
       attached GIF files).

REQUIREMENTS
       You will need the following installed on your system:

	       File::Path
	       File::Spec
	       IPC::Open2	       (optional)
	       IO::ScalarArray	       from the IO-stringy distribution
	       MIME::Base64
	       MIME::QuotedPrint
	       Net::SMTP
	       Mail::Internet, ...     from the MailTools distribution.

       See the Makefile.PL in your distribution for the most-comprehensive
       list of prerequisite modules and their version numbers.

A QUICK TOUR
   Overview of the classes
       Here are the classes you'll generally be dealing with directly:

	   (START HERE)		   results() .-----------------.
		 \		   .-------->| MIME::	       |
		  .-----------.	  /	     | Parser::Results |
		  | MIME::    |--'	     `-----------------'
		  | Parser    |--.	     .-----------------.
		  `-----------'	  \ filer()  | MIME::	       |
		     | parse()	   `-------->| Parser::Filer   |
		     | gives you	     `-----------------'
		     | a...				     | output_path()
		     |					     | determines
		     |					     | path() of...
		     |	  head()       .--------.	     |
		     |	  returns...   | MIME:: | get()	     |
		     V	     .-------->| Head	| etc...     |
		  .--------./	       `--------'	     |
	    .---> | MIME:: |				     |
	    `-----| Entity |	       .--------.	     |
	  parts() `--------'\	       | MIME:: |	    /
	  returns	     `-------->| Body	|<---------'
	  sub-entities	  bodyhandle() `--------'
	  (if any)	  returns...	   | open()
					   | returns...
					   |
					   V
				       .--------. read()
				       | IO::	| getline()
				       | Handle | print()
				       `--------' etc...

       To illustrate, parsing works this way:

       ·   The "parser" parses the MIME stream.	 A parser is an instance of
	   "MIME::Parser".  You hand it an input stream (like a filehandle) to
	   parse a message from: if the parse is successful, the result is an
	   "entity".

       ·   A parsed message is represented by an "entity".  An entity is an
	   instance of "MIME::Entity" (a subclass of "Mail::Internet").	 If
	   the message had "parts" (e.g., attachments), then those parts are
	   "entities" as well, contained inside the top-level entity.  Each
	   entity has a "head" and a "body".

       ·   The entity's "head" contains information about the message.	A
	   "head" is an instance of "MIME::Head" (a subclass of
	   "Mail::Header").  It contains information from the message header:
	   content type, sender, subject line, etc.

       ·   The entity's "body" knows where the message data is.	 You can ask
	   to "open" this data source for reading or writing, and you will get
	   back an "I/O handle".

       ·   You can open() a "body" and get an "I/O handle" to read/write
	   message data.  This handle is an object that is basically like an
	   IO::Handle...  it can be any class, so long as it supports a small,
	   standard set of methods for reading from or writing to the
	   underlying data source.

       A typical multipart message containing two parts -- a textual greeting
       and an "attached" GIF file -- would be a tree of MIME::Entity objects,
       each of which would have its own MIME::Head.  Like this:

	   .--------.
	   | MIME:: | Content-type: multipart/mixed
	   | Entity | Subject: Happy Samhaine!
	   `--------'
		|
		`----.
	       parts |
		     |	 .--------.
		     |---| MIME:: | Content-type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
		     |	 | Entity | Content-transfer-encoding: 7bit
		     |	 `--------'
		     |	 .--------.
		     |---| MIME:: | Content-type: image/gif
			 | Entity | Content-transfer-encoding: base64
			 `--------' Content-disposition: inline;
				      filename="hs.gif"

   Parsing messages
       You usually start by creating an instance of MIME::Parser and setting
       up certain parsing parameters: what directory to save extracted files
       to, how to name the files, etc.

       You then give that instance a readable filehandle on which waits a MIME
       message.	 If all goes well, you will get back a MIME::Entity object (a
       subclass of Mail::Internet), which consists of...

       ·   A MIME::Head (a subclass of Mail::Header) which holds the MIME
	   header data.

       ·   A MIME::Body, which is a object that knows where the body data is.
	   You ask this object to "open" itself for reading, and it will hand
	   you back an "I/O handle" for reading the data: this could be of any
	   class, so long as it conforms to a subset of the IO::Handle
	   interface.

       If the original message was a multipart document, the MIME::Entity
       object will have a non-empty list of "parts", each of which is in turn
       a MIME::Entity (which might also be a multipart entity, etc, etc...).

       Internally, the parser (in MIME::Parser) asks for instances of
       MIME::Decoder whenever it needs to decode an encoded file.
       MIME::Decoder has a mapping from supported encodings (e.g., 'base64')
       to classes whose instances can decode them.  You can add to this
       mapping to try out new/experiment encodings.  You can also use
       MIME::Decoder by itself.

   Composing messages
       All message composition is done via the MIME::Entity class.  For
       single-part messages, you can use the MIME::Entity/build constructor to
       create MIME entities very easily.

       For multipart messages, you can start by creating a top-level
       "multipart" entity with MIME::Entity::build(), and then use the similar
       MIME::Entity::attach() method to attach parts to that message.  Please
       note: what most people think of as "a text message with an attached GIF
       file" is really a multipart message with 2 parts: the first being the
       text message, and the second being the GIF file.

       When building MIME a entity, you'll have to provide two very important
       pieces of information: the content type and the content transfer
       encoding.  The type is usually easy, as it is directly determined by
       the file format; e.g., an HTML file is "text/html".  The encoding,
       however, is trickier... for example, some HTML files are
       "7bit"-compliant, but others might have very long lines and would need
       to be sent "quoted-printable" for reliability.

       See the section on encoding/decoding for more details, as well as "A
       MIME PRIMER".

   Sending email
       Since MIME::Entity inherits directly from Mail::Internet, you can use
       the normal Mail::Internet mechanisms to send email.  For example,

	   $entity->smtpsend;

   Encoding/decoding support
       The MIME::Decoder class can be used to encode as well; this is done
       when printing MIME entities.  All the standard encodings are supported
       (see "A MIME PRIMER" for details):

	   Encoding:	    | Normally used when message contents are:
	   -------------------------------------------------------------------
	   7bit		    | 7-bit data with under 1000 chars/line, or multipart.
	   8bit		    | 8-bit data with under 1000 chars/line.
	   binary	    | 8-bit data with some long lines (or no line breaks).
	   quoted-printable | Text files with some 8-bit chars (e.g., Latin-1 text).
	   base64	    | Binary files.

       Which encoding you choose for a given document depends largely on (1)
       what you know about the document's contents (text vs binary), and (2)
       whether you need the resulting message to have a reliable encoding for
       7-bit Internet email transport.

       In general, only "quoted-printable" and "base64" guarantee reliable
       transport of all data; the other three "no-encoding" encodings simply
       pass the data through, and are only reliable if that data is 7bit ASCII
       with under 1000 characters per line, and has no conflicts with the
       multipart boundaries.

       I've considered making it so that the content-type and encoding can be
       automatically inferred from the file's path, but that seems to be
       asking for trouble... or at least, for Mail::Cap...

   Message-logging
       MIME-tools is a large and complex toolkit which tries to deal with a
       wide variety of external input.	It's sometimes helpful to see what's
       really going on behind the scenes.  There are several kinds of messages
       logged by the toolkit itself:

       Debug messages
	   These are printed directly to the STDERR, with a prefix of
	   "MIME-tools: debug".

	   Debug message are only logged if you have turned "debugging" on in
	   the MIME::Tools configuration.

       Warning messages
	   These are logged by the standard Perl warn() mechanism to indicate
	   an unusual situation.  They all have a prefix of "MIME-tools:
	   warning".

	   Warning messages are only logged if $^W is set true and MIME::Tools
	   is not configured to be "quiet".

       Error messages
	   These are logged by the standard Perl warn() mechanism to indicate
	   that something actually failed.  They all have a prefix of
	   "MIME-tools: error".

	   Error messages are only logged if $^W is set true and MIME::Tools
	   is not configured to be "quiet".

       Usage messages
	   Unlike "typical" warnings above, which warn about problems
	   processing data, usage-warnings are for alerting developers of
	   deprecated methods and suspicious invocations.

	   Usage messages are currently only logged if $^W is set true and
	   MIME::Tools is not configured to be "quiet".

       When a MIME::Parser (or one of its internal helper classes) wants to
       report a message, it generally does so by recording the message to the
       MIME::Parser::Results object immediately before invoking the
       appropriate function above.  That means each parsing run has its own
       trace-log which can be examined for problems.

   Configuring the toolkit
       If you want to tweak the way this toolkit works (for example, to turn
       on debugging), use the routines in the MIME::Tools module.

       debugging
	   Turn debugging on or off.  Default is false (off).

		MIME::Tools->debugging(1);

       quiet
	   Turn the reporting of warning/error messages on or off.  Default is
	   true, meaning that these message are silenced.

		MIME::Tools->quiet(1);

       version
	   Return the toolkit version.

		print MIME::Tools->version, "\n";

THINGS YOU SHOULD DO
   Take a look at the examples
       The MIME-Tools distribution comes with an "examples" directory.	The
       scripts in there are basically just tossed-together, but they'll give
       you some ideas of how to use the parser.

   Run with warnings enabled
       Always run your Perl script with "-w".  If you see a warning about a
       deprecated method, change your code ASAP.  This will ease upgrades
       tremendously.

   Avoid non-standard encodings
       Don't try to MIME-encode using the non-standard MIME encodings.	It's
       just not a good practice if you want people to be able to read your
       messages.

   Plan for thrown exceptions
       For example, if your mail-handling code absolutely must not die, then
       perform mail parsing like this:

	   $entity = eval { $parser->parse(\*INPUT) };

       Parsing is a complex process, and some components may throw exceptions
       if seriously-bad things happen.	Since "seriously-bad" is in the eye of
       the beholder, you're better off catching possible exceptions instead of
       asking me to propagate "undef" up the stack.  Use of exceptions in
       reusable modules is one of those religious issues we're never all going
       to agree upon; thankfully, that's what "eval{}" is good for.

   Check the parser results for warnings/errors
       As of 5.3xx, the parser tries extremely hard to give you a
       MIME::Entity.  If there were any problems, it logs warnings/errors to
       the underlying "results" object (see MIME::Parser::Results).  Look at
       that object after each parse.  Print out the warnings and errors,
       especially if messages don't parse the way you thought they would.

   Don't plan on printing exactly what you parsed!
       Parsing is a (slightly) lossy operation.	 Because of things like
       ambiguities in base64-encoding, the following is not going to spit out
       its input unchanged in all cases:

	   $entity = $parser->parse(\*STDIN);
	   $entity->print(\*STDOUT);

       If you're using MIME::Tools to process email, remember to save the data
       you parse if you want to send it on unchanged.  This is vital for
       things like PGP-signed email.

   Understand how international characters are represented
       The MIME standard allows for text strings in headers to contain
       characters from any character set, by using special sequences which
       look like this:

	   =?ISO-8859-1?Q?Keld_J=F8rn_Simonsen?=

       To be consistent with the existing Mail::Field classes, MIME::Tools
       does not automatically unencode these strings, since doing so would
       lose the character-set information and interfere with the parsing of
       fields (see "decode_headers" in MIME::Parser for a full explanation).
       That means you should be prepared to deal with these encoded strings.

       The most common question then is, how do I decode these encoded
       strings?	 The answer depends on what you want to decode them to: ASCII,
       Latin1, UTF-8, etc.  Be aware that your "target" representation may not
       support all possible character sets you might encounter; for example,
       Latin1 (ISO-8859-1) has no way of representing Big5 (Chinese)
       characters.  A common practice is to represent "untranslateable"
       characters as "?"s, or to ignore them completely.

       To unencode the strings into some of the more-popular Western byte
       representations (e.g., Latin1, Latin2, etc.), you can use the decoders
       in MIME::WordDecoder (see MIME::WordDecoder).  The simplest way is by
       using "unmime()", a function wrapped around your "default" decoder, as
       follows:

	   use MIME::WordDecoder;
	   ...
	   $subject = unmime $entity->head->get('subject');

       One place this is done automatically is in extracting the recommended
       filename for a part while parsing.  That's why you should start by
       setting up the best "default" decoder if the default target of Latin1
       isn't to your liking.

THINGS I DO THAT YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT
   Fuzzing of CRLF and newline on input
       RFC 2045 dictates that MIME streams have lines terminated by CRLF
       ("\r\n").  However, it is extremely likely that folks will want to
       parse MIME streams where each line ends in the local newline character
       "\n" instead.

       An attempt has been made to allow the parser to handle both CRLF and
       newline-terminated input.

   Fuzzing of CRLF and newline when decoding
       The "7bit" and "8bit" decoders will decode both a "\n" and a "\r\n"
       end-of-line sequence into a "\n".

       The "binary" decoder (default if no encoding specified) still outputs
       stuff verbatim... so a MIME message with CRLFs and no explicit encoding
       will be output as a text file that, on many systems, will have an
       annoying ^M at the end of each line... but this is as it should be.

   Fuzzing of CRLF and newline when encoding/composing
       TODO FIXME All encoders currently output the end-of-line sequence as a
       "\n", with the assumption that the local mail agent will perform the
       conversion from newline to CRLF when sending the mail.  However, there
       probably should be an option to output CRLF as per RFC 2045

   Inability to handle multipart boundaries with embedded newlines
       Let's get something straight: this is an evil, EVIL practice.  If your
       mailer creates multipart boundary strings that contain newlines, give
       it two weeks notice and find another one.  If your mail robot receives
       MIME mail like this, regard it as syntactically incorrect, which it is.

   Ignoring non-header headers
       People like to hand the parser raw messages straight from POP3 or from
       a mailbox.  There is often predictable non-header information in front
       of the real headers; e.g., the initial "From" line in the following
       message:

	   From - Wed Mar 22 02:13:18 2000
	   Return-Path: <eryq@zeegee.com>
	   Subject: Hello

       The parser simply ignores such stuff quietly.  Perhaps it shouldn't,
       but most people seem to want that behavior.

   Fuzzing of empty multipart preambles
       Please note that there is currently an ambiguity in the way preambles
       are parsed in.  The following message fragments both are regarded as
       having an empty preamble (where "\n" indicates a newline character):

	    Content-type: multipart/mixed; boundary="xyz"\n
	    Subject: This message (#1) has an empty preamble\n
	    \n
	    --xyz\n
	    ...

	    Content-type: multipart/mixed; boundary="xyz"\n
	    Subject: This message (#2) also has an empty preamble\n
	    \n
	    \n
	    --xyz\n
	    ...

       In both cases, the first completely-empty line (after the "Subject")
       marks the end of the header.

       But we should clearly ignore the second empty line in message #2, since
       it fills the role of "the newline which is only there to make sure that
       the boundary is at the beginning of a line".  Such newlines are never
       part of the content preceding the boundary; thus, there is no preamble
       "content" in message #2.

       However, it seems clear that message #1 also has no preamble "content",
       and is in fact merely a compact representation of an empty preamble.

   Use of a temp file during parsing
       Why not do everything in core?  Although the amount of core available
       on even a modest home system continues to grow, the size of attachments
       continues to grow with it.  I wanted to make sure that even users with
       small systems could deal with decoding multi-megabyte sounds and movie
       files.  That means not being core-bound.

       As of the released 5.3xx, MIME::Parser gets by with only one temp file
       open per parser.	 This temp file provides a sort of infinite scratch
       space for dealing with the current message part.	 It's fast and
       lightweight, but you should know about it anyway.

   Why do I assume that MIME objects are email objects?
       Achim Bohnet once pointed out that MIME headers do nothing more than
       store a collection of attributes, and thus could be represented as
       objects which don't inherit from Mail::Header.

       I agree in principle, but RFC 2045 says otherwise.  RFC 2045 [MIME]
       headers are a syntactic subset of RFC-822 [email] headers.  Perhaps a
       better name for these modules would have been RFC1521:: instead of
       MIME::, but we're a little beyond that stage now.

       When I originally wrote these modules for the CPAN, I agonized for a
       long time about whether or not they really should subclass from
       Mail::Internet (then at version 1.17).  Thanks to Graham Barr, who
       graciously evolved MailTools 1.06 to be more MIME-friendly, unification
       was achieved at MIME-tools release 2.0.	The benefits in reuse alone
       have been substantial.

A MIME PRIMER
       So you need to parse (or create) MIME, but you're not quite up on the
       specifics?  No problem...

   Glossary
       Here are some definitions adapted from RFC 1521 (predecessor of the
       current RFC 204[56789] defining MIME) explaining the terminology we
       use; each is accompanied by the equivalent in MIME:: module terms...

       attachment
	   An "attachment" is common slang for any part of a multipart message
	   -- except, perhaps, for the first part, which normally carries a
	   user message describing the attachments that follow (e.g.: "Hey
	   dude, here's that GIF file I promised you.").

	   In our system, an attachment is just a MIME::Entity under the top-
	   level entity, probably one of its parts.

       body
	   The "body" of an entity is that portion of the entity which follows
	   the header and which contains the real message content.  For
	   example, if your MIME message has a GIF file attachment, then the
	   body of that attachment is the base64-encoded GIF file itself.

	   A body is represented by an instance of MIME::Body.	You get the
	   body of an entity by sending it a bodyhandle() message.

       body part
	   One of the parts of the body of a multipart /entity.	 A body part
	   has a /header and a /body, so it makes sense to speak about the
	   body of a body part.

	   Since a body part is just a kind of entity, it's represented by an
	   instance of MIME::Entity.

       entity
	   An "entity" means either a /message or a /body part.	 All entities
	   have a /header and a /body.

	   An entity is represented by an instance of MIME::Entity.  There are
	   instance methods for recovering the header (a MIME::Head) and the
	   body (a MIME::Body).

       header
	   This is the top portion of the MIME message, which contains the
	   "Content-type", "Content-transfer-encoding", etc.  Every MIME
	   entity has a header, represented by an instance of MIME::Head.  You
	   get the header of an entity by sending it a head() message.

       message
	   A "message" generally means the complete (or "top-level") message
	   being transferred on a network.

	   There currently is no explicit package for "messages"; under
	   MIME::, messages are streams of data which may be read in from
	   files or filehandles.  You can think of the MIME::Entity returned
	   by the MIME::Parser as representing the full message.

   Content types
       This indicates what kind of data is in the MIME message, usually as
       majortype/minortype.  The standard major types are shown below.	A
       more-comprehensive listing may be found in RFC-2046.

       application
	   Data which does not fit in any of the other categories,
	   particularly data to be processed by some type of application
	   program.  "application/octet-stream", "application/gzip",
	   "application/postscript"...

       audio
	   Audio data.	"audio/basic"...

       image
	   Graphics data.  "image/gif", "image/jpeg"...

       message
	   A message, usually another mail or MIME message.
	   "message/rfc822"...

       multipart
	   A message containing other messages.	 "multipart/mixed",
	   "multipart/alternative"...

       text
	   Textual data, meant for humans to read.  "text/plain",
	   "text/html"...

       video
	   Video or video+audio data.  "video/mpeg"...

   Content transfer encodings
       This is how the message body is packaged up for safe transit.  There
       are the 5 major MIME encodings.	A more-comprehensive listing may be
       found in RFC-2045.

       7bit
	   No encoding is done at all.	This label simply asserts that no
	   8-bit characters are present, and that lines do not exceed 1000
	   characters in length (including the CRLF).

       8bit
	   No encoding is done at all.	This label simply asserts that the
	   message might contain 8-bit characters, and that lines do not
	   exceed 1000 characters in length (including the CRLF).

       binary
	   No encoding is done at all.	This label simply asserts that the
	   message might contain 8-bit characters, and that lines may exceed
	   1000 characters in length.  Such messages are the least likely to
	   get through mail gateways.

       base64
	   A standard encoding, which maps arbitrary binary data to the 7bit
	   domain.  Like "uuencode", but very well-defined.  This is how you
	   should send essentially binary information (tar files, GIFs, JPEGs,
	   etc.).

       quoted-printable
	   A standard encoding, which maps arbitrary line-oriented data to the
	   7bit domain.	 Useful for encoding messages which are textual in
	   nature, yet which contain non-ASCII characters (e.g., Latin-1,
	   Latin-2, or any other 8-bit alphabet).

SEE ALSO
       MIME::Parser, MIME::Head, MIME::Body, MIME::Entity, MIME::Decoder,
       Mail::Header, Mail::Internet

       At the time of this writing, the MIME-tools homepage was
       http://www.mimedefang.org/static/mime-tools.php.	 Check there for
       updates and support.

       The MIME format is documented in RFCs 1521-1522, and more recently in
       RFCs 2045-2049.

       The MIME header format is an outgrowth of the mail header format
       documented in RFC 822.

SUPPORT
       Please file support requests via rt.cpan.org.

CHANGE LOG
       Released as MIME-parser (1.0): 28 April 1996.  Released as MIME-tools
       (2.0): Halloween 1996.  Released as MIME-tools (4.0): Christmas 1997.
       Released as MIME-tools (5.0): Mother's Day 2000.

       See ChangeLog file for full details.

AUTHOR
       Eryq (eryq@zeegee.com), ZeeGee Software Inc (http://www.zeegee.com).
       David F. Skoll (dfs@roaringpenguin.com) http://www.roaringpenguin.com.

       Copyright (c) 1998, 1999 by ZeeGee Software Inc (www.zeegee.com).
       Copyright (c) 2004 by Roaring Penguin Software Inc
       (www.roaringpenguin.com)

       This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
       under the same terms as Perl itself.

       See the COPYING file in the distribution for details.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
       This kit would not have been possible but for the direct contributions
       of the following:

	   Gisle Aas		 The MIME encoding/decoding modules.
	   Laurent Amon		 Bug reports and suggestions.
	   Graham Barr		 The new MailTools.
	   Achim Bohnet		 Numerous good suggestions, including the I/O model.
	   Kent Boortz		 Initial code for RFC-1522-decoding of MIME headers.
	   Andreas Koenig	 Numerous good ideas, tons of beta testing,
				   and help with CPAN-friendly packaging.
	   Igor Starovoitov	 Bug reports and suggestions.
	   Jason L Tibbitts III	 Bug reports, suggestions, patches.

       Not to mention the Accidental Beta Test Team, whose bug reports (and
       comments) have been invaluable in improving the whole:

	   Phil Abercrombie
	   Mike Blazer
	   Brandon Browning
	   Kurt Freytag
	   Steve Kilbane
	   Jake Morrison
	   Rolf Nelson
	   Joel Noble
	   Michael W. Normandin
	   Tim Pierce
	   Andrew Pimlott
	   Dragomir R. Radev
	   Nickolay Saukh
	   Russell Sutherland
	   Larry Virden
	   Zyx

       Please forgive me if I've accidentally left you out.  Better yet, email
       me, and I'll put you in.

perl v5.10.1			  2010-04-22		      MIME::Tools(3pm)
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