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JSON::backportPP(3)   User Contributed Perl Documentation  JSON::backportPP(3)

NAME
       JSON::PP - JSON::XS compatible pure-Perl module.

SYNOPSIS
	use JSON::PP;

	# exported functions, they croak on error
	# and expect/generate UTF-8

	$utf8_encoded_json_text = encode_json $perl_hash_or_arrayref;
	$perl_hash_or_arrayref	= decode_json $utf8_encoded_json_text;

	# OO-interface

	$coder = JSON::PP->new->ascii->pretty->allow_nonref;

	$json_text   = $json->encode( $perl_scalar );
	$perl_scalar = $json->decode( $json_text );

	$pretty_printed = $json->pretty->encode( $perl_scalar ); # pretty-printing

	# Note that JSON version 2.0 and above will automatically use
	# JSON::XS or JSON::PP, so you should be able to just:

	use JSON;

VERSION
	   2.27200

       JSON::XS 2.27 (~2.30) compatible.

DESCRIPTION
       This module is JSON::XS compatible pure Perl module.  (Perl 5.8 or
       later is recommended)

       JSON::XS is the fastest and most proper JSON module on CPAN.  It is
       written by Marc Lehmann in C, so must be compiled and installed in the
       used environment.

       JSON::PP is a pure-Perl module and has compatibility to JSON::XS.

   FEATURES
       ·   correct unicode handling

	   This module knows how to handle Unicode (depending on Perl
	   version).

	   See to "A FEW NOTES ON UNICODE AND PERL" in JSON::XS and "UNICODE
	   HANDLING ON PERLS".

       ·   round-trip integrity

	   When you serialise a perl data structure using only data types
	   supported by JSON and Perl, the deserialised data structure is
	   identical on the Perl level. (e.g. the string "2.0" doesn't
	   suddenly become "2" just because it looks like a number). There are
	   minor exceptions to this, read the MAPPING section below to learn
	   about those.

       ·   strict checking of JSON correctness

	   There is no guessing, no generating of illegal JSON texts by
	   default, and only JSON is accepted as input by default (the latter
	   is a security feature). But when some options are set, loose
	   checking features are available.

FUNCTIONAL INTERFACE
       Some documents are copied and modified from "FUNCTIONAL INTERFACE" in
       JSON::XS.

   encode_json
	   $json_text = encode_json $perl_scalar

       Converts the given Perl data structure to a UTF-8 encoded, binary
       string.

       This function call is functionally identical to:

	   $json_text = JSON::PP->new->utf8->encode($perl_scalar)

   decode_json
	   $perl_scalar = decode_json $json_text

       The opposite of "encode_json": expects an UTF-8 (binary) string and
       tries to parse that as an UTF-8 encoded JSON text, returning the
       resulting reference.

       This function call is functionally identical to:

	   $perl_scalar = JSON::PP->new->utf8->decode($json_text)

   JSON::PP::is_bool
	   $is_boolean = JSON::PP::is_bool($scalar)

       Returns true if the passed scalar represents either JSON::PP::true or
       JSON::PP::false, two constants that act like 1 and 0 respectively and
       are also used to represent JSON "true" and "false" in Perl strings.

   JSON::PP::true
       Returns JSON true value which is blessed object.	 It "isa"
       JSON::PP::Boolean object.

   JSON::PP::false
       Returns JSON false value which is blessed object.  It "isa"
       JSON::PP::Boolean object.

   JSON::PP::null
       Returns "undef".

       See MAPPING, below, for more information on how JSON values are mapped
       to Perl.

HOW DO I DECODE A DATA FROM OUTER AND ENCODE TO OUTER
       This section supposes that your perl version is 5.8 or later.

       If you know a JSON text from an outer world - a network, a file
       content, and so on, is encoded in UTF-8, you should use "decode_json"
       or "JSON" module object with "utf8" enable. And the decoded result will
       contain UNICODE characters.

	 # from network
	 my $json	 = JSON::PP->new->utf8;
	 my $json_text	 = CGI->new->param( 'json_data' );
	 my $perl_scalar = $json->decode( $json_text );

	 # from file content
	 local $/;
	 open( my $fh, '<', 'json.data' );
	 $json_text   = <$fh>;
	 $perl_scalar = decode_json( $json_text );

       If an outer data is not encoded in UTF-8, firstly you should "decode"
       it.

	 use Encode;
	 local $/;
	 open( my $fh, '<', 'json.data' );
	 my $encoding = 'cp932';
	 my $unicode_json_text = decode( $encoding, <$fh> ); # UNICODE

	 # or you can write the below code.
	 #
	 # open( my $fh, "<:encoding($encoding)", 'json.data' );
	 # $unicode_json_text = <$fh>;

       In this case, $unicode_json_text is of course UNICODE string.  So you
       cannot use "decode_json" nor "JSON" module object with "utf8" enable.
       Instead of them, you use "JSON" module object with "utf8" disable.

	 $perl_scalar = $json->utf8(0)->decode( $unicode_json_text );

       Or "encode 'utf8'" and "decode_json":

	 $perl_scalar = decode_json( encode( 'utf8', $unicode_json_text ) );
	 # this way is not efficient.

       And now, you want to convert your $perl_scalar into JSON data and send
       it to an outer world - a network or a file content, and so on.

       Your data usually contains UNICODE strings and you want the converted
       data to be encoded in UTF-8, you should use "encode_json" or "JSON"
       module object with "utf8" enable.

	 print encode_json( $perl_scalar ); # to a network? file? or display?
	 # or
	 print $json->utf8->encode( $perl_scalar );

       If $perl_scalar does not contain UNICODE but $encoding-encoded strings
       for some reason, then its characters are regarded as latin1 for perl
       (because it does not concern with your $encoding).  You cannot use
       "encode_json" nor "JSON" module object with "utf8" enable.  Instead of
       them, you use "JSON" module object with "utf8" disable.	Note that the
       resulted text is a UNICODE string but no problem to print it.

	 # $perl_scalar contains $encoding encoded string values
	 $unicode_json_text = $json->utf8(0)->encode( $perl_scalar );
	 # $unicode_json_text consists of characters less than 0x100
	 print $unicode_json_text;

       Or "decode $encoding" all string values and "encode_json":

	 $perl_scalar->{ foo } = decode( $encoding, $perl_scalar->{ foo } );
	 # ... do it to each string values, then encode_json
	 $json_text = encode_json( $perl_scalar );

       This method is a proper way but probably not efficient.

       See to Encode, perluniintro.

METHODS
       Basically, check to JSON or JSON::XS.

   new
	   $json = JSON::PP->new

       Returns a new JSON::PP object that can be used to de/encode JSON
       strings.

       All boolean flags described below are by default disabled.

       The mutators for flags all return the JSON object again and thus calls
       can be chained:

	  my $json = JSON::PP->new->utf8->space_after->encode({a => [1,2]})
	  => {"a": [1, 2]}

   ascii
	   $json = $json->ascii([$enable])

	   $enabled = $json->get_ascii

       If $enable is true (or missing), then the encode method will not
       generate characters outside the code range 0..127. Any Unicode
       characters outside that range will be escaped using either a single
       \uXXXX or a double \uHHHH\uLLLLL escape sequence, as per RFC4627.  (See
       to "OBJECT-ORIENTED INTERFACE" in JSON::XS).

       In Perl 5.005, there is no character having high value (more than 255).
       See to "UNICODE HANDLING ON PERLS".

       If $enable is false, then the encode method will not escape Unicode
       characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags. This
       results in a faster and more compact format.

	 JSON::PP->new->ascii(1)->encode([chr 0x10401])
	 => ["\ud801\udc01"]

   latin1
	   $json = $json->latin1([$enable])

	   $enabled = $json->get_latin1

       If $enable is true (or missing), then the encode method will encode the
       resulting JSON text as latin1 (or iso-8859-1), escaping any characters
       outside the code range 0..255.

       If $enable is false, then the encode method will not escape Unicode
       characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags.

	 JSON::XS->new->latin1->encode (["\x{89}\x{abc}"]
	 => ["\x{89}\\u0abc"]	 # (perl syntax, U+abc escaped, U+89 not)

       See to "UNICODE HANDLING ON PERLS".

   utf8
	   $json = $json->utf8([$enable])

	   $enabled = $json->get_utf8

       If $enable is true (or missing), then the encode method will encode the
       JSON result into UTF-8, as required by many protocols, while the decode
       method expects to be handled an UTF-8-encoded string. Please note that
       UTF-8-encoded strings do not contain any characters outside the range
       0..255, they are thus useful for bytewise/binary I/O.

       (In Perl 5.005, any character outside the range 0..255 does not exist.
       See to "UNICODE HANDLING ON PERLS".)

       In future versions, enabling this option might enable autodetection of
       the UTF-16 and UTF-32 encoding families, as described in RFC4627.

       If $enable is false, then the encode method will return the JSON string
       as a (non-encoded) Unicode string, while decode expects thus a Unicode
       string. Any decoding or encoding (e.g. to UTF-8 or UTF-16) needs to be
       done yourself, e.g. using the Encode module.

       Example, output UTF-16BE-encoded JSON:

	 use Encode;
	 $jsontext = encode "UTF-16BE", JSON::PP->new->encode ($object);

       Example, decode UTF-32LE-encoded JSON:

	 use Encode;
	 $object = JSON::PP->new->decode (decode "UTF-32LE", $jsontext);

   pretty
	   $json = $json->pretty([$enable])

       This enables (or disables) all of the "indent", "space_before" and
       "space_after" flags in one call to generate the most readable (or most
       compact) form possible.

       Equivalent to:

	  $json->indent->space_before->space_after

   indent
	   $json = $json->indent([$enable])

	   $enabled = $json->get_indent

       The default indent space length is three.  You can use "indent_length"
       to change the length.

   space_before
	   $json = $json->space_before([$enable])

	   $enabled = $json->get_space_before

       If $enable is true (or missing), then the "encode" method will add an
       extra optional space before the ":" separating keys from values in JSON
       objects.

       If $enable is false, then the "encode" method will not add any extra
       space at those places.

       This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts.

       Example, space_before enabled, space_after and indent disabled:

	  {"key" :"value"}

   space_after
	   $json = $json->space_after([$enable])

	   $enabled = $json->get_space_after

       If $enable is true (or missing), then the "encode" method will add an
       extra optional space after the ":" separating keys from values in JSON
       objects and extra whitespace after the "," separating key-value pairs
       and array members.

       If $enable is false, then the "encode" method will not add any extra
       space at those places.

       This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts.

       Example, space_before and indent disabled, space_after enabled:

	  {"key": "value"}

   relaxed
	   $json = $json->relaxed([$enable])

	   $enabled = $json->get_relaxed

       If $enable is true (or missing), then "decode" will accept some
       extensions to normal JSON syntax (see below). "encode" will not be
       affected in anyway. Be aware that this option makes you accept invalid
       JSON texts as if they were valid!. I suggest only to use this option to
       parse application-specific files written by humans (configuration
       files, resource files etc.)

       If $enable is false (the default), then "decode" will only accept valid
       JSON texts.

       Currently accepted extensions are:

       ·   list items can have an end-comma

	   JSON separates array elements and key-value pairs with commas. This
	   can be annoying if you write JSON texts manually and want to be
	   able to quickly append elements, so this extension accepts comma at
	   the end of such items not just between them:

	      [
		 1,
		 2, <- this comma not normally allowed
	      ]
	      {
		 "k1": "v1",
		 "k2": "v2", <- this comma not normally allowed
	      }

       ·   shell-style '#'-comments

	   Whenever JSON allows whitespace, shell-style comments are
	   additionally allowed. They are terminated by the first carriage-
	   return or line-feed character, after which more white-space and
	   comments are allowed.

	     [
		1, # this comment not allowed in JSON
		   # neither this one...
	     ]

   canonical
	   $json = $json->canonical([$enable])

	   $enabled = $json->get_canonical

       If $enable is true (or missing), then the "encode" method will output
       JSON objects by sorting their keys. This is adding a comparatively high
       overhead.

       If $enable is false, then the "encode" method will output key-value
       pairs in the order Perl stores them (which will likely change between
       runs of the same script).

       This option is useful if you want the same data structure to be encoded
       as the same JSON text (given the same overall settings). If it is
       disabled, the same hash might be encoded differently even if contains
       the same data, as key-value pairs have no inherent ordering in Perl.

       This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts.

       If you want your own sorting routine, you can give a code reference or
       a subroutine name to "sort_by". See to "JSON::PP OWN METHODS".

   allow_nonref
	   $json = $json->allow_nonref([$enable])

	   $enabled = $json->get_allow_nonref

       If $enable is true (or missing), then the "encode" method can convert a
       non-reference into its corresponding string, number or null JSON value,
       which is an extension to RFC4627. Likewise, "decode" will accept those
       JSON values instead of croaking.

       If $enable is false, then the "encode" method will croak if it isn't
       passed an arrayref or hashref, as JSON texts must either be an object
       or array. Likewise, "decode" will croak if given something that is not
       a JSON object or array.

	  JSON::PP->new->allow_nonref->encode ("Hello, World!")
	  => "Hello, World!"

   allow_unknown
	   $json = $json->allow_unknown ([$enable])

	   $enabled = $json->get_allow_unknown

       If $enable is true (or missing), then "encode" will *not* throw an
       exception when it encounters values it cannot represent in JSON (for
       example, filehandles) but instead will encode a JSON "null" value.
       Note that blessed objects are not included here and are handled
       separately by c<allow_nonref>.

       If $enable is false (the default), then "encode" will throw an
       exception when it encounters anything it cannot encode as JSON.

       This option does not affect "decode" in any way, and it is recommended
       to leave it off unless you know your communications partner.

   allow_blessed
	   $json = $json->allow_blessed([$enable])

	   $enabled = $json->get_allow_blessed

       If $enable is true (or missing), then the "encode" method will not barf
       when it encounters a blessed reference. Instead, the value of the
       convert_blessed option will decide whether "null" ("convert_blessed"
       disabled or no "TO_JSON" method found) or a representation of the
       object ("convert_blessed" enabled and "TO_JSON" method found) is being
       encoded. Has no effect on "decode".

       If $enable is false (the default), then "encode" will throw an
       exception when it encounters a blessed object.

   convert_blessed
	   $json = $json->convert_blessed([$enable])

	   $enabled = $json->get_convert_blessed

       If $enable is true (or missing), then "encode", upon encountering a
       blessed object, will check for the availability of the "TO_JSON" method
       on the object's class. If found, it will be called in scalar context
       and the resulting scalar will be encoded instead of the object. If no
       "TO_JSON" method is found, the value of "allow_blessed" will decide
       what to do.

       The "TO_JSON" method may safely call die if it wants. If "TO_JSON"
       returns other blessed objects, those will be handled in the same way.
       "TO_JSON" must take care of not causing an endless recursion cycle (==
       crash) in this case. The name of "TO_JSON" was chosen because other
       methods called by the Perl core (== not by the user of the object) are
       usually in upper case letters and to avoid collisions with the
       "to_json" function or method.

       This setting does not yet influence "decode" in any way.

       If $enable is false, then the "allow_blessed" setting will decide what
       to do when a blessed object is found.

   filter_json_object
	   $json = $json->filter_json_object([$coderef])

       When $coderef is specified, it will be called from "decode" each time
       it decodes a JSON object. The only argument passed to the coderef is a
       reference to the newly-created hash. If the code references returns a
       single scalar (which need not be a reference), this value (i.e. a copy
       of that scalar to avoid aliasing) is inserted into the deserialised
       data structure. If it returns an empty list (NOTE: not "undef", which
       is a valid scalar), the original deserialised hash will be inserted.
       This setting can slow down decoding considerably.

       When $coderef is omitted or undefined, any existing callback will be
       removed and "decode" will not change the deserialised hash in any way.

       Example, convert all JSON objects into the integer 5:

	  my $js = JSON::PP->new->filter_json_object (sub { 5 });
	  # returns [5]
	  $js->decode ('[{}]'); # the given subroutine takes a hash reference.
	  # throw an exception because allow_nonref is not enabled
	  # so a lone 5 is not allowed.
	  $js->decode ('{"a":1, "b":2}');

   filter_json_single_key_object
	   $json = $json->filter_json_single_key_object($key [=> $coderef])

       Works remotely similar to "filter_json_object", but is only called for
       JSON objects having a single key named $key.

       This $coderef is called before the one specified via
       "filter_json_object", if any. It gets passed the single value in the
       JSON object. If it returns a single value, it will be inserted into the
       data structure. If it returns nothing (not even "undef" but the empty
       list), the callback from "filter_json_object" will be called next, as
       if no single-key callback were specified.

       If $coderef is omitted or undefined, the corresponding callback will be
       disabled. There can only ever be one callback for a given key.

       As this callback gets called less often then the "filter_json_object"
       one, decoding speed will not usually suffer as much. Therefore, single-
       key objects make excellent targets to serialise Perl objects into,
       especially as single-key JSON objects are as close to the type-tagged
       value concept as JSON gets (it's basically an ID/VALUE tuple). Of
       course, JSON does not support this in any way, so you need to make sure
       your data never looks like a serialised Perl hash.

       Typical names for the single object key are "__class_whatever__", or
       "$__dollars_are_rarely_used__$" or "}ugly_brace_placement", or even
       things like "__class_md5sum(classname)__", to reduce the risk of
       clashing with real hashes.

       Example, decode JSON objects of the form "{ "__widget__" => <id> }"
       into the corresponding $WIDGET{<id>} object:

	  # return whatever is in $WIDGET{5}:
	  JSON::PP
	     ->new
	     ->filter_json_single_key_object (__widget__ => sub {
		   $WIDGET{ $_[0] }
		})
	     ->decode ('{"__widget__": 5')

	  # this can be used with a TO_JSON method in some "widget" class
	  # for serialisation to json:
	  sub WidgetBase::TO_JSON {
	     my ($self) = @_;

	     unless ($self->{id}) {
		$self->{id} = ..get..some..id..;
		$WIDGET{$self->{id}} = $self;
	     }

	     { __widget__ => $self->{id} }
	  }

   shrink
	   $json = $json->shrink([$enable])

	   $enabled = $json->get_shrink

       In JSON::XS, this flag resizes strings generated by either "encode" or
       "decode" to their minimum size possible.	 It will also try to downgrade
       any strings to octet-form if possible.

       In JSON::PP, it is noop about resizing strings but tries
       "utf8::downgrade" to the returned string by "encode".  See to utf8.

       See to "OBJECT-ORIENTED INTERFACE" in JSON::XS

   max_depth
	   $json = $json->max_depth([$maximum_nesting_depth])

	   $max_depth = $json->get_max_depth

       Sets the maximum nesting level (default 512) accepted while encoding or
       decoding. If a higher nesting level is detected in JSON text or a Perl
       data structure, then the encoder and decoder will stop and croak at
       that point.

       Nesting level is defined by number of hash- or arrayrefs that the
       encoder needs to traverse to reach a given point or the number of "{"
       or "[" characters without their matching closing parenthesis crossed to
       reach a given character in a string.

       If no argument is given, the highest possible setting will be used,
       which is rarely useful.

       See "SSECURITY CONSIDERATIONS" in JSON::XS for more info on why this is
       useful.

       When a large value (100 or more) was set and it de/encodes a deep
       nested object/text, it may raise a warning 'Deep recursion on
       subroutine' at the perl runtime phase.

   max_size
	   $json = $json->max_size([$maximum_string_size])

	   $max_size = $json->get_max_size

       Set the maximum length a JSON text may have (in bytes) where decoding
       is being attempted. The default is 0, meaning no limit. When "decode"
       is called on a string that is longer then this many bytes, it will not
       attempt to decode the string but throw an exception. This setting has
       no effect on "encode" (yet).

       If no argument is given, the limit check will be deactivated (same as
       when 0 is specified).

       See "SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS" in JSON::XS for more info on why this is
       useful.

   encode
	   $json_text = $json->encode($perl_scalar)

       Converts the given Perl data structure (a simple scalar or a reference
       to a hash or array) to its JSON representation. Simple scalars will be
       converted into JSON string or number sequences, while references to
       arrays become JSON arrays and references to hashes become JSON objects.
       Undefined Perl values (e.g. "undef") become JSON "null" values.
       References to the integers 0 and 1 are converted into "true" and
       "false".

   decode
	   $perl_scalar = $json->decode($json_text)

       The opposite of "encode": expects a JSON text and tries to parse it,
       returning the resulting simple scalar or reference. Croaks on error.

       JSON numbers and strings become simple Perl scalars. JSON arrays become
       Perl arrayrefs and JSON objects become Perl hashrefs. "true" becomes 1
       ("JSON::true"), "false" becomes 0 ("JSON::false") and "null" becomes
       "undef".

   decode_prefix
	   ($perl_scalar, $characters) = $json->decode_prefix($json_text)

       This works like the "decode" method, but instead of raising an
       exception when there is trailing garbage after the first JSON object,
       it will silently stop parsing there and return the number of characters
       consumed so far.

	  JSON->new->decode_prefix ("[1] the tail")
	  => ([], 3)

INCREMENTAL PARSING
       Most of this section are copied and modified from "INCREMENTAL PARSING"
       in JSON::XS.

       In some cases, there is the need for incremental parsing of JSON texts.
       This module does allow you to parse a JSON stream incrementally.	 It
       does so by accumulating text until it has a full JSON object, which it
       then can decode. This process is similar to using "decode_prefix" to
       see if a full JSON object is available, but is much more efficient (and
       can be implemented with a minimum of method calls).

       This module will only attempt to parse the JSON text once it is sure it
       has enough text to get a decisive result, using a very simple but truly
       incremental parser. This means that it sometimes won't stop as early as
       the full parser, for example, it doesn't detect parenthesis mismatches.
       The only thing it guarantees is that it starts decoding as soon as a
       syntactically valid JSON text has been seen. This means you need to set
       resource limits (e.g. "max_size") to ensure the parser will stop
       parsing in the presence if syntax errors.

       The following methods implement this incremental parser.

   incr_parse
	   $json->incr_parse( [$string] ) # void context

	   $obj_or_undef = $json->incr_parse( [$string] ) # scalar context

	   @obj_or_empty = $json->incr_parse( [$string] ) # list context

       This is the central parsing function. It can both append new text and
       extract objects from the stream accumulated so far (both of these
       functions are optional).

       If $string is given, then this string is appended to the already
       existing JSON fragment stored in the $json object.

       After that, if the function is called in void context, it will simply
       return without doing anything further. This can be used to add more
       text in as many chunks as you want.

       If the method is called in scalar context, then it will try to extract
       exactly one JSON object. If that is successful, it will return this
       object, otherwise it will return "undef". If there is a parse error,
       this method will croak just as "decode" would do (one can then use
       "incr_skip" to skip the erroneous part). This is the most common way of
       using the method.

       And finally, in list context, it will try to extract as many objects
       from the stream as it can find and return them, or the empty list
       otherwise. For this to work, there must be no separators between the
       JSON objects or arrays, instead they must be concatenated back-to-back.
       If an error occurs, an exception will be raised as in the scalar
       context case. Note that in this case, any previously-parsed JSON texts
       will be lost.

       Example: Parse some JSON arrays/objects in a given string and return
       them.

	   my @objs = JSON->new->incr_parse ("[5][7][1,2]");

   incr_text
	   $lvalue_string = $json->incr_text

       This method returns the currently stored JSON fragment as an lvalue,
       that is, you can manipulate it. This only works when a preceding call
       to "incr_parse" in scalar context successfully returned an object.
       Under all other circumstances you must not call this function (I mean
       it.  although in simple tests it might actually work, it will fail
       under real world conditions). As a special exception, you can also call
       this method before having parsed anything.

       This function is useful in two cases: a) finding the trailing text
       after a JSON object or b) parsing multiple JSON objects separated by
       non-JSON text (such as commas).

	   $json->incr_text =~ s/\s*,\s*//;

       In Perl 5.005, "lvalue" attribute is not available.  You must write
       codes like the below:

	   $string = $json->incr_text;
	   $string =~ s/\s*,\s*//;
	   $json->incr_text( $string );

   incr_skip
	   $json->incr_skip

       This will reset the state of the incremental parser and will remove the
       parsed text from the input buffer. This is useful after "incr_parse"
       died, in which case the input buffer and incremental parser state is
       left unchanged, to skip the text parsed so far and to reset the parse
       state.

   incr_reset
	   $json->incr_reset

       This completely resets the incremental parser, that is, after this
       call, it will be as if the parser had never parsed anything.

       This is useful if you want to repeatedly parse JSON objects and want to
       ignore any trailing data, which means you have to reset the parser
       after each successful decode.

       See to "INCREMENTAL PARSING" in JSON::XS for examples.

JSON::PP OWN METHODS
   allow_singlequote
	   $json = $json->allow_singlequote([$enable])

       If $enable is true (or missing), then "decode" will accept JSON strings
       quoted by single quotations that are invalid JSON format.

	   $json->allow_singlequote->decode({"foo":'bar'});
	   $json->allow_singlequote->decode({'foo':"bar"});
	   $json->allow_singlequote->decode({'foo':'bar'});

       As same as the "relaxed" option, this option may be used to parse
       application-specific files written by humans.

   allow_barekey
	   $json = $json->allow_barekey([$enable])

       If $enable is true (or missing), then "decode" will accept bare keys of
       JSON object that are invalid JSON format.

       As same as the "relaxed" option, this option may be used to parse
       application-specific files written by humans.

	   $json->allow_barekey->decode('{foo:"bar"}');

   allow_bignum
	   $json = $json->allow_bignum([$enable])

       If $enable is true (or missing), then "decode" will convert the big
       integer Perl cannot handle as integer into a Math::BigInt object and
       convert a floating number (any) into a Math::BigFloat.

       On the contrary, "encode" converts "Math::BigInt" objects and
       "Math::BigFloat" objects into JSON numbers with "allow_blessed" enable.

	  $json->allow_nonref->allow_blessed->allow_bignum;
	  $bigfloat = $json->decode('2.000000000000000000000000001');
	  print $json->encode($bigfloat);
	  # => 2.000000000000000000000000001

       See to "MAPPING" in JSON::XS about the normal conversion of JSON
       number.

   loose
	   $json = $json->loose([$enable])

       The unescaped [\x00-\x1f\x22\x2f\x5c] strings are invalid in JSON
       strings and the module doesn't allow to "decode" to these (except for
       \x2f).  If $enable is true (or missing), then "decode"  will accept
       these unescaped strings.

	   $json->loose->decode(qq|["abc
					  def"]|);

       See "SSECURITY CONSIDERATIONS" in JSON::XS.

   escape_slash
	   $json = $json->escape_slash([$enable])

       According to JSON Grammar, slash (U+002F) is escaped. But default
       JSON::PP (as same as JSON::XS) encodes strings without escaping slash.

       If $enable is true (or missing), then "encode" will escape slashes.

   indent_length
	   $json = $json->indent_length($length)

       JSON::XS indent space length is 3 and cannot be changed.	 JSON::PP set
       the indent space length with the given $length.	The default is 3. The
       acceptable range is 0 to 15.

   sort_by
	   $json = $json->sort_by($function_name)
	   $json = $json->sort_by($subroutine_ref)

       If $function_name or $subroutine_ref are set, its sort routine are used
       in encoding JSON objects.

	  $js = $pc->sort_by(sub { $JSON::PP::a cmp $JSON::PP::b })->encode($obj);
	  # is($js, q|{"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4,"e":5,"f":6,"g":7,"h":8,"i":9}|);

	  $js = $pc->sort_by('own_sort')->encode($obj);
	  # is($js, q|{"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4,"e":5,"f":6,"g":7,"h":8,"i":9}|);

	  sub JSON::PP::own_sort { $JSON::PP::a cmp $JSON::PP::b }

       As the sorting routine runs in the JSON::PP scope, the given subroutine
       name and the special variables $a, $b will begin 'JSON::PP::'.

       If $integer is set, then the effect is same as "canonical" on.

INTERNAL
       For developers.

       PP_encode_box
	   Returns

		   {
		       depth	    => $depth,
		       indent_count => $indent_count,
		   }

       PP_decode_box
	   Returns

		   {
		       text    => $text,
		       at      => $at,
		       ch      => $ch,
		       len     => $len,
		       depth   => $depth,
		       encoding	     => $encoding,
		       is_valid_utf8 => $is_valid_utf8,
		   };

MAPPING
       This section is copied from JSON::XS and modified to "JSON::PP".
       JSON::XS and JSON::PP mapping mechanisms are almost equivalent.

       See to "MAPPING" in JSON::XS.

   JSON -> PERL
       object
	   A JSON object becomes a reference to a hash in Perl. No ordering of
	   object keys is preserved (JSON does not preserver object key
	   ordering itself).

       array
	   A JSON array becomes a reference to an array in Perl.

       string
	   A JSON string becomes a string scalar in Perl - Unicode codepoints
	   in JSON are represented by the same codepoints in the Perl string,
	   so no manual decoding is necessary.

       number
	   A JSON number becomes either an integer, numeric (floating point)
	   or string scalar in perl, depending on its range and any fractional
	   parts. On the Perl level, there is no difference between those as
	   Perl handles all the conversion details, but an integer may take
	   slightly less memory and might represent more values exactly than
	   floating point numbers.

	   If the number consists of digits only, "JSON" will try to represent
	   it as an integer value. If that fails, it will try to represent it
	   as a numeric (floating point) value if that is possible without
	   loss of precision. Otherwise it will preserve the number as a
	   string value (in which case you lose roundtripping ability, as the
	   JSON number will be re-encoded to a JSON string).

	   Numbers containing a fractional or exponential part will always be
	   represented as numeric (floating point) values, possibly at a loss
	   of precision (in which case you might lose perfect roundtripping
	   ability, but the JSON number will still be re-encoded as a JSON
	   number).

	   Note that precision is not accuracy - binary floating point values
	   cannot represent most decimal fractions exactly, and when
	   converting from and to floating point, "JSON" only guarantees
	   precision up to but not including the least significant bit.

	   When "allow_bignum" is enable, the big integers and the numeric can
	   be optionally converted into Math::BigInt and Math::BigFloat
	   objects.

       true, false
	   These JSON atoms become "JSON::PP::true" and "JSON::PP::false",
	   respectively. They are overloaded to act almost exactly like the
	   numbers 1 and 0. You can check whether a scalar is a JSON boolean
	   by using the "JSON::is_bool" function.

	      print JSON::PP::true . "\n";
	       => true
	      print JSON::PP::true + 1;
	       => 1

	      ok(JSON::true eq	'1');
	      ok(JSON::true == 1);

	   "JSON" will install these missing overloading features to the
	   backend modules.

       null
	   A JSON null atom becomes "undef" in Perl.

	   "JSON::PP::null" returns "undef".

   PERL -> JSON
       The mapping from Perl to JSON is slightly more difficult, as Perl is a
       truly typeless language, so we can only guess which JSON type is meant
       by a Perl value.

       hash references
	   Perl hash references become JSON objects. As there is no inherent
	   ordering in hash keys (or JSON objects), they will usually be
	   encoded in a pseudo-random order that can change between runs of
	   the same program but stays generally the same within a single run
	   of a program. "JSON" optionally sort the hash keys (determined by
	   the canonical flag), so the same data structure will serialise to
	   the same JSON text (given same settings and version of JSON::XS),
	   but this incurs a runtime overhead and is only rarely useful, e.g.
	   when you want to compare some JSON text against another for
	   equality.

       array references
	   Perl array references become JSON arrays.

       other references
	   Other unblessed references are generally not allowed and will cause
	   an exception to be thrown, except for references to the integers 0
	   and 1, which get turned into "false" and "true" atoms in JSON. You
	   can also use "JSON::false" and "JSON::true" to improve readability.

	      to_json [\0,JSON::PP::true]      # yields [false,true]

       JSON::PP::true, JSON::PP::false, JSON::PP::null
	   These special values become JSON true and JSON false values,
	   respectively. You can also use "\1" and "\0" directly if you want.

	   JSON::PP::null returns "undef".

       blessed objects
	   Blessed objects are not directly representable in JSON. See the
	   "allow_blessed" and "convert_blessed" methods on various options on
	   how to deal with this: basically, you can choose between throwing
	   an exception, encoding the reference as if it weren't blessed, or
	   provide your own serialiser method.

	   See to convert_blessed.

       simple scalars
	   Simple Perl scalars (any scalar that is not a reference) are the
	   most difficult objects to encode: JSON::XS and JSON::PP will encode
	   undefined scalars as JSON "null" values, scalars that have last
	   been used in a string context before encoding as JSON strings, and
	   anything else as number value:

	      # dump as number
	      encode_json [2]			   # yields [2]
	      encode_json [-3.0e17]		   # yields [-3e+17]
	      my $value = 5; encode_json [$value]  # yields [5]

	      # used as string, so dump as string
	      print $value;
	      encode_json [$value]		   # yields ["5"]

	      # undef becomes null
	      encode_json [undef]		   # yields [null]

	   You can force the type to be a string by stringifying it:

	      my $x = 3.1; # some variable containing a number
	      "$x";	   # stringified
	      $x .= "";	   # another, more awkward way to stringify
	      print $x;	   # perl does it for you, too, quite often

	   You can force the type to be a number by numifying it:

	      my $x = "3"; # some variable containing a string
	      $x += 0;	   # numify it, ensuring it will be dumped as a number
	      $x *= 1;	   # same thing, the choice is yours.

	   You can not currently force the type in other, less obscure, ways.

	   Note that numerical precision has the same meaning as under Perl
	   (so binary to decimal conversion follows the same rules as in Perl,
	   which can differ to other languages). Also, your perl interpreter
	   might expose extensions to the floating point numbers of your
	   platform, such as infinities or NaN's - these cannot be represented
	   in JSON, and it is an error to pass those in.

       Big Number
	   When "allow_bignum" is enable, "encode" converts "Math::BigInt"
	   objects and "Math::BigFloat" objects into JSON numbers.

UNICODE HANDLING ON PERLS
       If you do not know about Unicode on Perl well, please check "A FEW
       NOTES ON UNICODE AND PERL" in JSON::XS.

   Perl 5.8 and later
       Perl can handle Unicode and the JSON::PP de/encode methods also work
       properly.

	   $json->allow_nonref->encode(chr hex 3042);
	   $json->allow_nonref->encode(chr hex 12345);

       Returns "\u3042" and "\ud808\udf45" respectively.

	   $json->allow_nonref->decode('"\u3042"');
	   $json->allow_nonref->decode('"\ud808\udf45"');

       Returns UTF-8 encoded strings with UTF8 flag, regarded as "U+3042" and
       "U+12345".

       Note that the versions from Perl 5.8.0 to 5.8.2, Perl built-in "join"
       was broken, so JSON::PP wraps the "join" with a subroutine. Thus
       JSON::PP works slow in the versions.

   Perl 5.6
       Perl can handle Unicode and the JSON::PP de/encode methods also work.

   Perl 5.005
       Perl 5.005 is a byte semantics world -- all strings are sequences of
       bytes.  That means the unicode handling is not available.

       In encoding,

	   $json->allow_nonref->encode(chr hex 3042);  # hex 3042 is 12354.
	   $json->allow_nonref->encode(chr hex 12345); # hex 12345 is 74565.

       Returns "B" and "E", as "chr" takes a value more than 255, it treats as
       "$value % 256", so the above codes are equivalent to :

	   $json->allow_nonref->encode(chr 66);
	   $json->allow_nonref->encode(chr 69);

       In decoding,

	   $json->decode('"\u00e3\u0081\u0082"');

       The returned is a byte sequence "0xE3 0x81 0x82" for UTF-8 encoded
       japanese character ("HIRAGANA LETTER A").  And if it is represented in
       Unicode code point, "U+3042".

       Next,

	   $json->decode('"\u3042"');

       We ordinary expect the returned value is a Unicode character "U+3042".
       But here is 5.005 world. This is "0xE3 0x81 0x82".

	   $json->decode('"\ud808\udf45"');

       This is not a character "U+12345" but bytes - "0xf0 0x92 0x8d 0x85".

TODO
       speed
       memory saving

SEE ALSO
       Most of the document are copied and modified from JSON::XS doc.

       JSON::XS

       RFC4627 (<http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt>)

AUTHOR
       Makamaka Hannyaharamitu, <makamaka[at]cpan.org>

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
       Copyright 2007-2012 by Makamaka Hannyaharamitu

       This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
       under the same terms as Perl itself.

perl v5.18.1			  2013-05-23		   JSON::backportPP(3)
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