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Digest::SHA(3perl)     Perl Programmers Reference Guide	    Digest::SHA(3perl)

NAME
       Digest::SHA - Perl extension for SHA-1/224/256/384/512

SYNOPSIS
       In programs:

		       # Functional interface

	       use Digest::SHA qw(sha1 sha1_hex sha1_base64 ...);

	       $digest = sha1($data);
	       $digest = sha1_hex($data);
	       $digest = sha1_base64($data);

	       $digest = sha256($data);
	       $digest = sha384_hex($data);
	       $digest = sha512_base64($data);

		       # Object-oriented

	       use Digest::SHA;

	       $sha = Digest::SHA->new($alg);

	       $sha->add($data);	       # feed data into stream

	       $sha->addfile(*F);
	       $sha->addfile($filename);

	       $sha->add_bits($bits);
	       $sha->add_bits($data, $nbits);

	       $sha_copy = $sha->clone;	       # if needed, make copy of
	       $sha->dump($file);	       #       current digest state,
	       $sha->load($file);	       #       or save it on disk

	       $digest = $sha->digest;	       # compute digest
	       $digest = $sha->hexdigest;
	       $digest = $sha->b64digest;

       From the command line:

	       $ shasum files

	       $ shasum --help

SYNOPSIS (HMAC-SHA)
		       # Functional interface only

	       use Digest::SHA qw(hmac_sha1 hmac_sha1_hex ...);

	       $digest = hmac_sha1($data, $key);
	       $digest = hmac_sha224_hex($data, $key);
	       $digest = hmac_sha256_base64($data, $key);

ABSTRACT
       Digest::SHA is a complete implementation of the NIST Secure Hash
       Standard.  It gives Perl programmers a convenient way to calculate
       SHA-1, SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, SHA-512, SHA-512/224, and SHA-512/256
       message digests.	 The module can handle all types of input, including
       partial-byte data.

DESCRIPTION
       Digest::SHA is written in C for speed.  If your platform lacks a C
       compiler, you can install the functionally equivalent (but much slower)
       Digest::SHA::PurePerl module.

       The programming interface is easy to use: it's the same one found in
       CPAN's Digest module.  So, if your applications currently use
       Digest::MD5 and you'd prefer the stronger security of SHA, it's a
       simple matter to convert them.

       The interface provides two ways to calculate digests:  all-at-once, or
       in stages.  To illustrate, the following short program computes the
       SHA-256 digest of "hello world" using each approach:

	       use Digest::SHA qw(sha256_hex);

	       $data = "hello world";
	       @frags = split(//, $data);

	       # all-at-once (Functional style)
	       $digest1 = sha256_hex($data);

	       # in-stages (OOP style)
	       $state = Digest::SHA->new(256);
	       for (@frags) { $state->add($_) }
	       $digest2 = $state->hexdigest;

	       print $digest1 eq $digest2 ?
		       "whew!\n" : "oops!\n";

       To calculate the digest of an n-bit message where n is not a multiple
       of 8, use the add_bits() method.	 For example, consider the 446-bit
       message consisting of the bit-string "110" repeated 148 times, followed
       by "11".	 Here's how to display its SHA-1 digest:

	       use Digest::SHA;
	       $bits = "110" x 148 . "11";
	       $sha = Digest::SHA->new(1)->add_bits($bits);
	       print $sha->hexdigest, "\n";

       Note that for larger bit-strings, it's more efficient to use the two-
       argument version add_bits($data, $nbits), where $data is in the
       customary packed binary format used for Perl strings.

       The module also lets you save intermediate SHA states to disk, or
       display them on standard output.	 The dump() method generates portable,
       human-readable text describing the current state of computation.	 You
       can subsequently retrieve the file with load() to resume where the
       calculation left off.

       To see what a state description looks like, just run the following:

	       use Digest::SHA;
	       Digest::SHA->new->add("Shaw" x 1962)->dump;

       As an added convenience, the Digest::SHA module offers routines to
       calculate keyed hashes using the HMAC-SHA-1/224/256/384/512 algorithms.
       These services exist in functional form only, and mimic the style and
       behavior of the sha(), sha_hex(), and sha_base64() functions.

	       # Test vector from draft-ietf-ipsec-ciph-sha-256-01.txt

	       use Digest::SHA qw(hmac_sha256_hex);
	       print hmac_sha256_hex("Hi There", chr(0x0b) x 32), "\n";

UNICODE AND SIDE EFFECTS
       Perl supports Unicode strings as of version 5.6.	 Such strings may
       contain wide characters, namely, characters whose ordinal values are
       greater than 255.  This can cause problems for digest algorithms such
       as SHA that are specified to operate on sequences of bytes.

       The rule by which Digest::SHA handles a Unicode string is easy to
       state, but potentially confusing to grasp: the string is interpreted as
       a sequence of byte values, where each byte value is equal to the
       ordinal value (viz. code point) of its corresponding Unicode character.
       That way, the Unicode string 'abc' has exactly the same digest value as
       the ordinary string 'abc'.

       Since a wide character does not fit into a byte, the Digest::SHA
       routines croak if they encounter one.  Whereas if a Unicode string
       contains no wide characters, the module accepts it quite happily.  The
       following code illustrates the two cases:

	       $str1 = pack('U*', (0..255));
	       print sha1_hex($str1);	       # ok

	       $str2 = pack('U*', (0..256));
	       print sha1_hex($str2);	       # croaks

       Be aware that the digest routines silently convert UTF-8 input into its
       equivalent byte sequence in the native encoding (cf. utf8::downgrade).
       This side effect influences only the way Perl stores the data
       internally, but otherwise leaves the actual value of the data intact.

NIST STATEMENT ON SHA-1
       NIST acknowledges that the work of Prof. Xiaoyun Wang constitutes a
       practical collision attack on SHA-1.  Therefore, NIST encourages the
       rapid adoption of the SHA-2 hash functions (e.g. SHA-256) for
       applications requiring strong collision resistance, such as digital
       signatures.

       ref. <http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/ST/hash/statement.html>

PADDING OF BASE64 DIGESTS
       By convention, CPAN Digest modules do not pad their Base64 output.
       Problems can occur when feeding such digests to other software that
       expects properly padded Base64 encodings.

       For the time being, any necessary padding must be done by the user.
       Fortunately, this is a simple operation: if the length of a
       Base64-encoded digest isn't a multiple of 4, simply append "="
       characters to the end of the digest until it is:

	       while (length($b64_digest) % 4) {
		       $b64_digest .= '=';
	       }

       To illustrate, sha256_base64("abc") is computed to be

	       ungWv48Bz+pBQUDeXa4iI7ADYaOWF3qctBD/YfIAFa0

       which has a length of 43.  So, the properly padded version is

	       ungWv48Bz+pBQUDeXa4iI7ADYaOWF3qctBD/YfIAFa0=

EXPORT
       None by default.

EXPORTABLE FUNCTIONS
       Provided your C compiler supports a 64-bit type (e.g. the long long of
       C99, or __int64 used by Microsoft C/C++), all of these functions will
       be available for use.  Otherwise, you won't be able to perform the
       SHA-384 and SHA-512 transforms, both of which require 64-bit
       operations.

       Functional style

       sha1($data, ...)
       sha224($data, ...)
       sha256($data, ...)
       sha384($data, ...)
       sha512($data, ...)
       sha512224($data, ...)
       sha512256($data, ...)
	   Logically joins the arguments into a single string, and returns its
	   SHA-1/224/256/384/512 digest encoded as a binary string.

       sha1_hex($data, ...)
       sha224_hex($data, ...)
       sha256_hex($data, ...)
       sha384_hex($data, ...)
       sha512_hex($data, ...)
       sha512224_hex($data, ...)
       sha512256_hex($data, ...)
	   Logically joins the arguments into a single string, and returns its
	   SHA-1/224/256/384/512 digest encoded as a hexadecimal string.

       sha1_base64($data, ...)
       sha224_base64($data, ...)
       sha256_base64($data, ...)
       sha384_base64($data, ...)
       sha512_base64($data, ...)
       sha512224_base64($data, ...)
       sha512256_base64($data, ...)
	   Logically joins the arguments into a single string, and returns its
	   SHA-1/224/256/384/512 digest encoded as a Base64 string.

	   It's important to note that the resulting string does not contain
	   the padding characters typical of Base64 encodings.	This omission
	   is deliberate, and is done to maintain compatibility with the
	   family of CPAN Digest modules.  See "PADDING OF BASE64 DIGESTS" for
	   details.

       OOP style

       new($alg)
	   Returns a new Digest::SHA object.  Allowed values for $alg are 1,
	   224, 256, 384, 512, 512224, or 512256.  It's also possible to use
	   common string representations of the algorithm (e.g. "sha256",
	   "SHA-384").	If the argument is missing, SHA-1 will be used by
	   default.

	   Invoking new as an instance method will not create a new object;
	   instead, it will simply reset the object to the initial state
	   associated with $alg.  If the argument is missing, the object will
	   continue using the same algorithm that was selected at creation.

       reset($alg)
	   This method has exactly the same effect as new($alg).  In fact,
	   reset is just an alias for new.

       hashsize
	   Returns the number of digest bits for this object.  The values are
	   160, 224, 256, 384, 512, 224, and 256 for SHA-1, SHA-224, SHA-256,
	   SHA-384, SHA-512, SHA-512/224 and SHA-512/256, respectively.

       algorithm
	   Returns the digest algorithm for this object.  The values are 1,
	   224, 256, 384, 512, 512224, and 512256 for SHA-1, SHA-224, SHA-256,
	   SHA-384, SHA-512, SHA-512/224, and SHA-512/256, respectively.

       clone
	   Returns a duplicate copy of the object.

       add($data, ...)
	   Logically joins the arguments into a single string, and uses it to
	   update the current digest state.  In other words, the following
	   statements have the same effect:

		   $sha->add("a"); $sha->add("b"); $sha->add("c");
		   $sha->add("a")->add("b")->add("c");
		   $sha->add("a", "b", "c");
		   $sha->add("abc");

	   The return value is the updated object itself.

       add_bits($data, $nbits)
       add_bits($bits)
	   Updates the current digest state by appending bits to it.  The
	   return value is the updated object itself.

	   The first form causes the most-significant $nbits of $data to be
	   appended to the stream.  The $data argument is in the customary
	   binary format used for Perl strings.

	   The second form takes an ASCII string of "0" and "1" characters as
	   its argument.  It's equivalent to

		   $sha->add_bits(pack("B*", $bits), length($bits));

	   So, the following two statements do the same thing:

		   $sha->add_bits("111100001010");
		   $sha->add_bits("\xF0\xA0", 12);

       addfile(*FILE)
	   Reads from FILE until EOF, and appends that data to the current
	   state.  The return value is the updated object itself.

       addfile($filename [, $mode])
	   Reads the contents of $filename, and appends that data to the
	   current state.  The return value is the updated object itself.

	   By default, $filename is simply opened and read; no special modes
	   or I/O disciplines are used.	 To change this, set the optional
	   $mode argument to one of the following values:

		   "b"	   read file in binary mode

		   "p"	   use portable mode

		   "0"	   use BITS mode

	   The "p" mode ensures that the digest value of $filename will be the
	   same when computed on different operating systems.  It accomplishes
	   this by internally translating all newlines in text files to UNIX
	   format before calculating the digest.  Binary files are read in raw
	   mode with no translation whatsoever.

	   The BITS mode ("0") interprets the contents of $filename as a
	   logical stream of bits, where each ASCII '0' or '1' character
	   represents a 0 or 1 bit, respectively.  All other characters are
	   ignored.  This provides a convenient way to calculate the digest
	   values of partial-byte data by using files, rather than having to
	   write programs using the add_bits method.

       dump($filename)
	   Provides persistent storage of intermediate SHA states by writing a
	   portable, human-readable representation of the current state to
	   $filename.  If the argument is missing, or equal to the empty
	   string, the state information will be written to STDOUT.

       load($filename)
	   Returns a Digest::SHA object representing the intermediate SHA
	   state that was previously dumped to $filename.  If called as a
	   class method, a new object is created; if called as an instance
	   method, the object is reset to the state contained in $filename.
	   If the argument is missing, or equal to the empty string, the state
	   information will be read from STDIN.

       digest
	   Returns the digest encoded as a binary string.

	   Note that the digest method is a read-once operation. Once it has
	   been performed, the Digest::SHA object is automatically reset in
	   preparation for calculating another digest value.  Call
	   $sha->clone->digest if it's necessary to preserve the original
	   digest state.

       hexdigest
	   Returns the digest encoded as a hexadecimal string.

	   Like digest, this method is a read-once operation.  Call
	   $sha->clone->hexdigest if it's necessary to preserve the original
	   digest state.

	   This method is inherited if Digest::base is installed on your
	   system.  Otherwise, a functionally equivalent substitute is used.

       b64digest
	   Returns the digest encoded as a Base64 string.

	   Like digest, this method is a read-once operation.  Call
	   $sha->clone->b64digest if it's necessary to preserve the original
	   digest state.

	   This method is inherited if Digest::base is installed on your
	   system.  Otherwise, a functionally equivalent substitute is used.

	   It's important to note that the resulting string does not contain
	   the padding characters typical of Base64 encodings.	This omission
	   is deliberate, and is done to maintain compatibility with the
	   family of CPAN Digest modules.  See "PADDING OF BASE64 DIGESTS" for
	   details.

       HMAC-SHA-1/224/256/384/512

       hmac_sha1($data, $key)
       hmac_sha224($data, $key)
       hmac_sha256($data, $key)
       hmac_sha384($data, $key)
       hmac_sha512($data, $key)
       hmac_sha512224($data, $key)
       hmac_sha512256($data, $key)
	   Returns the HMAC-SHA-1/224/256/384/512 digest of $data/$key, with
	   the result encoded as a binary string.  Multiple $data arguments
	   are allowed, provided that $key is the last argument in the list.

       hmac_sha1_hex($data, $key)
       hmac_sha224_hex($data, $key)
       hmac_sha256_hex($data, $key)
       hmac_sha384_hex($data, $key)
       hmac_sha512_hex($data, $key)
       hmac_sha512224_hex($data, $key)
       hmac_sha512256_hex($data, $key)
	   Returns the HMAC-SHA-1/224/256/384/512 digest of $data/$key, with
	   the result encoded as a hexadecimal string.	Multiple $data
	   arguments are allowed, provided that $key is the last argument in
	   the list.

       hmac_sha1_base64($data, $key)
       hmac_sha224_base64($data, $key)
       hmac_sha256_base64($data, $key)
       hmac_sha384_base64($data, $key)
       hmac_sha512_base64($data, $key)
       hmac_sha512224_base64($data, $key)
       hmac_sha512256_base64($data, $key)
	   Returns the HMAC-SHA-1/224/256/384/512 digest of $data/$key, with
	   the result encoded as a Base64 string.  Multiple $data arguments
	   are allowed, provided that $key is the last argument in the list.

	   It's important to note that the resulting string does not contain
	   the padding characters typical of Base64 encodings.	This omission
	   is deliberate, and is done to maintain compatibility with the
	   family of CPAN Digest modules.  See "PADDING OF BASE64 DIGESTS" for
	   details.

SEE ALSO
       Digest, Digest::SHA::PurePerl

       The Secure Hash Standard (Draft FIPS PUB 180-4) can be found at:

       <http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/drafts/fips180-4/Draft-FIPS180-4_Feb2011.pdf>

       The Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code (HMAC):

       <http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips198/fips-198a.pdf>

AUTHOR
	       Mark Shelor     <mshelor@cpan.org>

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
       The author is particularly grateful to

	       Gisle Aas
	       Sean Burke
	       Chris Carey
	       Alexandr Ciornii
	       Jim Doble
	       Thomas Drugeon
	       Julius Duque
	       Jeffrey Friedl
	       Robert Gilmour
	       Brian Gladman
	       Adam Kennedy
	       Andy Lester
	       Alex Muntada
	       Steve Peters
	       Chris Skiscim
	       Martin Thurn
	       Gunnar Wolf
	       Adam Woodbury

       "who by trained skill rescued life from such great billows and such
       thick darkness and moored it in so perfect a calm and in so brilliant a
       light" - Lucretius

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
       Copyright (C) 2003-2013 Mark Shelor

       This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
       under the same terms as Perl itself.

       perlartistic

perl v5.18.2			  2014-01-06		    Digest::SHA(3perl)
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