SSLeay(3) User Contributed Perl Documentation SSLeay(3)NAMECrypt::SSLeay - OpenSSL support for LWP
HEARTBLEED WARNING
"perl Makefile.PL" will display a warning if it thinks your OpenSSL
might be vulnerable to the Heartbleed Bug <https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-
bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2014-0160>. You can, of course, go ahead and
install the module, but you should be aware that your system might be
exposed to an extremely serious vulnerability. This is just a heuristic
based on the version reported by OpenSSL. It is entirely possible that
your distrbution actually pushed a patched library, so if you have
concerns, you should investigate further.
SYNOPSIS
use Net::SSL;
use LWP::UserAgent;
my $ua = LWP::UserAgent->new(
ssl_opts => { verify_hostname => 0 },
);
my $response = $ua->get('https://www.example.com/');
print $response->content, "\n";
DESCRIPTION
This Perl module provides support for the HTTPS protocol under LWP, to
allow an LWP::UserAgent object to perform GET, HEAD, and POST requests
over encrypted socket connections. Please see LWP for more information
on POST requests.
The "Crypt::SSLeay" package provides "Net::SSL", which, if requested,
is loaded by "LWP::Protocol::https" for https requests and provides the
necessary SSL glue.
This distribution also makes following deprecated modules available:
Crypt::SSLeay::CTX
Crypt::SSLeay::Conn
Crypt::SSLeay::X509
DO YOU NEED Crypt::SSLeay?
Starting with version 6.02 of LWP, "https" support was unbundled into
LWP::Protocol::https. This module specifies as one of its prerequisites
IO::Socket::SSL which is automatically used by LWP::UserAgent unless
this preference is overridden separately. "IO::Socket::SSL" is a more
complete implementation, and, crucially, it allows hostname
verification. "Crypt::SSLeay" does not support this. At this point,
"Crypt::SSLeay" is maintained to support existing software that already
depends on it. However, it is possible that your software does not
really depend on "Crypt::SSLeay", only on the ability of
"LWP::UserAgent" class to communicate with sites over SSL/TLS.
If are using version "LWP" 6.02 or later, and therefore have installed
"LWP::Protocol::https" and its dependencies, and do not explicitly
"use" "Net::SSL" before loading "LWP::UserAgent", or override the
default socket class, you are probably using "IO::Socket::SSL" and do
not really need "Crypt::SSLeay".
If you have both "Crypt::SSLeay" and "IO::Socket::SSL" installed, and
would like to force "LWP::UserAgent" to use "Crypt::SSLeay", you can
use:
use Net::HTTPS;
$Net::HTTPS::SSL_SOCKET_CLASS = 'Net::SSL';
use LWP::UserAgent;
or
local $ENV{PERL_NET_HTTPS_SSL_SOCKET_CLASS} = 'Net::SSL';
use LWP::UserAgent;
or
use Net::SSL;
use LWP::UserAgent;
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
Specify SSL Socket Class
$ENV{PERL_NET_HTTPS_SSL_SOCKET_CLASS} can be used to instruct
"LWP::UserAgent" to use "Net::SSL" for HTTPS support rather than
"IO::Socket::SSL".
Proxy Support
$ENV{HTTPS_PROXY} = 'http://proxy_hostname_or_ip:port';
Proxy Basic Authentication
$ENV{HTTPS_PROXY_USERNAME} = 'username';
$ENV{HTTPS_PROXY_PASSWORD} = 'password';
SSL diagnostics and Debugging
$ENV{HTTPS_DEBUG} = 1;
Default SSL Version
$ENV{HTTPS_VERSION} = '3';
Client Certificate Support
$ENV{HTTPS_CERT_FILE} = 'certs/notacacert.pem';
$ENV{HTTPS_KEY_FILE} = 'certs/notacakeynopass.pem';
CA cert Peer Verification
$ENV{HTTPS_CA_FILE} = 'certs/ca-bundle.crt';
$ENV{HTTPS_CA_DIR} = 'certs/';
Client PKCS12 cert support
$ENV{HTTPS_PKCS12_FILE} = 'certs/pkcs12.pkcs12';
$ENV{HTTPS_PKCS12_PASSWORD} = 'PKCS12_PASSWORD';
INSTALL
OpenSSL
You must have OpenSSL installed before compiling this module. You can
get the latest OpenSSL package from <https://www.openssl.org/source/>.
We no longer support pre-2000 versions of OpenSSL.
If you are building OpenSSL from source, please follow the directions
included in the source package.
Crypt::SSLeay via Makefile.PL
"Makefile.PL" accepts the following command line arguments:
"incpath"
Path to OpenSSL headers. Can also be specified via
$ENV{OPENSSL_INCLUDE}. If the command line argument is provided,
it overrides any value specified via the environment variable. Of
course, you can ignore both the command line argument and the
environment variable, and just add the path to your compiler
specific environment variable such as "CPATH" or "INCLUDE" etc.
"libpath"
Path to OpenSSL libraries. Can also be specified via
$ENV{OPENSSL_LIB}. If the command line argument is provided, it
overrides any value specified by the environment variable. Of
course, you can ignore both the command line argument and the
environment variable and just add the path to your compiler
specific environment variable such as "LIBRARY_PATH" or "LIB" etc.
"live-tests"
Use "--live-tests" to request tests that try to connect to an
external web site, and "--no-live_tests" to prevent such tests from
running. If you run "Makefile.PL" interactively, and this argument
is not specified on the command line, you will be prompted for a
value.
Default is false.
"static"
Boolean. Default is false. TODO: Does it work?
"verbose"
Boolean. Default is false. If you pass "--verbose" on the command
line, both "Devel::CheckLib" and "ExtUtils::CBuilder" instances
will be configured to echo what they are doing.
If everything builds OK, but you get failures when during tests, ensure
that "LD_LIBRARY_PATH" points to the location where the correct shared
libraries are located.
If you are using a custom OpenSSL build, please keep in mind that
"Crypt::SSLeay" must be built using the same compiler and build tools
used to build "perl" and OpenSSL. This can be more of an issue on
Windows. If you are using Active State Perl, install the MinGW package
distributed by them, and build OpenSSL using that before trying to
build this module. If you have built your own Perl using Microsoft SDK
tools or IDEs, make sure you build OpenSSL using the same tools.
Depending on your OS, pre-built OpenSSL packages may be available. To
get the require headers and import libraries, you may need to install a
development version of your operating system's OpenSSL library package.
The key is that "Crypt::SSLeay" makes calls to the OpenSSL library, and
how to do so is specified in the C header files that come with the
library. Some systems break out the header files into a separate
package from that of the libraries. Once the program has been built,
you don't need the headers any more.
Crypt::SSLeay
The latest Crypt::SSLeay can be found at your nearest CPAN mirror, as
well as <https://metacpan.org/pod/Crypt::SSLeay>.
Once you have downloaded it, "Crypt::SSLeay" installs easily using the
standard build process:
$ perl Makefile.PL
$ make
$ make test
$ make install
or
$ cpanm Crypt::SSLeay
If you have OpenSSL headers and libraries in nonstandard locations, you
can use
$ perl Makefile.PL --incpath=... --libpath=...
If you would like to use "cpanm" with such custom locations, you can do
$ OPENSSL_INCLUDE=... OPENSSL_LIB=... cpanm Crypt::SSLeay
or, on Windows,
> set OPENSSL_INCLUDE=...
> set OPENSSL_LIB=...
> cpanm Crypt::SSLeay
If you are on Windows, and using a MinGW distribution bundled with
ActiveState Perl or Strawberry Perl, you would use "dmake" rather than
"make". If you are using Microsoft's build tools, you would use
"nmake".
For unattended (batch) installations, to be absolutely certain that
Makefile.PL does not prompt for questions on STDIN, set the environment
variable "PERL_MM_USE_DEFAULT=1" as with any CPAN module built using
ExtUtils::MakeMaker.
VMS
I do not have any experience with VMS. If OpenSSL headers and libraries
are not in standard locations searched by your build system by default,
please set things up so that they are. If you have generic instructions
on how to do it, please open a ticket on RT with the information so I
can add it to this document.
PROXY SUPPORT
LWP::UserAgent and Crypt::SSLeay have their own versions of proxy
support. Please read these sections to see which one is appropriate.
LWP::UserAgent proxy support
"LWP::UserAgent" has its own methods of proxying which may work for you
and is likely to be incompatible with "Crypt::SSLeay" proxy support.
To use "LWP::UserAgent" proxy support, try something like:
my $ua = LWP::UserAgent->new;
$ua->proxy([qw( https http )], "$proxy_ip:$proxy_port");
At the time of this writing, libwww v5.6 seems to proxy https requests
fine with an Apache mod_proxy server. It sends a line like:
GET https://www.example.com HTTP/1.1
to the proxy server, which is not the "CONNECT" request that some
proxies would expect, so this may not work with other proxy servers
than mod_proxy. The "CONNECT" method is used by "Crypt::SSLeay"'s
internal proxy support.
Crypt::SSLeay proxy support
For native "Crypt::SSLeay" proxy support of https requests, you need to
set the environment variable "HTTPS_PROXY" to your proxy server and
port, as in:
# proxy support
$ENV{HTTPS_PROXY} = 'http://proxy_hostname_or_ip:port';
$ENV{HTTPS_PROXY} = '127.0.0.1:8080';
Use of the "HTTPS_PROXY" environment variable in this way is similar to
"LWP::UserAgent-"env_proxy()> usage, but calling that method will
likely override or break the "Crypt::SSLeay" support, so do not mix the
two.
Basic auth credentials to the proxy server can be provided this way:
# proxy_basic_auth
$ENV{HTTPS_PROXY_USERNAME} = 'username';
$ENV{HTTPS_PROXY_PASSWORD} = 'password';
For an example of LWP scripting with "Crypt::SSLeay" native proxy
support, please look at the eg/lwp-ssl-test script in the
"Crypt::SSLeay" distribution.
CLIENT CERTIFICATE SUPPORT
Client certificates are supported. PEM encoded certificate and private
key files may be used like this:
$ENV{HTTPS_CERT_FILE} = 'certs/notacacert.pem';
$ENV{HTTPS_KEY_FILE} = 'certs/notacakeynopass.pem';
You may test your files with the eg/net-ssl-test program, bundled with
the distribution, by issuing a command like:
perl eg/net-ssl-test -cert=certs/notacacert.pem \
-key=certs/notacakeynopass.pem -d GET $HOST_NAME
Additionally, if you would like to tell the client where the CA file
is, you may set these.
$ENV{HTTPS_CA_FILE} = "some_file";
$ENV{HTTPS_CA_DIR} = "some_dir";
Note that, if specified, $ENV{HTTPS_CA_FILE} must point to the actual
certificate file. That is, $ENV{HTTPS_CA_DIR} is *not* the path were
$ENV{HTTPS_CA_FILE} is located.
For certificates in $ENV{HTTPS_CA_DIR} to be picked up, follow the
instructions on
<http://www.openssl.org/docs/ssl/SSL_CTX_load_verify_locations.html>
There is no sample CA cert file at this time for testing, but you may
configure eg/net-ssl-test to use your CA cert with the -CAfile option.
(TODO: then what is the ./certs directory in the distribution?)
Creating a test certificate
To create simple test certificates with OpenSSL, you may run the
following command:
openssl req -config /usr/local/openssl/openssl.cnf \
-new -days 365 -newkey rsa:1024 -x509 \
-keyout notacakey.pem -out notacacert.pem
To remove the pass phrase from the key file, run:
openssl rsa -in notacakey.pem -out notacakeynopass.pem
PKCS12 support
The directives for enabling use of PKCS12 certificates is:
$ENV{HTTPS_PKCS12_FILE} = 'certs/pkcs12.pkcs12';
$ENV{HTTPS_PKCS12_PASSWORD} = 'PKCS12_PASSWORD';
Use of this type of certificate takes precedence over previous
certificate settings described.
(TODO: unclear? Meaning "the presence of this type of certificate"?)
SSL versions
"Crypt::SSLeay" tries very hard to connect to any SSL web server
accommodating servers that are buggy, old or simply not standards-
compliant. To this effect, this module will try SSL connections in
this order:
SSL v23
should allow v2 and v3 servers to pick their best type
SSL v3
best connection type
SSL v2
old connection type
Unfortunately, some servers seem not to handle a reconnect to SSL v3
after a failed connect of SSL v23 is tried, so you may set before using
LWP or Net::SSL:
$ENV{HTTPS_VERSION} = 3;
to force a version 3 SSL connection first. At this time only a version
2 SSL connection will be tried after this, as the connection attempt
order remains unchanged by this setting.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Many thanks to the following individuals who helped improve
"Crypt-SSLeay":
Gisle Aas for writing this module and many others including libwww, for
perl. The web will never be the same :)
Ben Laurie deserves kudos for his excellent patches for better error
handling, SSL information inspection, and random seeding.
Dongqiang Bai for host name resolution fix when using a proxy.
Stuart Horner of Core Communications, Inc. who found the need for
building "--shared" OpenSSL libraries.
Pavel Hlavnicka for a patch for freeing memory when using a pkcs12
file, and for inspiring more robust "read()" behavior.
James Woodyatt is a champ for finding a ridiculous memory leak that has
been the bane of many a Crypt::SSLeay user.
Bryan Hart for his patch adding proxy support, and thanks to Tobias
Manthey for submitting another approach.
Alex Rhomberg for Alpha linux ccc patch.
Tobias Manthey for his patches for client certificate support.
Daisuke Kuroda for adding PKCS12 certificate support.
Gamid Isayev for CA cert support and insights into error messaging.
Jeff Long for working through a tricky CA cert SSLClientVerify issue.
Chip Turner for a patch to build under perl 5.8.0.
Joshua Chamas for the time he spent maintaining the module.
Jeff Lavallee for help with alarms on read failures (CPAN bug #12444).
Guenter Knauf for significant improvements in configuring things in
Win32 and Netware lands and Jan Dubois for various suggestions for
improvements.
and many others who provided bug reports, suggestions, fixes and
patches.
If you have reported a bug or provided feedback, and you would like to
be mentioned by name in this section, please file request on
rt.cpan.org <http://rt.cpan.org/NoAuth/Bugs.html?Dist=Crypt-SSLeay>.
SEE ALSO
Net::SSL
If you have downloaded this distribution as of a dependency of
another distribution, it's probably due to this module (which is
included in this distribution).
Net::SSLeay
Net::SSLeay provides access to the OpenSSL API directly from Perl.
See <https://metacpan.org/pod/Net::SSLeay/>.
Building OpenSSL on 64-bit Windows 8.1 Pro using SDK tools
My blog post
<http://blog.nu42.com/2014/04/building-openssl-101g-on-64-bit-windows.html>
might be helpful.
SUPPORT
For issues related to using of "Crypt::SSLeay" & "Net::SSL" with Perl's
LWP, please send email to "libwww@perl.org".
For OpenSSL or general SSL support, including issues associated with
building and installing OpenSSL on your system, please email the
OpenSSL users mailing list at "openssl-users@openssl.org". See
<http://www.openssl.org/support/community.html> for other mailing lists
and archives.
Please report all bugs using rt.cpan.org
<http://rt.cpan.org/NoAuth/Bugs.html?Dist=Crypt-SSLeay>.
AUTHORS
This module was originally written by Gisle Aas, and was subsequently
maintained by Joshua Chamas, David Landgren, brian d foy and Sinan
Unur.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 2010-2014 A. Sinan Unur
Copyright (c) 2006-2007 David Landgren
Copyright (c) 1999-2003 Joshua Chamas
Copyright (c) 1998 Gisle Aas
LICENSE
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the terms of Artistic License 2.0 (see
<http://www.perlfoundation.org/artistic_license_2_0>).
perl v5.18.2 2014-04-24 SSLeay(3)
