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HTML::Element(3)      User Contributed Perl Documentation     HTML::Element(3)

NAME
       HTML::Element - Class for objects that represent HTML elements

VERSION
       Version 3.23

SYNOPSIS
	   use HTML::Element;
	   $a = HTML::Element->new('a', href => 'http://www.perl.com/');
	   $a->push_content("The Perl Homepage");

	   $tag = $a->tag;
	   print "$tag starts out as:",	 $a->starttag, "\n";
	   print "$tag ends as:",  $a->endtag, "\n";
	   print "$tag\'s href attribute is: ", $a->attr('href'), "\n";

	   $links_r = $a->extract_links();
	   print "Hey, I found ", scalar(@$links_r), " links.\n";

	   print "And that, as HTML, is: ", $a->as_HTML, "\n";
	   $a = $a->delete;

DESCRIPTION
       (This class is part of the HTML::Tree dist.)

       Objects of the HTML::Element class can be used to represent elements of
       HTML document trees.  These objects have attributes, notably attributes
       that designates each element's parent and content.  The content is an
       array of text segments and other HTML::Element objects.	A tree with
       HTML::Element objects as nodes can represent the syntax tree for a HTML
       document.

HOW WE REPRESENT TREES
       Consider this HTML document:

	 <html lang='en-US'>
	   <head>
	     <title>Stuff</title>
	     <meta name='author' content='Jojo'>
	   </head>
	   <body>
	    <h1>I like potatoes!</h1>
	   </body>
	 </html>

       Building a syntax tree out of it makes a tree-structure in memory that
       could be diagrammed as:

			    html (lang='en-US')
			     / \
			   /	 \
			 /	   \
		       head	   body
		      /\	       \
		    /	 \		 \
		  /	   \		   \
		title	  meta		    h1
		 |	 (name='author',     |
	      "Stuff"	 content='Jojo')    "I like potatoes"

       This is the traditional way to diagram a tree, with the "root" at the
       top, and it's this kind of diagram that people have in mind when they
       say, for example, that "the meta element is under the head element
       instead of under the body element".  (The same is also said with
       "inside" instead of "under" -- the use of "inside" makes more sense
       when you're looking at the HTML source.)

       Another way to represent the above tree is with indenting:

	 html (attributes: lang='en-US')
	   head
	     title
	       "Stuff"
	     meta (attributes: name='author' content='Jojo')
	   body
	     h1
	       "I like potatoes"

       Incidentally, diagramming with indenting works much better for very
       large trees, and is easier for a program to generate.  The
       "$tree->dump" method uses indentation just that way.

       However you diagram the tree, it's stored the same in memory -- it's a
       network of objects, each of which has attributes like so:

	 element #1:  _tag: 'html'
		      _parent: none
		      _content: [element #2, element #5]
		      lang: 'en-US'

	 element #2:  _tag: 'head'
		      _parent: element #1
		      _content: [element #3, element #4]

	 element #3:  _tag: 'title'
		      _parent: element #2
		      _content: [text segment "Stuff"]

	 element #4   _tag: 'meta'
		      _parent: element #2
		      _content: none
		      name: author
		      content: Jojo

	 element #5   _tag: 'body'
		      _parent: element #1
		      _content: [element #6]

	 element #6   _tag: 'h1'
		      _parent: element #5
		      _content: [text segment "I like potatoes"]

       The "treeness" of the tree-structure that these elements comprise is
       not an aspect of any particular object, but is emergent from the relat-
       edness attributes (_parent and _content) of these element-objects and
       from how you use them to get from element to element.

       While you could access the content of a tree by writing code that says
       "access the 'src' attribute of the root's first child's seventh child's
       third child", you're more likely to have to scan the contents of a
       tree, looking for whatever nodes, or kinds of nodes, you want to do
       something with.	The most straightforward way to look over a tree is to
       "traverse" it; an HTML::Element method ("$h->traverse") is provided for
       this purpose; and several other HTML::Element methods are based on it.

       (For everything you ever wanted to know about trees, and then some, see
       Niklaus Wirth's Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs or Donald
       Knuth's The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 1.)

BASIC METHODS
       $h = HTML::Element->new('tag', 'attrname' => 'value', ... )

       This constructor method returns a new HTML::Element object.  The tag
       name is a required argument; it will be forced to lowercase.  Option-
       ally, you can specify other initial attributes at object creation time.

       $h->attr('attr') or $h->attr('attr', 'value')

       Returns (optionally sets) the value of the given attribute of $h.  The
       attribute name (but not the value, if provided) is forced to lowercase.
       If trying to read the value of an attribute not present for this ele-
       ment, the return value is undef.	 If setting a new value, the old value
       of that attribute is returned.

       If methods are provided for accessing an attribute (like "$h->tag" for
       "_tag", "$h->content_list", etc. below), use those instead of calling
       attr "$h->attr", whether for reading or setting.

       Note that setting an attribute to "undef" (as opposed to "", the empty
       string) actually deletes the attribute.

       $h->tag() or $h->tag('tagname')

       Returns (optionally sets) the tag name (also known as the generic iden-
       tifier) for the element $h.  In setting, the tag name is always con-
       verted to lower case.

       There are four kinds of "pseudo-elements" that show up as HTML::Element
       objects:

       Comment pseudo-elements
	   These are element objects with a "$h->tag" value of "~comment", and
	   the content of the comment is stored in the "text" attribute
	   ("$h->attr("text")").  For example, parsing this code with
	   HTML::TreeBuilder...

	     <!-- I like Pie.
		Pie is good
	     -->

	   produces an HTML::Element object with these attributes:

	     "_tag",
	     "~comment",
	     "text",
	     " I like Pie.\n	 Pie is good\n	"

       Declaration pseudo-elements
	   Declarations (rarely encountered) are represented as HTML::Element
	   objects with a tag name of "~declaration", and content in the
	   "text" attribute.  For example, this:

	     <!DOCTYPE foo>

	   produces an element whose attributes include:

	     "_tag", "~declaration", "text", "DOCTYPE foo"

       Processing instruction pseudo-elements
	   PIs (rarely encountered) are represented as HTML::Element objects
	   with a tag name of "~pi", and content in the "text" attribute.  For
	   example, this:

	     <?stuff foo?>

	   produces an element whose attributes include:

	     "_tag", "~pi", "text", "stuff foo?"

	   (assuming a recent version of HTML::Parser)

       ~literal pseudo-elements
	   These objects are not currently produced by HTML::TreeBuilder, but
	   can be used to represent a "super-literal" -- i.e., a literal you
	   want to be immune from escaping.  (Yes, I just made that term up.)

	   That is, this is useful if you want to insert code into a tree that
	   you plan to dump out with "as_HTML", where you want, for some rea-
	   son, to suppress "as_HTML"'s normal behavior of amp-quoting text
	   segments.

	   For example, this:

	     my $literal = HTML::Element->new('~literal',
	       'text' => 'x < 4 & y > 7'
	     );
	     my $span = HTML::Element->new('span');
	     $span->push_content($literal);
	     print $span->as_HTML;

	   prints this:

	     <span>x < 4 & y > 7</span>

	   Whereas this:

	     my $span = HTML::Element->new('span');
	     $span->push_content('x < 4 & y > 7');
	       # normal text segment
	     print $span->as_HTML;

	   prints this:

	     <span>x < 4 & y > 7</span>

	   Unless you're inserting lots of pre-cooked code into existing
	   trees, and dumping them out again, it's not likely that you'll find
	   "~literal" pseudo-elements useful.

       $h->parent() or $h->parent($new_parent)

       Returns (optionally sets) the parent (aka "container") for this ele-
       ment.  The parent should either be undef, or should be another element.

       You should not use this to directly set the parent of an element.
       Instead use any of the other methods under "Structure-Modifying Meth-
       ods", below.

       Note that not($h->parent) is a simple test for whether $h is the root
       of its subtree.

       $h->content_list()

       Returns a list of the child nodes of this element -- i.e., what nodes
       (elements or text segments) are inside/under this element. (Note that
       this may be an empty list.)

       In a scalar context, this returns the count of the items, as you may
       expect.

       $h->content()

       This somewhat deprecated method returns the content of this element;
       but unlike content_list, this returns either undef (which you should
       understand to mean no content), or a reference to the array of content
       items, each of which is either a text segment (a string, i.e., a
       defined non-reference scalar value), or an HTML::Element object.	 Note
       that even if an arrayref is returned, it may be a reference to an empty
       array.

       While older code should feel free to continue to use "$h->content", new
       code should use "$h->content_list" in almost all conceivable cases.  It
       is my experience that in most cases this leads to simpler code anyway,
       since it means one can say:

	   @children = $h->content_list;

       instead of the inelegant:

	   @children = @{$h->content || []};

       If you do use "$h->content" (or "$h->content_array_ref"), you should
       not use the reference returned by it (assuming it returned a reference,
       and not undef) to directly set or change the content of an element or
       text segment!  Instead use content_refs_list or any of the other meth-
       ods under "Structure-Modifying Methods", below.

       $h->content_array_ref()

       This is like "content" (with all its caveats and deprecations) except
       that it is guaranteed to return an array reference.  That is, if the
       given node has no "_content" attribute, the "content" method would
       return that undef, but "content_array_ref" would set the given node's
       "_content" value to "[]" (a reference to a new, empty array), and
       return that.

       $h->content_refs_list

       This returns a list of scalar references to each element of $h's con-
       tent list.  This is useful in case you want to in-place edit any large
       text segments without having to get a copy of the current value of that
       segment value, modify that copy, then use the "splice_content" to
       replace the old with the new.  Instead, here you can in-place edit:

	   foreach my $item_r ($h->content_refs_list) {
	       next if ref $$item_r;
	       $$item_r =~ s/honour/honor/g;
	   }

       You could currently achieve the same affect with:

	   foreach my $item (@{ $h->content_array_ref }) {
	       # deprecated!
	       next if ref $item;
	       $item =~ s/honour/honor/g;
	   }

       ...except that using the return value of "$h->content" or "$h->con-
       tent_array_ref" to do that is deprecated, and just might stop working
       in the future.

       $h->implicit() or $h->implicit($bool)

       Returns (optionally sets) the "_implicit" attribute.  This attribute is
       a flag that's used for indicating that the element was not originally
       present in the source, but was added to the parse tree (by HTML::Tree-
       Builder, for example) in order to conform to the rules of HTML struc-
       ture.

       $h->pos() or $h->pos($element)

       Returns (and optionally sets) the "_pos" (for "current position")
       pointer of $h.  This attribute is a pointer used during some parsing
       operations, whose value is whatever HTML::Element element at or under
       $h is currently "open", where "$h->insert_element(NEW)" will actually
       insert a new element.

       (This has nothing to do with the Perl function called "pos", for con-
       trolling where regular expression matching starts.)

       If you set "$h->pos($element)", be sure that $element is either $h, or
       an element under $h.

       If you've been modifying the tree under $h and are no longer sure
       "$h->pos" is valid, you can enforce validity with:

	   $h->pos(undef) unless $h->pos->is_inside($h);

       $h->all_attr()

       Returns all this element's attributes and values, as key-value pairs.
       This will include any "internal" attributes (i.e., ones not present in
       the original element, and which will not be represented if/when you
       call "$h->as_HTML").  Internal attributes are distinguished by the fact
       that the first character of their key (not value! key!) is an under-
       score ("_").

       Example output of "$h->all_attr()" : "'_parent', "[object_value]" ,
       '_tag', 'em', 'lang', 'en-US', '_content', "[array-ref value].

       $h->all_attr_names()

       Like all_attr, but only returns the names of the attributes.

       Example output of "$h->all_attr_names()" : "'_parent', '_tag', 'lang',
       '_content', ".

       $h->all_external_attr()

       Like "all_attr", except that internal attributes are not present.

       $h->all_external_attr_names()

       Like "all_external_attr_names", except that internal attributes' names
       are not present.

       $h->id() or $h->id($string)

       Returns (optionally sets to $string) the "id" attribute.
       "$h->id(undef)" deletes the "id" attribute.

       $h->idf() or $h->idf($string)

       Just like the "id" method, except that if you call "$h->idf()" and no
       "id" attribute is defined for this element, then it's set to a likely-
       to-be-unique value, and returned.  (The "f" is for "force".)

STRUCTURE-MODIFYING METHODS
       These methods are provided for modifying the content of trees by adding
       or changing nodes as parents or children of other nodes.

       $h->push_content($element_or_text, ...)

       Adds the specified items to the end of the content list of the element
       $h.  The items of content to be added should each be either a text seg-
       ment (a string), an HTML::Element object, or an arrayref.  Arrayrefs
       are fed thru "$h->new_from_lol(that_arrayref)" to convert them into
       elements, before being added to the content list of $h.	This means you
       can say things concise things like:

	 $body->push_content(
	   ['br'],
	   ['ul',
	     map ['li', $_], qw(Peaches Apples Pears Mangos)
	   ]
	 );

       See "new_from_lol" method's documentation, far below, for more explana-
       tion.

       The push_content method will try to consolidate adjacent text segments
       while adding to the content list.  That's to say, if $h's content_list
       is

	 ('foo bar ', $some_node, 'baz!')

       and you call

	  $h->push_content('quack?');

       then the resulting content list will be this:

	 ('foo bar ', $some_node, 'baz!quack?')

       and not this:

	 ('foo bar ', $some_node, 'baz!', 'quack?')

       If that latter is what you want, you'll have to override the feature of
       consolidating text by using splice_content, as in:

	 $h->splice_content(scalar($h->content_list),0,'quack?');

       Similarly, if you wanted to add 'Skronk' to the beginning of the con-
       tent list, calling this:

	  $h->unshift_content('Skronk');

       then the resulting content list will be this:

	 ('Skronkfoo bar ', $some_node, 'baz!')

       and not this:

	 ('Skronk', 'foo bar ', $some_node, 'baz!')

       What you'd to do get the latter is:

	 $h->splice_content(0,0,'Skronk');

       $h->unshift_content($element_or_text, ...)

       Just like "push_content", but adds to the beginning of the $h element's
       content list.

       The items of content to be added should each be either a text segment
       (a string), an HTML::Element object, or an arrayref (which is fed thru
       "new_from_lol").

       The unshift_content method will try to consolidate adjacent text seg-
       ments while adding to the content list.	See above for a discussion of
       this.

       $h->splice_content($offset, $length, $element_or_text, ...)

       Detaches the elements from $h's list of content-nodes, starting at
       $offset and continuing for $length items, replacing them with the ele-
       ments of the following list, if any.  Returns the elements (if any)
       removed from the content-list.  If $offset is negative, then it starts
       that far from the end of the array, just like Perl's normal "splice"
       function.  If $length and the following list is omitted, removes every-
       thing from $offset onward.

       The items of content to be added (if any) should each be either a text
       segment (a string), an arrayref (which is fed thru "new_from_lol"), or
       an HTML::Element object that's not already a child of $h.

       $h->detach()

       This unlinks $h from its parent, by setting its 'parent' attribute to
       undef, and by removing it from the content list of its parent (if it
       had one).  The return value is the parent that was detached from (or
       undef, if $h had no parent to start with).  Note that neither $h nor
       its parent are explicitly destroyed.

       $h->detach_content()

       This unlinks all of $h's children from $h, and returns them.  Note that
       these are not explicitly destroyed; for that, you can just use
       $h->delete_content.

       $h->replace_with( $element_or_text, ... )

       This replaces $h in its parent's content list with the nodes specified.
       The element $h (which by then may have no parent) is returned.  This
       causes a fatal error if $h has no parent.  The list of nodes to insert
       may contain $h, but at most once.  Aside from that possible exception,
       the nodes to insert should not already be children of $h's parent.

       Also, note that this method does not destroy $h -- use
       "$h->replace_with(...)->delete" if you need that.

       $h->preinsert($element_or_text...)

       Inserts the given nodes right BEFORE $h in $h's parent's content list.
       This causes a fatal error if $h has no parent.  None of the given nodes
       should be $h or other children of $h.  Returns $h.

       $h->postinsert($element_or_text...)

       Inserts the given nodes right AFTER $h in $h's parent's content list.
       This causes a fatal error if $h has no parent.  None of the given nodes
       should be $h or other children of $h.  Returns $h.

       $h->replace_with_content()

       This replaces $h in its parent's content list with its own content.
       The element $h (which by then has no parent or content of its own) is
       returned.  This causes a fatal error if $h has no parent.  Also, note
       that this does not destroy $h -- use "$h->replace_with_content->delete"
       if you need that.

       $h->delete_content()

       Clears the content of $h, calling "$h->delete" for each content ele-
       ment.  Compare with "$h->detach_content".

       Returns $h.

       $h->delete()

       Detaches this element from its parent (if it has one) and explicitly
       destroys the element and all its descendants.  The return value is
       undef.

       Perl uses garbage collection based on reference counting; when no ref-
       erences to a data structure exist, it's implicitly destroyed -- i.e.,
       when no value anywhere points to a given object anymore, Perl knows it
       can free up the memory that the now-unused object occupies.

       But this fails with HTML::Element trees, because a parent element
       always holds references to its children, and its children elements hold
       references to the parent, so no element ever looks like it's not in
       use.  So, to destroy those elements, you need to call "$h->delete" on
       the parent.

       $h->clone()

       Returns a copy of the element (whose children are clones (recursively)
       of the original's children, if any).

       The returned element is parentless.  Any '_pos' attributes present in
       the source element/tree will be absent in the copy.  For that and other
       reasons, the clone of an HTML::TreeBuilder object that's in mid-parse
       (i.e, the head of a tree that HTML::TreeBuilder is elaborating) cannot
       (currently) be used to continue the parse.

       You are free to clone HTML::TreeBuilder trees, just as long as: 1)
       they're done being parsed, or 2) you don't expect to resume parsing
       into the clone.	(You can continue parsing into the original; it is
       never affected.)

       HTML::Element->clone_list(...nodes...)

       Returns a list consisting of a copy of each node given.	Text segments
       are simply copied; elements are cloned by calling $it->clone on each of
       them.

       Note that this must be called as a class method, not as an instance
       method.	"clone_list" will croak if called as an instance method.  You
       can also call it like so:

	   ref($h)->clone_list(...nodes...)

       $h->normalize_content

       Normalizes the content of $h -- i.e., concatenates any adjacent text
       nodes.  (Any undefined text segments are turned into empty-strings.)
       Note that this does not recurse into $h's descendants.

       $h->delete_ignorable_whitespace()

       This traverses under $h and deletes any text segments that are ignor-
       able whitespace.	 You should not use this if $h under a 'pre' element.

       $h->insert_element($element, $implicit)

       Inserts (via push_content) a new element under the element at
       "$h->pos()".  Then updates "$h->pos()" to point to the inserted ele-
       ment, unless $element is a prototypically empty element like "br",
       "hr", "img", etc.  The new "$h->pos()" is returned.  This method is
       useful only if your particular tree task involves setting "$h->pos()".

DUMPING METHODS
       $h->dump()

       $h->dump(*FH)  ; # or *FH{IO} or $fh_obj

       Prints the element and all its children to STDOUT (or to a specified
       filehandle), in a format useful only for debugging.  The structure of
       the document is shown by indentation (no end tags).

       $h->as_HTML() or $h->as_HTML($entities)

       or $h->as_HTML($entities, $indent_char)

       or $h->as_HTML($entities, $indent_char, \%optional_end_tags)

       Returns a string representing in HTML the element and its descendants.
       The optional argument $entities specifies a string of the entities to
       encode.	For compatibility with previous versions, specify '<>&' here.
       If omitted or undef, all unsafe characters are encoded as HTML enti-
       ties.  See HTML::Entities for details.  If passed an empty string, no
       entities are encoded.

       If $indent_char is specified and defined, the HTML to be output is
       intented, using the string you specify (which you probably should set
       to "\t", or some number of spaces, if you specify it).

       If "\%optional_end_tags" is specified and defined, it should be a ref-
       erence to a hash that holds a true value for every tag name whose end
       tag is optional.	 Defaults to "\%HTML::Element::optionalEndTag", which
       is an alias to %HTML::Tagset::optionalEndTag, which, at time of writ-
       ing, contains true values for "p, li, dt, dd".  A useful value to pass
       is an empty hashref, "{}", which means that no end-tags are optional
       for this dump.  Otherwise, possibly consider copying
       %HTML::Tagset::optionalEndTag to a hash of your own, adding or deleting
       values as you like, and passing a reference to that hash.

       $h->as_text()

       $h->as_text(skip_dels => 1)

       Returns a string consisting of only the text parts of the element's
       descendants.

       Text under 'script' or 'style' elements is never included in what's
       returned.  If "skip_dels" is true, then text content under "del" nodes
       is not included in what's returned.

       $h->as_trimmed_text(...)

       This is just like as_text(...) except that leading and trailing white-
       space is deleted, and any internal whitespace is collapsed.

       $h->as_XML()

       Returns a string representing in XML the element and its descendants.

       The XML is not indented.

       $h->as_Lisp_form()

       Returns a string representing the element and its descendants as a Lisp
       form.  Unsafe characters are encoded as octal escapes.

       The Lisp form is indented, and contains external ("href", etc.)	as
       well as internal attributes ("_tag", "_content", "_implicit", etc.),
       except for "_parent", which is omitted.

       Current example output for a given element:

	 ("_tag" "img" "border" "0" "src" "pie.png" "usemap" "#main.map")

       $h->starttag() or $h->starttag($entities)

       Returns a string representing the complete start tag for the element.
       I.e., leading "<", tag name, attributes, and trailing ">".  All values
       are surrounded with double-quotes, and appropriate characters are
       encoded.	 If $entities is omitted or undef, all unsafe characters are
       encoded as HTML entities.  See HTML::Entities for details.  If you
       specify some value for $entities, remember to include the double-quote
       character in it.	 (Previous versions of this module would basically
       behave as if '&">' were specified for $entities.)  If $entities is an
       empty string, no entity is escaped.

       $h->endtag()

       Returns a string representing the complete end tag for this element.
       I.e., "</", tag name, and ">".

SECONDARY STRUCTURAL METHODS
       These methods all involve some structural aspect of the tree; either
       they report some aspect of the tree's structure, or they involve tra-
       versal down the tree, or walking up the tree.

       $h->is_inside('tag', ...) or $h->is_inside($element, ...)

       Returns true if the $h element is, or is contained anywhere inside an
       element that is any of the ones listed, or whose tag name is any of the
       tag names listed.

       $h->is_empty()

       Returns true if $h has no content, i.e., has no elements or text seg-
       ments under it.	In other words, this returns true if $h is a leaf
       node, AKA a terminal node.  Do not confuse this sense of "empty" with
       another sense that it can have in SGML/HTML/XML terminology, which
       means that the element in question is of the type (like HTML's "hr",
       "br", "img", etc.) that can't have any content.

       That is, a particular "p" element may happen to have no content, so
       $that_p_element->is_empty will be true -- even though the prototypical
       "p" element isn't "empty" (not in the way that the prototypical "hr"
       element is).

       If you think this might make for potentially confusing code, consider
       simply using the clearer exact equivalent:  not($h->content_list)

       $h->pindex()

       Return the index of the element in its parent's contents array, such
       that $h would equal

	 $h->parent->content->[$h->pindex]
	 or
	 ($h->parent->content_list)[$h->pindex]

       assuming $h isn't root.	If the element $h is root, then $h->pindex
       returns undef.

       $h->left()

       In scalar context: returns the node that's the immediate left sibling
       of $h.  If $h is the leftmost (or only) child of its parent (or has no
       parent), then this returns undef.

       In list context: returns all the nodes that're the left siblings of $h
       (starting with the leftmost).  If $h is the leftmost (or only) child of
       its parent (or has no parent), then this returns empty-list.

       (See also $h->preinsert(LIST).)

       $h->right()

       In scalar context: returns the node that's the immediate right sibling
       of $h.  If $h is the rightmost (or only) child of its parent (or has no
       parent), then this returns undef.

       In list context: returns all the nodes that're the right siblings of
       $h, starting with the leftmost.	If $h is the rightmost (or only) child
       of its parent (or has no parent), then this returns empty-list.

       (See also $h->postinsert(LIST).)

       $h->address()

       Returns a string representing the location of this node in the tree.
       The address consists of numbers joined by a '.', starting with '0', and
       followed by the pindexes of the nodes in the tree that are ancestors of
       $h, starting from the top.

       So if the way to get to a node starting at the root is to go to child 2
       of the root, then child 10 of that, and then child 0 of that, and then
       you're there -- then that node's address is "0.2.10.0".

       As a bit of a special case, the address of the root is simply "0".

       I forsee this being used mainly for debugging, but you may find your
       own uses for it.

       $h->address($address)

       This returns the node (whether element or text-segment) at the given
       address in the tree that $h is a part of.  (That is, the address is
       resolved starting from $h->root.)

       If there is no node at the given address, this returns undef.

       You can specify "relative addressing" (i.e., that indexing is supposed
       to start from $h and not from $h->root) by having the address start
       with a period -- e.g., $h->address(".3.2") will look at child 3 of $h,
       and child 2 of that.

       $h->depth()

       Returns a number expressing $h's depth within its tree, i.e., how many
       steps away it is from the root.	If $h has no parent (i.e., is root),
       its depth is 0.

       $h->root()

       Returns the element that's the top of $h's tree.	 If $h is root, this
       just returns $h.	 (If you want to test whether $h is the root, instead
       of asking what its root is, just test "not($h->parent)".)

       $h->lineage()

       Returns the list of $h's ancestors, starting with its parent, and then
       that parent's parent, and so on, up to the root.	 If $h is root, this
       returns an empty list.

       If you simply want a count of the number of elements in $h's lineage,
       use $h->depth.

       $h->lineage_tag_names()

       Returns the list of the tag names of $h's ancestors, starting with its
       parent, and that parent's parent, and so on, up to the root.  If $h is
       root, this returns an empty list.  Example output: "('em', 'td', 'tr',
       'table', 'body', 'html')"

       $h->descendants()

       In list context, returns the list of all $h's descendant elements,
       listed in pre-order (i.e., an element appears before its content-ele-
       ments).	Text segments DO NOT appear in the list.  In scalar context,
       returns a count of all such elements.

       $h->descendents()

       This is just an alias to the "descendants" method.

       $h->find_by_tag_name('tag', ...)

       In list context, returns a list of elements at or under $h that have
       any of the specified tag names.	In scalar context, returns the first
       (in pre-order traversal of the tree) such element found, or undef if
       none.

       $h->find('tag', ...)

       This is just an alias to "find_by_tag_name".  (There was once going to
       be a whole find_* family of methods, but then look_down filled that
       niche, so there turned out not to be much reason for the verboseness of
       the name "find_by_tag_name".)

       $h->find_by_attribute('attribute', 'value')

       In a list context, returns a list of elements at or under $h that have
       the specified attribute, and have the given value for that attribute.
       In a scalar context, returns the first (in pre-order traversal of the
       tree) such element found, or undef if none.

       This method is deprecated in favor of the more expressive "look_down"
       method, which new code should use instead.

       $h->look_down( ...criteria... )

       This starts at $h and looks thru its element descendants (in
       pre-order), looking for elements matching the criteria you specify.  In
       list context, returns all elements that match all the given criteria;
       in scalar context, returns the first such element (or undef, if nothing
       matched).

       There are three kinds of criteria you can specify:

       (attr_name, attr_value)
	   This means you're looking for an element with that value for that
	   attribute.  Example: "alt", "pix!".	Consider that you can search
	   on internal attribute values too: "_tag", "p".

       (attr_name, qr/.../)
	   This means you're looking for an element whose value for that
	   attribute matches the specified Regexp object.

       a coderef
	   This means you're looking for elements where coderef->(each_ele-
	   ment) returns true.	Example:

	     my @wide_pix_images
	       = $h->look_down(
			       "_tag", "img",
			       "alt", "pix!",
			       sub { $_[0]->attr('width') > 350 }
			      );

       Note that "(attr_name, attr_value)" and "(attr_name, qr/.../)" criteria
       are almost always faster than coderef criteria, so should presumably be
       put before them in your list of criteria.  That is, in the example
       above, the sub ref is called only for elements that have already passed
       the criteria of having a "_tag" attribute with value "img", and an
       "alt" attribute with value "pix!".  If the coderef were first, it would
       be called on every element, and then what elements pass that criterion
       (i.e., elements for which the coderef returned true) would be checked
       for their "_tag" and "alt" attributes.

       Note that comparison of string attribute-values against the string
       value in "(attr_name, attr_value)" is case-INsensitive!	A criterion of
       "('align', 'right')" will match an element whose "align" value is
       "RIGHT", or "right" or "rIGhT", etc.

       Note also that "look_down" considers "" (empty-string) and undef to be
       different things, in attribute values.  So this:

	 $h->look_down("alt", "")

       will find elements with an "alt" attribute, but where the value for the
       "alt" attribute is "".  But this:

	 $h->look_down("alt", undef)

       is the same as:

	 $h->look_down(sub { !defined($_[0]->attr('alt')) } )

       That is, it finds elements that do not have an "alt" attribute at all
       (or that do have an "alt" attribute, but with a value of undef -- which
       is not normally possible).

       Note that when you give several criteria, this is taken to mean you're
       looking for elements that match all your criterion, not just any of
       them.  In other words, there is an implicit "and", not an "or".	So if
       you wanted to express that you wanted to find elements with a "name"
       attribute with the value "foo" or with an "id" attribute with the value
       "baz", you'd have to do it like:

	 @them = $h->look_down(
	   sub {
	     # the lcs are to fold case
	     lc($_[0]->attr('name')) eq 'foo'
	     or lc($_[0]->attr('id')) eq 'baz'
	   }
	 );

       Coderef criteria are more expressive than "(attr_name, attr_value)" and
       "(attr_name, qr/.../)" criteria, and all "(attr_name, attr_value)" and
       "(attr_name, qr/.../)" criteria could be expressed in terms of
       coderefs.  However, "(attr_name, attr_value)" and "(attr_name,
       qr/.../)" criteria are a convenient shorthand.  (In fact, "look_down"
       itself is basically "shorthand" too, since anything you can do with
       "look_down" you could do by traversing the tree, either with the "tra-
       verse" method or with a routine of your own.  However, "look_down"
       often makes for very concise and clear code.)

       $h->look_up( ...criteria... )

       This is identical to $h->look_down, except that whereas $h->look_down
       basically scans over the list:

	  ($h, $h->descendants)

       $h->look_up instead scans over the list

	  ($h, $h->lineage)

       So, for example, this returns all ancestors of $h (possibly including
       $h itself) that are "td" elements with an "align" attribute with a
       value of "right" (or "RIGHT", etc.):

	  $h->look_up("_tag", "td", "align", "right");

       $h->traverse(...options...)

       Lengthy discussion of HTML::Element's unnecessary and confusing "tra-
       verse" method has been moved to a separate file: HTML::Element::tra-
       verse

       $h->attr_get_i('attribute')

       In list context, returns a list consisting of the values of the given
       attribute for $self and for all its ancestors starting from $self and
       working its way up.  Nodes with no such attribute are skipped.
       ("attr_get_i" stands for "attribute get, with inheritance".)  In scalar
       context, returns the first such value, or undef if none.

       Consider a document consisting of:

	  <html lang='i-klingon'>
	    <head><title>Pati Pata</title></head>
	    <body>
	      <h1 lang='la'>Stuff</h1>
	      <p lang='es-MX' align='center'>
		Foo bar baz <cite>Quux</cite>.
	      </p>
	      <p>Hooboy.</p>
	    </body>
	  </html>

       If $h is the "cite" element, $h->attr_get_i("lang") in list context
       will return the list ('es-MX', 'i-klingon').  In scalar context, it
       will return the value 'es-MX'.

       If you call with multiple attribute names...

       $h->attr_get_i('a1', 'a2', 'a3')

       ...in list context, this will return a list consisting of the values of
       these attributes which exist in $self and its ancestors.	 In scalar
       context, this returns the first value (i.e., the value of the first
       existing attribute from the first element that has any of the
       attributes listed).  So, in the above example,

	 $h->attr_get_i('lang', 'align');

       will return:

	  ('es-MX', 'center', 'i-klingon') # in list context
	 or
	  'es-MX' # in scalar context.

       But note that this:

	$h->attr_get_i('align', 'lang');

       will return:

	  ('center', 'es-MX', 'i-klingon') # in list context
	 or
	  'center' # in scalar context.

       $h->tagname_map()

       Scans across $h and all its descendants, and makes a hash (a reference
       to which is returned) where each entry consists of a key that's a tag
       name, and a value that's a reference to a list to all elements that
       have that tag name.  I.e., this method returns:

	  {
	    # Across $h and all descendants...
	    'a'	  => [ ...list of all 'a'   elements... ],
	    'em'  => [ ...list of all 'em'  elements... ],
	    'img' => [ ...list of all 'img' elements... ],
	  }

       (There are entries in the hash for only those tagnames that occur
       at/under $h -- so if there's no "img" elements, there'll be no "img"
       entry in the hashr(ref) returned.)

       Example usage:

	   my $map_r = $h->tagname_map();
	   my @heading_tags = sort grep m/^h\d$/s, keys %$map_r;
	   if(@heading_tags) {
	     print "Heading levels used: @heading_tags\n";
	   } else {
	     print "No headings.\n"
	   }

       $h->extract_links() or $h->extract_links(@wantedTypes)

       Returns links found by traversing the element and all of its children
       and looking for attributes (like "href" in an "a" element, or "src" in
       an "img" element) whose values represent links.	The return value is a
       reference to an array.  Each element of the array is reference to an
       array with four items: the link-value, the element that has the
       attribute with that link-value, and the name of that attribute, and the
       tagname of that element.	 (Example: "['http://www.suck.com/',"
       $elem_obj ", 'href', 'a']".)  You may or may not end up using the ele-
       ment itself -- for some purposes, you may use only the link value.

       You might specify that you want to extract links from just some kinds
       of elements (instead of the default, which is to extract links from all
       the kinds of elements known to have attributes whose values represent
       links).	For instance, if you want to extract links from only "a" and
       "img" elements, you could code it like this:

	 for (@{  $e->extract_links('a', 'img')	 }) {
	     my($link, $element, $attr, $tag) = @$_;
	     print
	       "Hey, there's a $tag that links to "
	       $link, ", in its $attr attribute, at ",
	       $element->address(), ".\n";
	 }

       $h->simplify_pres

       In text bits under PRE elements that are at/under $h, this routine
       nativizes all newlines, and expands all tabs.

       That is, if you read a file with lines delimited by "\cm\cj"'s, the
       text under PRE areas will have "\cm\cj"'s instead of "\n"'s. Calling
       $h->nativize_pre_newlines on such a tree will turn "\cm\cj"'s into
       "\n"'s.

       Tabs are expanded to however many spaces it takes to get to the next
       8th column -- the usual way of expanding them.

       $h->same_as($i)

       Returns true if $h and $i are both elements representing the same tree
       of elements, each with the same tag name, with the same explicit
       attributes (i.e., not counting attributes whose names start with "_"),
       and with the same content (textual, comments, etc.).

       Sameness of descendant elements is tested, recursively, with
       "$child1->same_as($child_2)", and sameness of text segments is tested
       with "$segment1 eq $segment2".

       $h = HTML::Element->new_from_lol(ARRAYREF)

       Resursively constructs a tree of nodes, based on the (non-cyclic) data
       structure represented by ARRAYREF, where that is a reference to an
       array of arrays (of arrays (of arrays (etc.))).

       In each arrayref in that structure, different kinds of values are
       treated as follows:

       * Arrayrefs
	   Arrayrefs are considered to designate a sub-tree representing chil-
	   dren for the node constructed from the current arrayref.

       * Hashrefs
	   Hashrefs are considered to contain attribute-value pairs to add to
	   the element to be constructed from the current arrayref

       * Text segments
	   Text segments at the start of any arrayref will be considered to
	   specify the name of the element to be constructed from the current
	   araryref; all other text segments will be considered to specify
	   text segments as children for the current arrayref.

       * Elements
	   Existing element objects are either inserted into the treelet con-
	   structed, or clones of them are.  That is, when the lol-tree is
	   being traversed and elements constructed based what's in it, if an
	   existing element object is found, if it has no parent, then it is
	   added directly to the treelet constructed; but if it has a parent,
	   then "$that_node->clone" is added to the treelet at the appropriate
	   place.

       An example will hopefully make this more obvious:

	 my $h = HTML::Element->new_from_lol(
	   ['html',
	     ['head',
	       [ 'title', 'I like stuff!' ],
	     ],
	     ['body',
	       {'lang', 'en-JP', _implicit => 1},
	       'stuff',
	       ['p', 'um, p < 4!', {'class' => 'par123'}],
	       ['div', {foo => 'bar'}, '123'],
	     ]
	   ]
	 );
	 $h->dump;

       Will print this:

	 <html> @0
	   <head> @0.0
	     <title> @0.0.0
	       "I like stuff!"
	   <body lang="en-JP"> @0.1 (IMPLICIT)
	     "stuff"
	     <p class="par123"> @0.1.1
	       "um, p < 4!"
	     <div foo="bar"> @0.1.2
	       "123"

       And printing $h->as_HTML will give something like:

	 <html><head><title>I like stuff!</title></head>
	 <body lang="en-JP">stuff<p class="par123">um, p < 4!
	 <div foo="bar">123</div></body></html>

       You can even do fancy things with "map":

	 $body->push_content(
	   # push_content implicitly calls new_from_lol on arrayrefs...
	   ['br'],
	   ['blockquote',
	     ['h2', 'Pictures!'],
	     map ['p', $_],
	     $body2->look_down("_tag", "img"),
	       # images, to be copied from that other tree.
	   ],
	   # and more stuff:
	   ['ul',
	     map ['li', ['a', {'href'=>"$_.png"}, $_ ] ],
	     qw(Peaches Apples Pears Mangos)
	   ],
	 );

       @elements = HTML::Element->new_from_lol(ARRAYREFS)

       Constructs several elements, by calling new_from_lol for every arrayref
       in the ARRAYREFS list.

	 @elements = HTML::Element->new_from_lol(
	   ['hr'],
	   ['p', 'And there, on the door, was a hook!'],
	 );
	  # constructs two elements.

       $h->objectify_text()

       This turns any text nodes under $h from mere text segments (strings)
       into real objects, pseudo-elements with a tag-name of "~text", and the
       actual text content in an attribute called "text".  (For a discussion
       of pseudo-elements, see the "tag" method, far above.)  This method is
       provided because, for some purposes, it is convenient or necessary to
       be able, for a given text node, to ask what element is its parent; and
       clearly this is not possible if a node is just a text string.

       Note that these "~text" objects are not recognized as text nodes by
       methods like as_text.  Presumably you will want to call $h->objec-
       tify_text, perform whatever task that you needed that for, and then
       call $h->deobjectify_text before calling anything like $h->as_text.

       $h->deobjectify_text()

       This undoes the effect of $h->objectify_text.  That is, it takes any
       "~text" pseudo-elements in the tree at/under $h, and deletes each one,
       replacing each with the content of its "text" attribute.

       Note that if $h itself is a "~text" pseudo-element, it will be
       destroyed -- a condition you may need to treat specially in your call-
       ing code (since it means you can't very well do anything with $h after
       that).  So that you can detect that condition, if $h is itself a
       "~text" pseudo-element, then this method returns the value of the
       "text" attribute, which should be a defined value; in all other cases,
       it returns undef.

       (This method assumes that no "~text" pseudo-element has any children.)

       $h->number_lists()

       For every UL, OL, DIR, and MENU element at/under $h, this sets a "_bul-
       let" attribute for every child LI element.  For LI children of an OL,
       the "_bullet" attribute's value will be something like "4.", "d.",
       "D.", "IV.", or "iv.", depending on the OL element's "type" attribute.
       LI children of a UL, DIR, or MENU get their "_bullet" attribute set to
       "*".  There should be no other LIs (i.e., except as children of OL, UL,
       DIR, or MENU elements), and if there are, they are unaffected.

       $h->has_insane_linkage

       This method is for testing whether this element or the elements under
       it have linkage attributes (_parent and _content) whose values are
       deeply aberrant: if there are undefs in a content list; if an element
       appears in the content lists of more than one element; if the _parent
       attribute of an element doesn't match its actual parent; or if an ele-
       ment appears as its own descendant (i.e., if there is a cyclicity in
       the tree).

       This returns empty list (or false, in scalar context) if the subtree's
       linkage methods are sane; otherwise it returns two items (or true, in
       scalar context): the element where the error occurred, and a string
       describing the error.

       This method is provided is mainly for debugging and troubleshooting --
       it should be quite impossible for any document constructed via
       HTML::TreeBuilder to parse into a non-sane tree (since it's not the
       content of the tree per se that's in question, but whether the tree in
       memory was properly constructed); and it should be impossible for you
       to produce an insane tree just thru reasonable use of normal documented
       structure-modifying methods.  But if you're constructing your own
       trees, and your program is going into infinite loops as during calls to
       traverse() or any of the secondary structural methods, as part of
       debugging, consider calling is_insane on the tree.

BUGS
       * If you want to free the memory associated with a tree built of
       HTML::Element nodes, then you will have to delete it explicitly.	 See
       the $h->delete method, above.

       * There's almost nothing to stop you from making a "tree" with cyclici-
       ties (loops) in it, which could, for example, make the traverse method
       go into an infinite loop.  So don't make cyclicities!  (If all you're
       doing is parsing HTML files, and looking at the resulting trees, this
       will never be a problem for you.)

       * There's no way to represent comments or processing directives in a
       tree with HTML::Elements.  Not yet, at least.

       * There's (currently) nothing to stop you from using an undefined value
       as a text segment.  If you're running under "perl -w", however, this
       may make HTML::Element's code produce a slew of warnings.

NOTES ON SUBCLASSING
       You are welcome to derive subclasses from HTML::Element, but you should
       be aware that the code in HTML::Element makes certain assumptions about
       elements (and I'm using "element" to mean ONLY an object of class
       HTML::Element, or of a subclass of HTML::Element):

       * The value of an element's _parent attribute must either be undef or
       otherwise false, or must be an element.

       * The value of an element's _content attribute must either be undef or
       otherwise false, or a reference to an (unblessed) array.	 The array may
       be empty; but if it has items, they must ALL be either mere strings
       (text segments), or elements.

       * The value of an element's _tag attribute should, at least, be a
       string of printable characters.

       Moreover, bear these rules in mind:

       * Do not break encapsulation on objects.	 That is, access their con-
       tents only thru $obj->attr or more specific methods.

       * You should think twice before completely overriding any of the meth-
       ods that HTML::Element provides.	 (Overriding with a method that calls
       the superclass method is not so bad, though.)

SEE ALSO
       HTML::Tree; HTML::TreeBuilder; HTML::AsSubs; HTML::Tagset; and, for the
       morbidly curious, HTML::Element::traverse.

COPYRIGHT
       Copyright 1995-1998 Gisle Aas, 1999-2004 Sean M. Burke, 2005 Andy
       Lester, 2006 Pete Krawczyk.

       This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
       under the same terms as Perl itself.

       This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
       without any warranty; without even the implied warranty of mer-
       chantability or fitness for a particular purpose.

AUTHOR
       Currently maintained by Pete Krawczyk "<petek@cpan.org>"

       Original authors: Gisle Aas, Sean Burke and Andy Lester.

       Thanks to Mark-Jason Dominus for a POD suggestion.

perl v5.8.8			  2006-08-04		      HTML::Element(3)
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