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Encode::Supported(3perlPerl Programmers Reference GuidEncode::Supported(3perl)

NAME
       Encode::Supported -- Encodings supported by Encode

DESCRIPTION
   Encoding Names
       Encoding names are case insensitive. White space in names is ignored.
       In addition, an encoding may have aliases.  Each encoding has one
       "canonical" name.  The "canonical" name is chosen from the names of the
       encoding by picking the first in the following sequence (with a few
       exceptions).

       · The name used by the Perl community.  That includes 'utf8' and
	 'ascii'.  Unlike aliases, canonical names directly reach the method
	 so such frequently used words like 'utf8' don't need to do alias
	 lookups.

       · The MIME name as defined in IETF RFCs.	 This includes all "iso-"s.

       · The name in the IANA registry.

       · The name used by the organization that defined it.

       In case de jure canonical names differ from that of the Encode module,
       they are always aliased if it ever be implemented.  So you can safely
       tell if a given encoding is implemented or not just by passing the
       canonical name.

       Because of all the alias issues, and because in the general case
       encodings have state, "Encode" uses an encoding object internally once
       an operation is in progress.

Supported Encodings
       As of Perl 5.8.0, at least the following encodings are recognized.
       Note that unless otherwise specified, they are all case insensitive
       (via alias) and all occurrence of spaces are replaced with '-'.	In
       other words, "ISO 8859 1" and "iso-8859-1" are identical.

       Encodings are categorized and implemented in several different modules
       but you don't have to "use Encode::XX" to make them available for most
       cases.  Encode.pm will automatically load those modules on demand.

   Built-in Encodings
       The following encodings are always available.

	 Canonical     Aliases			    Comments & References
	 ----------------------------------------------------------------
	 ascii	       US-ascii ISO-646-US			   [ECMA]
	 ascii-ctrl					 Special Encoding
	 iso-8859-1    latin1					    [ISO]
	 null						 Special Encoding
	 utf8	       UTF-8					[RFC2279]
	 ----------------------------------------------------------------

       null and ascii-ctrl are special.	 "null" fails for all character so
       when you set fallback mode to PERLQQ, HTMLCREF or XMLCREF, ALL
       CHARACTERS will fall back to character references.  Ditto for "ascii-
       ctrl" except for control characters.  For fallback modes, see Encode.

   Encode::Unicode -- other Unicode encodings
       Unicode coding schemes other than native utf8 are supported by
       Encode::Unicode, which will be autoloaded on demand.

	 ----------------------------------------------------------------
	 UCS-2BE       UCS-2, iso-10646-1		       [IANA, UC]
	 UCS-2LE						     [UC]
	 UTF-16							     [UC]
	 UTF-16BE						     [UC]
	 UTF-16LE						     [UC]
	 UTF-32							     [UC]
	 UTF-32BE      UCS-4					     [UC]
	 UTF-32LE						     [UC]
	 UTF-7							[RFC2152]
	 ----------------------------------------------------------------

       To find how (UCS-2|UTF-(16|32))(LE|BE)? differ from one another, see
       Encode::Unicode.

       UTF-7 is a special encoding which "re-encodes" UTF-16BE into a 7-bit
       encoding.  It is implemented separately by Encode::Unicode::UTF7.

   Encode::Byte -- Extended ASCII
       Encode::Byte implements most single-byte encodings except for Symbols
       and EBCDIC. The following encodings are based on single-byte encodings
       implemented as extended ASCII.  Most of them map \x80-\xff (upper half)
       to non-ASCII characters.

       ISO-8859 and corresponding vendor mappings
	 Since there are so many, they are presented in table format with
	 languages and corresponding encoding names by vendors.	 Note that the
	 table is sorted in order of ISO-8859 and the corresponding vendor
	 mappings are slightly different from that of ISO.  See
	 <http://czyborra.com/charsets/iso8859.html> for details.

	   Lang/Regions	 ISO/Other Std.	 DOS	 Windows Macintosh  Others
	   ----------------------------------------------------------------
	   N. America	 (ASCII)	 cp437	      AdobeStandardEncoding
					 cp863 (DOSCanadaF)
	   W. Europe	 iso-8859-1	 cp850	 cp1252	 MacRoman  nextstep
								  hp-roman8
					 cp860 (DOSPortuguese)
	   Cntrl. Europe iso-8859-2	 cp852	 cp1250	 MacCentralEurRoman
							 MacCroatian
							 MacRomanian
							 MacRumanian
	   Latin3[1]	 iso-8859-3
	   Latin4[2]	 iso-8859-4
	   Cyrillics	 iso-8859-5	 cp855	 cp1251	 MacCyrillic
	     (See also next section)	 cp866		 MacUkrainian
	   Arabic	 iso-8859-6	 cp864	 cp1256	 MacArabic
					 cp1006		 MacFarsi
	   Greek	 iso-8859-7	 cp737	 cp1253	 MacGreek
					 cp869 (DOSGreek2)
	   Hebrew	 iso-8859-8	 cp862	 cp1255	 MacHebrew
	   Turkish	 iso-8859-9	 cp857	 cp1254	 MacTurkish
	   Nordics	 iso-8859-10	 cp865
					 cp861		 MacIcelandic
							 MacSami
	   Thai		 iso-8859-11[3]	 cp874		 MacThai
	   (iso-8859-12 is nonexistent. Reserved for Indics?)
	   Baltics	 iso-8859-13	 cp775		 cp1257
	   Celtics	 iso-8859-14
	   Latin9 [4]	 iso-8859-15
	   Latin10	 iso-8859-16
	   Vietnamese	 viscii			 cp1258	 MacVietnamese
	   ----------------------------------------------------------------

	   [1] Esperanto, Maltese, and Turkish. Turkish is now on 8859-9.
	   [2] Baltics.	 Now on 8859-10, except for Latvian.
	   [3] TIS 620 +  Non-Breaking Space (0xA0 / U+00A0)
	   [4] Nicknamed Latin0; the Euro sign as well as French and Finnish
	       letters that are missing from 8859-1 were added.

	 All cp* are also available as ibm-*, ms-*, and windows-* .  See also
	 <http://czyborra.com/charsets/codepages.html>.

	 Macintosh encodings don't seem to be registered in such entities as
	 IANA.	"Canonical" names in Encode are based upon Apple's Tech Note
	 1150.	See <http://developer.apple.com/technotes/tn/tn1150.html> for
	 details.

       KOI8 - De Facto Standard for the Cyrillic world
	 Though ISO-8859 does have ISO-8859-5, the KOI8 series is far more
	 popular in the Net.   Encode comes with the following KOI charsets.
	 For gory details, see <http://czyborra.com/charsets/cyrillic.html>

	   ----------------------------------------------------------------
	   koi8-f
	   koi8-r cp878						  [RFC1489]
	   koi8-u						  [RFC2319]
	   ----------------------------------------------------------------

   gsm0338 - Hentai Latin 1
       GSM0338 is for GSM handsets. Though it shares alphanumerals with ASCII,
       control character ranges and other parts are mapped very differently,
       mainly to store Greek characters.  There are also escape sequences
       (starting with 0x1B) to cover e.g. the Euro sign.

       This was once handled by Encode::Bytes but because of all those unusual
       specifications, Encode 2.20 has relocated the support to
       Encode::GSM0338. See Encode::GSM0338 for details.

       gsm0338 support before 2.19
	 Some special cases like a trailing 0x00 byte or a lone 0x1B byte are
	 not well-defined and decode() will return an empty string for them.
	 One possible workaround is

	    $gsm =~ s/\x00\z/\x00\x00/;
	    $uni = decode("gsm0338", $gsm);
	    $uni .= "\xA0" if $gsm =~ /\x1B\z/;

	 Note that the Encode implementation of GSM0338 does not implement the
	 reuse of Latin capital letters as Greek capital letters (for example,
	 the 0x5A is U+005A (LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z), not U+0396 (GREEK
	 CAPITAL LETTER ZETA).

	 The GSM0338 is also covered in Encode::Byte even though it is not an
	 "extended ASCII" encoding.

   CJK: Chinese, Japanese, Korean (Multibyte)
       Note that Vietnamese is listed above.  Also read "Encoding vs Charset"
       below.  Also note that these are implemented in distinct modules by
       countries, due to the size concerns (simplified Chinese is mapped to
       'CN', continental China, while traditional Chinese is mapped to 'TW',
       Taiwan).	 Please refer to their respective documentation pages.

       Encode::CN -- Continental China
	   Standard	 DOS/Win Macintosh		  Comment/Reference
	   ----------------------------------------------------------------
	   euc-cn [1]		 MacChineseSimp
	   (gbk)	 cp936 [2]
	   gb12345-raw			    { GB12345 without CES }
	   gb2312-raw			    { GB2312  without CES }
	   hz
	   iso-ir-165
	   ----------------------------------------------------------------

	   [1] GB2312 is aliased to this.  See L<Microsoft-related naming mess>
	   [2] gbk is aliased to this.	See L<Microsoft-related naming mess>

       Encode::JP -- Japan
	   Standard	 DOS/Win Macintosh		  Comment/Reference
	   ----------------------------------------------------------------
	   euc-jp
	   shiftjis	 cp932	 macJapanese
	   7bit-jis
	   iso-2022-jp						  [RFC1468]
	   iso-2022-jp-1					  [RFC2237]
	   jis0201-raw	{ JIS X 0201 (roman + halfwidth kana) without CES }
	   jis0208-raw	{ JIS X 0208 (Kanji + fullwidth kana) without CES }
	   jis0212-raw	{ JIS X 0212 (Extended Kanji)	      without CES }
	   ----------------------------------------------------------------

       Encode::KR -- Korea
	   Standard	 DOS/Win Macintosh		  Comment/Reference
	   ----------------------------------------------------------------
	   euc-kr		 MacKorean			  [RFC1557]
			 cp949 [1]
	   iso-2022-kr						  [RFC1557]
	   johab				  [KS X 1001:1998, Annex 3]
	   ksc5601-raw				    { KSC5601 without CES }
	   ----------------------------------------------------------------

	   [1] ks_c_5601-1987, (x-)?windows-949, and uhc are aliased to this.
	   See below.

       Encode::TW -- Taiwan
	   Standard	 DOS/Win Macintosh		  Comment/Reference
	   ----------------------------------------------------------------
	   big5-eten	 cp950	 MacChineseTrad {big5 aliased to big5-eten}
	   big5-hkscs
	   ----------------------------------------------------------------

       Encode::HanExtra -- More Chinese via CPAN
	 Due to the size concerns, additional Chinese encodings below are
	 distributed separately on CPAN, under the name Encode::HanExtra.

	   Standard	 DOS/Win Macintosh		  Comment/Reference
	   ----------------------------------------------------------------
	   big5ext				     CMEX's Big5e Extension
	   big5plus				     CMEX's Big5+ Extension
	   cccii	 Chinese Character Code for Information Interchange
	   euc-tw			      EUC (Extended Unix Character)
	   gb18030			    GBK with Traditional Characters
	   ----------------------------------------------------------------

       Encode::JIS2K -- JIS X 0213 encodings via CPAN
	 Due to size concerns, additional Japanese encodings below are
	 distributed separately on CPAN, under the name Encode::JIS2K.

	   Standard	 DOS/Win Macintosh		  Comment/Reference
	   ----------------------------------------------------------------
	   euc-jisx0213
	   shiftjisx0123
	   iso-2022-jp-3
	   jis0213-1-raw
	   jis0213-2-raw
	   ----------------------------------------------------------------

   Miscellaneous encodings
       Encode::EBCDIC
	 See perlebcdic for details.

	   ----------------------------------------------------------------
	   cp37
	   cp500
	   cp875
	   cp1026
	   cp1047
	   posix-bc
	   ----------------------------------------------------------------

       Encode::Symbols
	 For symbols  and dingbats.

	   ----------------------------------------------------------------
	   symbol
	   dingbats
	   MacDingbats
	   AdobeZdingbat
	   AdobeSymbol
	   ----------------------------------------------------------------

       Encode::MIME::Header
	 Strictly speaking, MIME header encoding documented in RFC 2047 is
	 more of encapsulation than encoding.  However, their support in
	 modern world is imperative so they are supported.

	   ----------------------------------------------------------------
	   MIME-Header						  [RFC2047]
	   MIME-B						  [RFC2047]
	   MIME-Q						  [RFC2047]
	   ----------------------------------------------------------------

       Encode::Guess
	 This one is not a name of encoding but a utility that lets you pick
	 up the most appropriate encoding for a data out of given suspects.
	 See Encode::Guess for details.

Unsupported encodings
       The following encodings are not supported as yet; some because they are
       rarely used, some because of technical difficulties.  They may be
       supported by external modules via CPAN in the future, however.

       ISO-2022-JP-2 [RFC1554]
	 Not very popular yet.	Needs Unicode Database or equivalent to
	 implement encode() (because it includes JIS X 0208/0212, KSC5601, and
	 GB2312 simultaneously, whose code points in Unicode overlap.  So you
	 need to lookup the database to determine to what character set a
	 given Unicode character should belong).

       ISO-2022-CN [RFC1922]
	 Not very popular.  Needs CNS 11643-1 and -2 which are not available
	 in this module.  CNS 11643 is supported (via euc-tw) in
	 Encode::HanExtra.  Autrijus Tang may add support for this encoding in
	 his module in future.

       Various HP-UX encodings
	 The following are unsupported due to the lack of mapping data.

	   '8'	- arabic8, greek8, hebrew8, kana8, thai8, and turkish8
	   '15' - japanese15, korean15, and roi15

       Cyrillic encoding ISO-IR-111
	 Anton Tagunov doubts its usefulness.

       ISO-8859-8-1 [Hebrew]
	 None of the Encode team knows Hebrew enough (ISO-8859-8, cp1255 and
	 MacHebrew are supported because and just because there were mappings
	 available at <http://www.unicode.org/>).  Contributions welcome.

       ISIRI 3342, Iran System, ISIRI 2900 [Farsi]
	 Ditto.

       Thai encoding TCVN
	 Ditto.

       Vietnamese encodings VPS
	 Though Jungshik Shin has reported that Mozilla supports this
	 encoding, it was too late before 5.8.0 for us to add it.  In the
	 future, it may be available via a separate module.  See
	 <http://lxr.mozilla.org/seamonkey/source/intl/uconv/ucvlatin/vps.uf>
	 and
	 <http://lxr.mozilla.org/seamonkey/source/intl/uconv/ucvlatin/vps.ut>
	 if you are interested in helping us.

       Various Mac encodings
	 The following are unsupported due to the lack of mapping data.

	   MacArmenian,	 MacBengali,   MacBurmese,   MacEthiopic
	   MacExtArabic, MacGeorgian,  MacKannada,   MacKhmer
	   MacLaotian,	 MacMalayalam, MacMongolian, MacOriya
	   MacSinhalese, MacTamil,     MacTelugu,    MacTibetan
	   MacVietnamese

	 The rest which are already available are based upon the vendor
	 mappings at <http://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/> .

       (Mac) Indic encodings
	 The maps for the following are available at <http://www.unicode.org/>
	 but remain unsupported because those encodings need an algorithmical
	 approach, currently unsupported by enc2xs:

	   MacDevanagari
	   MacGurmukhi
	   MacGujarati

	 For details, please see "Unicode mapping issues and notes:" at
	 <http://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/DEVANAGA.TXT> .

	 I believe this issue is prevalent not only for Mac Indics but also in
	 other Indic encodings, but the above were the only Indic encodings
	 maps that I could find at <http://www.unicode.org/> .

Encoding vs. Charset -- terminology
       We are used to using the term (character) encoding and character set
       interchangeably.	 But just as confusing the terms byte and character is
       dangerous and the terms should be differentiated when needed, we need
       to differentiate encoding and character set.

       To understand that, here is a description of how we make computers grok
       our characters.

       · First we start with which characters to include.  We call this
	 collection of characters character repertoire.

       · Then we have to give each character a unique ID so your computer can
	 tell the difference between 'a' and 'A'.  This itemized character
	 repertoire is now a character set.

       · If your computer can grow the character set without further
	 processing, you can go ahead and use it.  This is called a coded
	 character set (CCS) or raw character encoding.	 ASCII is used this
	 way for most cases.

       · But in many cases, especially multi-byte CJK encodings, you have to
	 tweak a little more.  Your network connection may not accept any data
	 with the Most Significant Bit set, and your computer may not be able
	 to tell if a given byte is a whole character or just half of it.  So
	 you have to encode the character set to use it.

	 A character encoding scheme (CES) determines how to encode a given
	 character set, or a set of multiple character sets.  7bit ISO-2022 is
	 an example of a CES.  You switch between character sets via escape
	 sequences.

       Technically, or mathematically, speaking, a character set encoded in
       such a CES that maps character by character may form a CCS.  EUC is
       such an example.	 The CES of EUC is as follows:

       · Map ASCII unchanged.

       · Map such a character set that consists of 94 or 96 powered by N
	 members by adding 0x80 to each byte.

       · You can also use 0x8e and 0x8f to indicate that the following
	 sequence of characters belongs to yet another character set.  To each
	 following byte is added the value 0x80.

       By carefully looking at the encoded byte sequence, you can find that
       the byte sequence conforms a unique number.  In that sense, EUC is a
       CCS generated by a CES above from up to four CCS (complicated?).	 UTF-8
       falls into this category.  See "UTF-8" in perlUnicode to find out how
       UTF-8 maps Unicode to a byte sequence.

       You may also have found out by now why 7bit ISO-2022 cannot comprise a
       CCS.  If you look at a byte sequence \x21\x21, you can't tell if it is
       two !'s or IDEOGRAPHIC SPACE.  EUC maps the latter to \xA1\xA1 so you
       have no trouble differentiating between "!!". and "  ".

Encoding Classification (by Anton Tagunov and Dan Kogai)
       This section tries to classify the supported encodings by their
       applicability for information exchange over the Internet and to choose
       the most suitable aliases to name them in the context of such
       communication.

       · To (en|de)code encodings marked by "(**)", you need
	 "Encode::HanExtra", available from CPAN.

       Encoding names

	 US-ASCII    UTF-8    ISO-8859-*  KOI8-R
	 Shift_JIS   EUC-JP   ISO-2022-JP ISO-2022-JP-1
	 EUC-KR	     Big5     GB2312

       are registered with IANA as preferred MIME names and may be used over
       the Internet.

       "Shift_JIS" has been officialized by JIS X 0208:1997.  "Microsoft-
       related naming mess" gives details.

       "GB2312" is the IANA name for "EUC-CN".	See "Microsoft-related naming
       mess" for details.

       "GB_2312-80" raw encoding is available as "gb2312-raw" with Encode. See
       Encode::CN for details.

	 EUC-CN
	 KOI8-U	       [RFC2319]

       have not been registered with IANA (as of March 2002) but seem to be
       supported by major web browsers.	 The IANA name for "EUC-CN" is
       "GB2312".

	 KS_C_5601-1987

       is heavily misused.  See "Microsoft-related naming mess" for details.

       "KS_C_5601-1987" raw encoding is available as "kcs5601-raw" with
       Encode. See Encode::KR for details.

	 UTF-16 UTF-16BE UTF-16LE

       are IANA-registered "charset"s. See [RFC 2781] for details.  Jungshik
       Shin reports that UTF-16 with a BOM is well accepted by MS IE 5/6 and
       NS 4/6. Beware however that

       · "UTF-16" support in any software you're going to be
	 using/interoperating with has probably been less tested then "UTF-8"
	 support

       · "UTF-8" coded data seamlessly passes traditional command piping
	 ("cat", "more", etc.) while "UTF-16" coded data is likely to cause
	 confusion (with its zero bytes, for example)

       · it is beyond the power of words to describe the way HTML browsers
	 encode non-"ASCII" form data. To get a general impression, visit
	 <http://www.alanflavell.org.uk/charset/form-i18n.html>.  While
	 encoding of form data has stabilized for "UTF-8" encoded pages (at
	 least IE 5/6, NS 6, and Opera 6 behave consistently), be sure to
	 expect fun (and cross-browser discrepancies) with "UTF-16" encoded
	 pages!

       The rule of thumb is to use "UTF-8" unless you know what you're doing
       and unless you really benefit from using "UTF-16".

	 ISO-IR-165    [RFC1345]
	 VISCII
	 GB 12345
	 GB 18030 (**)	(see links bellow)
	 EUC-TW	  (**)

       are totally valid encodings but not registered at IANA.	The names
       under which they are listed here are probably the most widely-known
       names for these encodings and are recommended names.

	 BIG5PLUS (**)

       is a proprietary name.

   Microsoft-related naming mess
       Microsoft products misuse the following names:

       KS_C_5601-1987
	 Microsoft extension to "EUC-KR".

	 Proper names: "CP949", "UHC", "x-windows-949" (as used by Mozilla).

	 See
	 <http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/ietf-charsets/2001AprJun/0033.html>
	 for details.

	 Encode aliases "KS_C_5601-1987" to "cp949" to reflect this common
	 misusage. Raw "KS_C_5601-1987" encoding is available as
	 "kcs5601-raw".

	 See Encode::KR for details.

       GB2312
	 Microsoft extension to "EUC-CN".

	 Proper names: "CP936", "GBK".

	 "GB2312" has been registered in the "EUC-CN" meaning at IANA. This
	 has partially repaired the situation: Microsoft's "GB2312" has become
	 a superset of the official "GB2312".

	 Encode aliases "GB2312" to "euc-cn" in full agreement with IANA
	 registration. "cp936" is supported separately.	 Raw "GB_2312-80"
	 encoding is available as "gb2312-raw".

	 See Encode::CN for details.

       Big5
	 Microsoft extension to "Big5".

	 Proper name: "CP950".

	 Encode separately supports "Big5" and "cp950".

       Shift_JIS
	 Microsoft's understanding of "Shift_JIS".

	 JIS has not endorsed the full Microsoft standard however.  The
	 official "Shift_JIS" includes only JIS X 0201 and JIS X 0208
	 character sets, while Microsoft has always used "Shift_JIS" to encode
	 a wider character repertoire. See "IANA" registration for
	 "Windows-31J".

	 As a historical predecessor, Microsoft's variant probably has more
	 rights for the name, though it may be objected that Microsoft
	 shouldn't have used JIS as part of the name in the first place.

	 Unambiguous name: "CP932". "IANA" name (also used by Mozilla, and
	 provided as an alias by Encode): "Windows-31J".

	 Encode separately supports "Shift_JIS" and "cp932".

Glossary
       character repertoire
	 A collection of unique characters.  A character set in the strictest
	 sense. At this stage, characters are not numbered.

       coded character set (CCS)
	 A character set that is mapped in a way computers can use directly.
	 Many character encodings, including EUC, fall in this category.

       character encoding scheme (CES)
	 An algorithm to map a character set to a byte sequence.  You don't
	 have to be able to tell which character set a given byte sequence
	 belongs.  7-bit ISO-2022 is a CES but it cannot be a CCS.  EUC is an
	 example of being both a CCS and CES.

       charset (in MIME context)
	 has long been used in the meaning of "encoding", CES.

	 While the word combination "character set" has lost this meaning in
	 MIME context since [RFC 2130], the "charset" abbreviation has
	 retained it. This is how [RFC 2277] and [RFC 2278] bless "charset":

	  This document uses the term "charset" to mean a set of rules for
	  mapping from a sequence of octets to a sequence of characters, such
	  as the combination of a coded character set and a character encoding
	  scheme; this is also what is used as an identifier in MIME "charset="
	  parameters, and registered in the IANA charset registry ...  (Note
	  that this is NOT a term used by other standards bodies, such as ISO).
	  [RFC 2277]

       EUC
	 Extended Unix Character.  See ISO-2022.

       ISO-2022
	 A CES that was carefully designed to coexist with ASCII.  There are a
	 7 bit version and an 8 bit version.

	 The 7 bit version switches character set via escape sequence so it
	 cannot form a CCS.  Since this is more difficult to handle in
	 programs than the 8 bit version, the 7 bit version is not very
	 popular except for iso-2022-jp, the de facto standard CES for
	 e-mails.

	 The 8 bit version can form a CCS.  EUC and ISO-8859 are two examples
	 thereof.  Pre-5.6 perl could use them as string literals.

       UCS
	 Short for Universal Character Set.  When you say just UCS, it means
	 Unicode.

       UCS-2
	 ISO/IEC 10646 encoding form: Universal Character Set coded in two
	 octets.

       Unicode
	 A character set that aims to include all character repertoires of the
	 world.	 Many character sets in various national as well as industrial
	 standards have become, in a way, just subsets of Unicode.

       UTF
	 Short for Unicode Transformation Format.  Determines how to map a
	 Unicode character into a byte sequence.

       UTF-16
	 A UTF in 16-bit encoding.  Can either be in big endian or little
	 endian.  The big endian version is called UTF-16BE (equal to UCS-2 +
	 surrogate support) and the little endian version is called UTF-16LE.

See Also
       Encode, Encode::Byte, Encode::CN, Encode::JP, Encode::KR, Encode::TW,
       Encode::EBCDIC, Encode::Symbol Encode::MIME::Header, Encode::Guess

References
       ECMA
	 European Computer Manufacturers Association <http://www.ecma.ch>

	 ECMA-035 (eq "ISO-2022")
	   <http://www.ecma.ch/ecma1/STAND/ECMA-035.HTM>

	   The specification of ISO-2022 is available from the link above.

       IANA
	 Internet Assigned Numbers Authority <http://www.iana.org/>

	 Assigned Charset Names by IANA
	   <http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets>

	   Most of the "canonical names" in Encode derive from this list so
	   you can directly apply the string you have extracted from MIME
	   header of mails and web pages.

       ISO
	 International Organization for Standardization <http://www.iso.ch/>

       RFC
	 Request For Comments -- need I say more?
	 <http://www.rfc-editor.org/>, <http://www.ietf.org/rfc.html>,
	 <http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/>

       UC
	 Unicode Consortium <http://www.unicode.org/>

	 Unicode Glossary
	   <http://www.unicode.org/glossary/>

	   The glossary of this document is based upon this site.

   Other Notable Sites
       czyborra.com
	 <http://czyborra.com/>

	 Contains a lot of useful information, especially gory details of ISO
	 vs. vendor mappings.

       CJK.inf
	 <http://examples.oreilly.com/cjkvinfo/doc/cjk.inf>

	 Somewhat obsolete (last update in 1996), but still useful.  Also try

	 <ftp://ftp.oreilly.com/pub/examples/nutshell/cjkv/pdf/GB18030_Summary.pdf>

	 You will find brief info on "EUC-CN", "GBK" and mostly on "GB 18030".

       Jungshik Shin's Hangul FAQ
	 <http://jshin.net/faq>

	 And especially its subject 8.

	 <http://jshin.net/faq/qa8.html>

	 A comprehensive overview of the Korean ("KS *") standards.

       debian.org: "Introduction to i18n"
	 A brief description for most of the mentioned CJK encodings is
	 contained in
	 <http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/intro-i18n/ch-codes.en.html>

   Offline sources
       "CJKV Information Processing" by Ken Lunde
	 CJKV Information Processing 1999 O'Reilly & Associates, ISBN :
	 1-56592-224-7

	 The modern successor of "CJK.inf".

	 Features a comprehensive coverage of CJKV character sets and
	 encodings along with many other issues faced by anyone trying to
	 better support CJKV languages/scripts in all the areas of information
	 processing.

	 To purchase this book, visit
	 <http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596514471/> or your favourite
	 bookstore.

perl v5.18.2			  2013-11-04	      Encode::Supported(3perl)
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