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DBD::mysql(3)	      User Contributed Perl Documentation	 DBD::mysql(3)

NAME
       DBD::mysql - MySQL driver for the Perl5 Database Interface (DBI)

SYNOPSIS
	   use DBI;

	   $dsn = "DBI:mysql:database=$database;host=$hostname;port=$port";

	   $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $user, $password);

	   $drh = DBI->install_driver("mysql");
	   @databases = DBI->data_sources("mysql");
	      or
	   @databases = DBI->data_sources("mysql",
	     {"host" => $host, "port" => $port, "user" => $user, password => $pass});

	   $sth = $dbh->prepare("SELECT * FROM foo WHERE bla");
	      or
	   $sth = $dbh->prepare("LISTFIELDS $table");
	      or
	   $sth = $dbh->prepare("LISTINDEX $table $index");
	   $sth->execute;
	   $numRows = $sth->rows;
	   $numFields = $sth->{'NUM_OF_FIELDS'};
	   $sth->finish;

	   $rc = $drh->func('createdb', $database, $host, $user, $password, 'admin');
	   $rc = $drh->func('dropdb', $database, $host, $user, $password, 'admin');
	   $rc = $drh->func('shutdown', $host, $user, $password, 'admin');
	   $rc = $drh->func('reload', $host, $user, $password, 'admin');

	   $rc = $dbh->func('createdb', $database, 'admin');
	   $rc = $dbh->func('dropdb', $database, 'admin');
	   $rc = $dbh->func('shutdown', 'admin');
	   $rc = $dbh->func('reload', 'admin');

EXAMPLE
	 #!/usr/bin/perl

	 use strict;
	 use DBI();

	 # Connect to the database.
	 my $dbh = DBI->connect("DBI:mysql:database=test;host=localhost",
				"joe", "joe's password",
				{'RaiseError' => 1});

	 # Drop table 'foo'. This may fail, if 'foo' doesn't exist.
	 # Thus we put an eval around it.
	 eval { $dbh->do("DROP TABLE foo") };
	 print "Dropping foo failed: $@\n" if $@;

	 # Create a new table 'foo'. This must not fail, thus we don't
	 # catch errors.
	 $dbh->do("CREATE TABLE foo (id INTEGER, name VARCHAR(20))");

	 # INSERT some data into 'foo'. We are using $dbh->quote() for
	 # quoting the name.
	 $dbh->do("INSERT INTO foo VALUES (1, " . $dbh->quote("Tim") . ")");

	 # Same thing, but using placeholders
	 $dbh->do("INSERT INTO foo VALUES (?, ?)", undef, 2, "Jochen");

	 # Now retrieve data from the table.
	 my $sth = $dbh->prepare("SELECT * FROM foo");
	 $sth->execute();
	 while (my $ref = $sth->fetchrow_hashref()) {
	   print "Found a row: id = $ref->{'id'}, name = $ref->{'name'}\n";
	 }
	 $sth->finish();

	 # Disconnect from the database.
	 $dbh->disconnect();

DESCRIPTION
       DBD::mysql is the Perl5 Database Interface driver for the MySQL data‐
       base. In other words: DBD::mysql is an interface between the Perl pro‐
       gramming language and the MySQL programming API that comes with the
       MySQL relational database management system. Most functions provided by
       this programming API are supported. Some rarely used functions are
       missing, mainly because noone ever requested them. :-)

       In what follows we first discuss the use of DBD::mysql, because this is
       what you will need the most. For installation, see the sections on the
       INSTALLATION manpage, and the WIN32 INSTALLATION entry elsewhere in
       this document below. See the EXAMPLE manpage for a simple example
       above.

       From perl you activate the interface with the statement

	   use DBI;

       After that you can connect to multiple MySQL database servers and send
       multiple queries to any of them via a simple object oriented interface.
       Two types of objects are available: database handles and statement han‐
       dles. Perl returns a database handle to the connect method like so:

	 $dbh = DBI->connect("DBI:mysql:database=$db;host=$host",
			     $user, $password, {RaiseError => 1});

       Once you have connected to a database, you can can execute SQL state‐
       ments with:

	 my $query = sprintf("INSERT INTO foo VALUES (%d, %s)",
			     $number, $dbh->quote("name"));
	 $dbh->do($query);

       See DBI(3) for details on the quote and do methods. An alternative
       approach is

	 $dbh->do("INSERT INTO foo VALUES (?, ?)", undef,
		  $number, $name);

       in which case the quote method is executed automatically. See also the
       bind_param method in DBI(3). See the DATABASE HANDLES entry elsewhere
       in this document below for more details on database handles.

       If you want to retrieve results, you need to create a so-called state‐
       ment handle with:

	 $sth = $dbh->prepare("SELECT * FROM $table");
	 $sth->execute();

       This statement handle can be used for multiple things. First of all you
       can retreive a row of data:

	 my $row = $sth->fetchrow_hashref();

       If your table has columns ID and NAME, then $row will be hash ref with
       keys ID and NAME. See the STATEMENT HANDLES entry elsewhere in this
       document below for more details on statement handles.

       But now for a more formal approach:

       Class Methods

       connect
	       use DBI;

	       $dsn = "DBI:mysql:$database";
	       $dsn = "DBI:mysql:database=$database;host=$hostname";
	       $dsn = "DBI:mysql:database=$database;host=$hostname;port=$port";

	       $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $user, $password);

	   A "database" must always be specified.

	   host
	   port
	       The hostname, if not specified or specified as '' or 'local‐
	       host', will default to a MySQL server running on the local
	       machine using the default for the UNIX socket. To connect to a
	       MySQL server on the local machine via TCP, you must specify the
	       loopback IP address (127.0.0.1) as the host.

	       Should the MySQL server be running on a non-standard port num‐
	       ber, you may explicitly state the port number to connect to in
	       the "hostname" argument, by concatenating the hostname and port
	       number together separated by a colon ( ":" ) character or by
	       using the  "port" argument.

	       To connect to a MySQL server on localhost using TCP/IP, you
	       must specify the hostname as 127.0.0.1 (with the optional
	       port).

	   mysql_client_found_rows
	       Enables (TRUE value) or disables (FALSE value) the flag
	       CLIENT_FOUND_ROWS while connecting to the MySQL server. This
	       has a somewhat funny effect: Without mysql_client_found_rows,
	       if you perform a query like

		 UPDATE $table SET id = 1 WHERE id = 1

	       then the MySQL engine will always return 0, because no rows
	       have changed.  With mysql_client_found_rows however, it will
	       return the number of rows that have an id 1, as some people are
	       expecting. (At least for compatibility to other engines.)

	   mysql_compression
	       As of MySQL 3.22.3, a new feature is supported: If your DSN
	       contains the option "mysql_compression=1", then the communica‐
	       tion between client and server will be compressed.

	   mysql_connect_timeout
	       If your DSN contains the option "mysql_connect_timeout=##", the
	       connect request to the server will timeout if it has not been
	       successful after the given number of seconds.

	   mysql_read_default_file
	   mysql_read_default_group
	       These options can be used to read a config file like
	       /etc/my.cnf or ~/.my.cnf. By default MySQL's C client library
	       doesn't use any config files unlike the client programs (mysql,
	       mysqladmin, ...) that do, but outside of the C client library.
	       Thus you need to explicitly request reading a config file, as
	       in

		   $dsn = "DBI:mysql:test;mysql_read_default_file=/home/joe/my.cnf";
		   $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $user, $password)

	       The option mysql_read_default_group can be used to specify the
	       default group in the config file: Usually this is the client
	       group, but see the following example:

		   [client]
		   host=localhost

		   [perl]
		   host=perlhost

	       (Note the order of the entries! The example won't work, if you
	       reverse the [client] and [perl] sections!)

	       If you read this config file, then you'll be typically con‐
	       nected to localhost. However, by using

		   $dsn = "DBI:mysql:test;mysql_read_default_group=perl;"
		       . "mysql_read_default_file=/home/joe/my.cnf";
		   $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $user, $password);

	       you'll be connected to perlhost. Note that if you specify a
	       default group and do not specify a file, then the default con‐
	       fig files will all be read.  See the documentation of the C
	       function mysql_options() for details.

	   mysql_socket
	       As of MySQL 3.21.15, it is possible to choose the Unix socket
	       that is used for connecting to the server. This is done, for
	       example, with

		   mysql_socket=/dev/mysql

	       Usually there's no need for this option, unless you are using
	       another location for the socket than that built into the
	       client.

	   mysql_ssl
	       A true value turns on the CLIENT_SSL flag when connecting to
	       the MySQL database:

		 mysql_ssl=1

	       This means that your communication with the server will be
	       encrypted.

	       If you turn mysql_ssl on, you might also wish to use the fol‐
	       lowing flags:

	   mysql_ssl_client_key
	   mysql_ssl_client_cert
	   mysql_ssl_ca_file
	   mysql_ssl_ca_path
	   mysql_ssl_cipher
	       These are used to specify the respective parameters of a call
	       to mysql_ssl_set, if mysql_ssl is turned on.

	   mysql_local_infile
	       As of MySQL 3.23.49, the LOCAL capability for LOAD DATA may be
	       disabled in the MySQL client library by default. If your DSN
	       contains the option "mysql_local_infile=1", LOAD DATA LOCAL
	       will be enabled.	 (However, this option is *ineffective* if the
	       server has also been configured to disallow LOCAL.)

	   mysql_multi_statements
	       As of MySQL 4.1, support for multiple statements seperated by a
	       semicolon (;) may be enabled by using this option. Enabling
	       this option may cause problems if server-side prepared state‐
	       ments are also enabled.

	   Prepared statement support (server side prepare)
	       As of 3.0002_1, server side prepare statements were on by
	       default (if your server was >= 4.1.3). As of 3.0009, they were
	       off by default again due to issues with the prepared statement
	       API (all other mysql connectors are set this way until C API
	       issues are resolved). The requirement to use prepared state‐
	       ments still remains that you have a server >= 4.1.3

	       To use server side prepared statements, all you need to do is
	       set the variable mysql_server_prepare in the connect:

	       $dbh = DBI->connect(
				   "DBI:mysql:database=test;host=local‐
	       host;mysql_server_prepare=1",
				   "",
				   "",
				   { RaiseError => 1, AutoCommit => 1 }
				   );

	       * Note: delimiter for this param is ';'

	       There are many benefits to using server side prepare state‐
	       ments, mostly if you are performing many inserts because of
	       that fact that a single statement is prepared to accept multi‐
	       ple insert values.

	       To make sure that the 'make test' step tests whether server
	       prepare works, you just need to export the env variable
	       MYSQL_SERVER_PREPARE:

	       export MYSQL_SERVER_PREPARE=1

	   mysql_embedded_options
	       The option <mysql_embedded_options> can be used to pass 'com‐
	       mand-line' options to embedded server.

	       Example:

	       use DBI; $testdsn="DBI:mysqlEmb:database=test;mysql_embed‐
	       ded_options=--help,--verbose"; $dbh = DBI->con‐
	       nect($testdsn,"a","b");

	       This would cause the command line help to the embedded MySQL
	       server library to be printed.

	   mysql_embedded_groups
	       The option <mysql_embedded_groups> can be used to specify the
	       groups in the config file(my.cnf) which will be used to get
	       options for embedded server.  If not specified [server] and
	       [embedded] groups will be used.

	       Example:

	       $testdsn="DBI:mysqlEmb:database=test;mysql_embed‐
	       ded_groups=embedded_server,common";

       Private MetaData Methods

       ListDBs
	       my $drh = DBI->install_driver("mysql");
	       @dbs = $drh->func("$hostname:$port", '_ListDBs');
	       @dbs = $drh->func($hostname, $port, '_ListDBs');
	       @dbs = $dbh->func('_ListDBs');

	   Returns a list of all databases managed by the MySQL server running
	   on "$hostname", port "$port". This is a legacy method.  Instead,
	   you should use the portable method

	       @dbs = DBI->data_sources("mysql");

       Server Administration

       admin
	       $rc = $drh->func("createdb", $dbname, [host, user, password,], 'admin');
	       $rc = $drh->func("dropdb", $dbname, [host, user, password,], 'admin');
	       $rc = $drh->func("shutdown", [host, user, password,], 'admin');
	       $rc = $drh->func("reload", [host, user, password,], 'admin');

		 or

	       $rc = $dbh->func("createdb", $dbname, 'admin');
	       $rc = $dbh->func("dropdb", $dbname, 'admin');
	       $rc = $dbh->func("shutdown", 'admin');
	       $rc = $dbh->func("reload", 'admin');

	   For server administration you need a server connection. For obtain‐
	   ing this connection you have two options: Either use a driver han‐
	   dle (drh) and supply the appropriate arguments (host, defaults
	   localhost, user, defaults to '' and password, defaults to ''). A
	   driver handle can be obtained with

	       $drh = DBI->install_driver('mysql');

	   Otherwise reuse the existing connection of a database handle (dbh).

	   There's only one function available for administrative purposes,
	   comparable to the m(y)sqladmin programs. The command being execute
	   depends on the first argument:

	   createdb
	       Creates the database $dbname. Equivalent to "m(y)sqladmin cre‐
	       ate $dbname".

	   dropdb
	       Drops the database $dbname. Equivalent to "m(y)sqladmin drop
	       $dbname".

	       It should be noted that database deletion is not prompted for
	       in any way.  Nor is it undo-able from DBI.

		   Once you issue the dropDB() method, the database will be gone!

	       These method should be used at your own risk.

	   shutdown
	       Silently shuts down the database engine. (Without prompting!)
	       Equivalent to "m(y)sqladmin shutdown".

	   reload
	       Reloads the servers configuration files and/or tables. This can
	       be particularly important if you modify access privileges or
	       create new users.

DATABASE HANDLES
       The DBD::mysql driver supports the following attributes of database
       handles (read only):

	 $errno = $dbh->{'mysql_errno'};
	 $error = $dbh->{'mysql_error'};
	 $info = $dbh->{'mysql_hostinfo'};
	 $info = $dbh->{'mysql_info'};
	 $insertid = $dbh->{'mysql_insertid'};
	 $info = $dbh->{'mysql_protoinfo'};
	 $info = $dbh->{'mysql_serverinfo'};
	 $info = $dbh->{'mysql_stat'};
	 $threadId = $dbh->{'mysql_thread_id'};

       These correspond to mysql_errno(), mysql_error(),
       mysql_get_host_info(), mysql_info(), mysql_insert_id(),
       mysql_get_proto_info(), mysql_get_server_info(), mysql_stat() and
       mysql_thread_id(), respectively.

	$info_hashref = $dhb->{mysql_dbd_stats}

       DBD::mysql keeps track of some statistics in the mysql_dbd_stats
       attribute.  The following stats are being maintained:

       auto_reconnects_ok
	   The number of times that DBD::mysql successfully reconnected to the
	   mysql server.

       auto_reconnects_failed
	   The number of times that DBD::mysql tried to reconnect to mysql but
	   failed.

       The DBD::mysql driver also supports the following attribute(s) of data‐
       base handles (read/write):

	$bool_value = $dbh->{mysql_auto_reconnect};
	$dbh->{mysql_auto_reconnect} = $AutoReconnect ? 1 : 0;

       mysql_auto_reconnect
	      This attribute determines whether DBD::mysql will automatically
	      reconnect to mysql if the connection be lost. This feature
	      defaults to off; however, if either the GATEWAY_INTERFACE or
	      MOD_PERL envionment variable is set, DBD::mysql will turn
	      mysql_auto_reconnect on.	Setting mysql_auto_reconnect to on is
	      not advised if 'lock tables' is used because if DBD::mysql
	      reconnect to mysql all table locks will be lost.	This attribute
	      is ignored when AutoCommit is turned off, and when AutoCommit is
	      turned off, DBD::mysql will not automatically reconnect to the
	      server.

       mysql_use_result
	      This attribute forces the driver to use mysql_use_result rather
	      than mysql_store_result. The former is faster and less memory
	      consuming, but tends to block other processes. (That's why
	      mysql_store_result is the default.)

       It is possible to set default value of the "mysql_use_result" attribute
       for $dbh using several ways:

	- through DSN

	  $dbh= DBI->connect("DBI:mysql:test;mysql_use_result=1", "root", "");

	- after creation of database handle

	  $dbh->{'mysql_use_result'}=0; #disable
	  $dbh->{'mysql_use_result'}=1; #enable

       It is possible to set/unset the "mysql_use_result" attribute after cre‐
       ation of statement handle. See below.

       mysql_enable_utf8
	      This attribute determines whether DBD::mysql should assume
	      strings stored in the database are utf8.	This feature defaults
	      to off.

       When set, a data retrieved from a textual column type (char, varchar,
       etc) will have the UTF-8 flag turned on if necessary.  This enables
       character semantics on that string.  You will also need to ensure that
       your database / table / column is configured to use UTF8.  See Chapter
       10 of the mysql manual for details.

       Additionally, turning on this flag tells MySQL that incoming data
       should be treated as UTF-8.  This will only take effect if used as part
       of the call to connect().  If you turn the flag on after connecting,
       you will need to issue the command "SET NAMES utf8" to get the same
       effect.

       This option is experimental and may change in future versions.

STATEMENT HANDLES
       The statement handles of DBD::mysql support a number of attributes. You
       access these by using, for example,

	 my $numFields = $sth->{'NUM_OF_FIELDS'};

       Note, that most attributes are valid only after a successfull execute.
       An "undef" value will returned in that case. The most important excep‐
       tion is the "mysql_use_result" attribute: This forces the driver to use
       mysql_use_result rather than mysql_store_result. The former is faster
       and less memory consuming, but tends to block other processes. (That's
       why mysql_store_result is the default.)

       To set the "mysql_use_result" attribute, use either of the following:

	 my $sth = $dbh->prepare("QUERY", { "mysql_use_result" => 1});

       or

	 my $sth = $dbh->prepare("QUERY");
	 $sth->{"mysql_use_result"} = 1;

       Column dependent attributes, for example NAME, the column names, are
       returned as a reference to an array. The array indices are correspond‐
       ing to the indices of the arrays returned by fetchrow and similar meth‐
       ods. For example the following code will print a header of table names
       together with all rows:

	 my $sth = $dbh->prepare("SELECT * FROM $table");
	 if (!$sth) {
	     die "Error:" . $dbh->errstr . "\n";
	 }
	 if (!$sth->execute) {
	     die "Error:" . $sth->errstr . "\n";
	 }
	 my $names = $sth->{'NAME'};
	 my $numFields = $sth->{'NUM_OF_FIELDS'};
	 for (my $i = 0;  $i < $numFields;  $i++) {
	     printf("%s%s", $i ? "," : "", $$names[$i]);
	 }
	 print "\n";
	 while (my $ref = $sth->fetchrow_arrayref) {
	     for (my $i = 0;  $i < $numFields;	$i++) {
		 printf("%s%s", $i ? "," : "", $$ref[$i]);
	     }
	     print "\n";
	 }

       For portable applications you should restrict yourself to attributes
       with capitalized or mixed case names. Lower case attribute names are
       private to DBD::mysql. The attribute list includes:

       ChopBlanks
	   this attribute determines whether a fetchrow will chop preceding
	   and trailing blanks off the column values. Chopping blanks does not
	   have impact on the max_length attribute.

       mysql_insertid
	   MySQL has the ability to choose unique key values automatically. If
	   this happened, the new ID will be stored in this attribute. An
	   alternative way for accessing this attribute is via
	   $dbh->{'mysql_insertid'}.  (Note we are using the $dbh in this
	   case!)

       mysql_is_blob
	   Reference to an array of boolean values; TRUE indicates, that the
	   respective column is a blob. This attribute is valid for MySQL
	   only.

       mysql_is_key
	   Reference to an array of boolean values; TRUE indicates, that the
	   respective column is a key. This is valid for MySQL only.

       mysql_is_num
	   Reference to an array of boolean values; TRUE indicates, that the
	   respective column contains numeric values.

       mysql_is_pri_key
	   Reference to an array of boolean values; TRUE indicates, that the
	   respective column is a primary key.

       mysql_is_auto_increment
	   Reference to an array of boolean values; TRUE indicates that the
	   respective column is an AUTO_INCREMENT column.  This is only valid
	   for MySQL.

       mysql_length
       mysql_max_length
	   A reference to an array of maximum column sizes. The max_length is
	   the maximum physically present in the result table, length gives
	   the theoretically possible maximum. max_length is valid for MySQL
	   only.

       NAME
	   A reference to an array of column names.

       NULLABLE
	   A reference to an array of boolean values; TRUE indicates that this
	   column may contain NULL's.

       NUM_OF_FIELDS
	   Number of fields returned by a SELECT or LISTFIELDS statement.  You
	   may use this for checking whether a statement returned a result: A
	   zero value indicates a non-SELECT statement like INSERT, DELETE or
	   UPDATE.

       mysql_table
	   A reference to an array of table names, useful in a JOIN result.

       TYPE
	   A reference to an array of column types. The engine's native column
	   types are mapped to portable types like DBI:\fIs0:SQL_INTEGER() or
	   DBI:\fIs0:SQL_VARCHAR(), as good as possible. Not all native types
	   have a meaningfull equivalent, for example
	   DBD::mysql::FIELD_TYPE_INTERVAL is mapped to DBI:\fIs0:SQL_VAR‐
	   CHAR().  If you need the native column types, use mysql_type. See
	   below.

       mysql_type
	   A reference to an array of MySQL's native column types, for example
	   DBD:\fIs0:mysql::FIELD_TYPE_SHORT() or
	   DBD:\fIs0:mysql::FIELD_TYPE_STRING().  Use the TYPE attribute, if
	   you want portable types like DBI:\fIs0:SQL_SMALLINT() or
	   DBI:\fIs0:SQL_VARCHAR().

       mysql_type_name
	   Similar to mysql, but type names and not numbers are returned.
	   Whenever possible, the ANSI SQL name is preferred.

       mysql_warning_count
	   The number of warnings generated during execution of the SQL state‐
	   ment.

TRANSACTION SUPPORT
       Beginning with DBD::mysql 2.0416, transactions are supported.  The
       transaction support works as follows:

       ·   By default AutoCommit mode is on, following the DBI specifications.

       ·   If you execute

	       $dbh->{'AutoCommit'} = 0;

	   or

	       $dbh->{'AutoCommit'} = 1;

	   then the driver will set the MySQL server variable autocommit to 0
	   or 1, respectively. Switching from 0 to 1 will also issue a COMMIT,
	   following the DBI specifications.

       ·   The methods

	       $dbh->rollback();
	       $dbh->commit();

	   will issue the commands COMMIT and ROLLBACK, respectively. A ROLL‐
	   BACK will also be issued if AutoCommit mode is off and the database
	   handles DESTROY method is called. Again, this is following the DBI
	   specifications.

       Given the above, you should note the following:

       ·   You should never change the server variable autocommit manually,
	   unless you are ignoring DBI's transaction support.

       ·   Switching AutoCommit mode from on to off or vice versa may fail.
	   You should always check for errors, when changing AutoCommit mode.
	   The suggested way of doing so is using the DBI flag RaiseError.  If
	   you don't like RaiseError, you have to use code like the following:

	     $dbh->{'AutoCommit'} = 0;
	     if ($dbh->{'AutoCommit'}) {
	       # An error occurred!
	     }

       ·   If you detect an error while changing the AutoCommit mode, you
	   should no longer use the database handle. In other words, you
	   should disconnect and reconnect again, because the transaction mode
	   is unpredictable. Alternatively you may verify the transaction mode
	   by checking the value of the server variable autocommit.  However,
	   such behaviour isn't portable.

       ·   DBD::mysql has a "reconnect" feature that handles the so-called
	   MySQL "morning bug": If the server has disconnected, most probably
	   due to a timeout, then by default the driver will reconnect and
	   attempt to execute the same SQL statement again. However, this be‐
	   haviour is disabled when AutoCommit is off: Otherwise the transac‐
	   tion state would be completely unpredictable after a reconnect.

       ·   The "reconnect" feature of DBD::mysql can be toggled by using the
	   the mysql_auto_reconnect manpage attribute. This behaviour should
	   be turned off in code that uses LOCK TABLE because if the database
	   server time out and DBD::mysql reconnect, table locks will be lost
	   without any indication of such loss.

MULTIPLE RESULT SETS
       As of version 3.0002_5, DBD::mysql supports multiple result sets
       (Thanks to Guy Harrison!). This is the first release of this function‐
       ality, so there may be issues. Please report bugs if you run into them!

       The basic usage of multiple result sets is

	 do
	 {
	   while (@row= $sth->fetchrow_array())
	   {
	     do stuff;
	   }
	 } while ($sth->more_results)

       An example would be:

	 $dbh->do("drop procedure if exists someproc") or print $DBI::errstr;

	 $dbh->do("create procedure somproc() deterministic
	  begin
	  declare a,b,c,d int;
	  set a=1;
	  set b=2;
	  set c=3;
	  set d=4;
	  select a, b, c, d;
	  select d, c, b, a;
	  select b, a, c, d;
	  select c, b, d, a;
	 end") or print $DBI::errstr;

	 $sth=$dbh->prepare('call someproc()') ⎪⎪
	 die $DBI::err.": ".$DBI::errstr;

	 $sth->execute ⎪⎪ die DBI::err.": ".$DBI::errstr; $rowset=0;
	 do {
	   print "\nRowset ".++$i."\n---------------------------------------\n\n";
	   foreach $colno (0..$sth->{NUM_OF_FIELDS}) {
	     print $sth->{NAME}->[$colno]."\t";
	   }
	   print "\n";
	   while (@row= $sth->fetchrow_array())	 {
	     foreach $field (0..$#row) {
	       print $row[$field]."\t";
	     }
	     print "\n";
	   }
	 } until (!$sth->more_results)

       For more examples, please see the eg/ directory. This is where helpful
       DBD::mysql code snippits will be added in the future.

       Issues with Multiple result sets

       So far, the main issue is if your result sets are "jagged", meaning,
       the number of columns of your results vary. Varying numbers of columns
       could result in your script crashing. This is something that will be
       fixed soon.

MULTITHREADING
       The multithreading capabilities of DBD::mysql depend completely on the
       underlying C libraries: The modules are working with handle data only,
       no global variables are accessed or (to the best of my knowledge)
       thread unsafe functions are called. Thus DBD::mysql is believed to be
       completely thread safe, if the C libraries are thread safe and you
       don't share handles among threads.

       The obvious question is: Are the C libraries thread safe?  In the case
       of MySQL the answer is "mostly" and, in theory, you should be able to
       get a "yes", if the C library is compiled for being thread safe (By
       default it isn't.) by passing the option -with-thread-safe-client to
       configure. See the section on How to make a threadsafe client in the
       manual.

INSTALLATION
       Windows users may skip this section and pass over to the WIN32 INSTAL‐
       LATION entry elsewhere in this document below. Others, go on reading.

       First of all, you do not need an installed MySQL server for installing
       DBD::mysql. However, you need at least the client libraries and possi‐
       bly the header files, if you are compiling DBD::mysql from source. In
       the case of MySQL you can create a client-only version by using the
       configure option --without-server.  If you are using precompiled bina‐
       ries, then it may be possible to use just selected RPM's like MySQL-
       client and MySQL-devel or something similar, depending on the distribu‐
       tion.

       First you need to install the DBI module. For using dbimon, a simple
       DBI shell it is recommended to install Data::ShowTable another Perl
       module.

       I recommend trying automatic installation via the CPAN module. Try

	 perl -MCPAN -e shell

       If you are using the CPAN module for the first time, it will prompt you
       a lot of questions. If you finally receive the CPAN prompt, enter

	 install Bundle::DBD::mysql

       If this fails (which may be the case for a number of reasons, for exam‐
       ple because you are behind a firewall or don't have network access),
       you need to do a manual installation. First of all you need to fetch
       the modules from CPAN search

	  http://search.cpan.org/

       The following modules are required

	 DBI
	 Data::ShowTable
	 DBD::mysql

       Then enter the following commands (note - versions are just examples):

	 gzip -cd DBI-(version).tar.gz ⎪ tar xf -
	 cd DBI-(version)
	 perl Makefile.PL
	 make
	 make test
	 make install

	 cd ..
	 gzip -cd Data-ShowTable-(version).tar.gz ⎪ tar xf -
	 cd Data-ShowTable-3.3
	 perl Makefile.PL
	 make
	 make install

	 cd ..
	 gzip -cd DBD-mysql-(version)-tar.gz ⎪ tar xf -
	 cd DBD-mysql-(version)
	 perl Makefile.PL
	 make
	 make test
	 make install

       During "perl Makefile.PL" you will be prompted some questions.  Other
       questions are the directories with header files and libraries.  For
       example, of your file mysql.h is in /usr/include/mysql/mysql.h, then
       enter the header directory /usr, likewise for /usr/lib/mysql/libmysql‐
       client.a or /usr/lib/libmysqlclient.so.

WIN32 INSTALLATION
       If you are using ActivePerl, you may use ppm to install DBD-mysql.  For
       Perl 5.6, upgrade to Build 623 or later, then it is sufficient to run

	 ppm install DBI
	 ppm install DBD::mysql

       If you need an HTTP proxy, you might need to set the environment vari‐
       able http_proxy, for example like this:

	 set http_proxy=http://myproxy.com:8080/

       As of this writing, DBD::mysql is missing in the ActivePerl 5.8.0
       repository. However, Randy Kobes has kindly donated an own distribution
       and the following might succeed:

	 ppm install http://theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca/ppms/DBD-mysql.ppd

       Otherwise you definitely *need* a C compiler. And it *must* be the same
       compiler that was being used for compiling Perl itself. If you don't
       have a C compiler, the file README.win32 from the Perl source distribu‐
       tion tells you where to obtain freely distributable C compilers like
       egcs or gcc. The Perl sources are available via CPAN search

	 http://search.cpan.org

       I recommend using the win32clients package for installing DBD::mysql
       under Win32, available for download on www.tcx.se. The following steps
       have been required for me:

	   -   The current Perl versions (5.6, as of this writing) do have a
	       problem with detecting the C libraries. I recommend to apply
	       the following patch:

		 *** c:\Perl\lib\ExtUtils\Liblist.pm.orig Sat Apr 15 20:03:40 2000
		 --- c:\Perl\lib\ExtUtils\Liblist.pm	  Sat Apr 15 20:03:45 2000
		 ***************
		 *** 230,235 ****
		 --- 230,239 ----
		     # add "$Config{installarchlib}/CORE" to default search path
		     push @libpath, "$Config{installarchlib}/CORE";

		 +     if ($VC	and  exists($ENV{LIB})	and  defined($ENV{LIB})) {
		 +	 push(@libpath, split(/;/, $ENV{LIB}));
		 +     }
		 +
		     foreach (Text::ParseWords::quotewords('\s+', 0, $potential_libs)){

		       $thislib = $_;

	   -   Extract sources into C:\. This will create a directory C:\mysql
	       with subdirectories include and lib.

	       IMPORTANT: Make sure this subdirectory is not shared by other
	       TCX files! In particular do *not* store the MySQL server in the
	       same directory. If the server is already installed in C:\mysql,
	       choose a location like C:\tmp, extract the win32clients there.
	       Note that you can remove this directory entirely once you have
	       installed DBD::mysql.

	   -   Extract the DBD::mysql sources into another directory, for
	       example C:\src\siteperl

	   -   Open a DOS shell and change directory to C:\src\siteperl.

	   -   The next step is only required if you repeat building the mod‐
	       ules: Make sure that you have a clean build tree by running

		 nmake realclean

	       If you don't have VC++, replace nmake with your flavour of
	       make. If error messages are reported in this step, you may
	       safely ignore them.

	   -   Run

		 perl Makefile.PL

	       which will prompt you for some settings. The really important
	       ones are:

		 Which DBMS do you want to use?

	       enter a 1 here (MySQL only), and

		 Where is your mysql installed? Please tell me the directory that
		 contains the subdir include.

	       where you have to enter the win32clients directory, for example
	       C:\mysql or C:\tmp\mysql.

	   -   Continued in the usual way:

		 nmake
		 nmake install

	   If you want to create a PPM package for the ActiveState Perl ver‐
	   sion, then modify the above steps as follows: Run

	     perl Makefile.PL NAME=DBD-mysql BINARY_LOCATION=DBD-mysql.tar.gz
	     nmake ppd
	     nmake

	   Once that is done, use tar and gzip (for example those from the
	   CygWin32 distribution) to create an archive:

	     mkdir x86
	     tar cf x86/DBD-mysql.tar blib
	     gzip x86/DBD-mysql.tar

	   Put the files x86/DBD-mysql.tar.gz and DBD-mysql.ppd onto some WWW
	   server and install them by typing

	     install http://your.server.name/your/directory/DBD-mysql.ppd

	   in the PPM program.

AUTHORS
       The current version of DBD::mysql is almost completely written by
       Jochen Wiedmann, and is now being maintained by Patrick Galbraith
       (patg@mysql.com).  The first version's author was Alligator Descartes,
       who was aided and abetted by Gary Shea, Andreas K�nig and Tim Bunce
       amongst others.

       The Mysql module was originally written by Andreas K�nig <koenig@kul‐
       turbox.de>. The current version, mainly an emulation layer, is from
       Jochen Wiedmann.

COPYRIGHT
       This module is Large Portions Copyright (c) 2004-2006 MySQL Patrick
       Galbraith, Alexey Stroganov, Large Portions Copyright (c) 2003-2005
       Rudolf Lippan; Large Portions Copyright (c) 1997-2003 Jochen Wiedmann,
       with code portions Copyright (c)1994-1997 their original authors This
       module is released under the same license as Perl itself. See the Perl
       README for details.

MAILING LIST SUPPORT
       This module is maintained and supported on a mailing list,

	   perl@lists.mysql.com

       To subscribe to this list, go to

       http://lists.mysql.com/perl?sub=1

       Mailing list archives are available at

       http://lists.mysql.com/perl

       Additionally you might try the dbi-user mailing list for questions
       about DBI and its modules in general. Subscribe via

       dbi-users-subscribe@perl.org

       Mailing list archives are at

       http://groups.google.com/group/perl.dbi.users?hl=en&lr=

       Also, the main DBI site is at

       http://dbi.perl.org/

ADDITIONAL DBI INFORMATION
       Additional information on the DBI project can be found on the World
       Wide Web at the following URL:

	   http://dbi.perl.org

       where documentation, pointers to the mailing lists and mailing list ar‐
       chives and pointers to the most current versions of the modules can be
       used.

       Information on the DBI interface itself can be gained by typing:

	   perldoc DBI

       right now!

BUG REPORTING, ENHANCEMENT/FEATURE REQUESTS
       Please report bugs, including all the information needed such as
       DBD::mysql version, MySQL version, OS type/version, etc to this link:

       http://bugs.mysql.com/

3rd Berkeley Distribution	  perl v5.6.1			 DBD::mysql(3)
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